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Müller J, Bauer M, Schneider SR, Mayer L, Titz A, Sturzenegger N, Schwarz EI, Bauer C, Grünig E, Kohler M, Lichtblau M, Ulrich S. Submaximal, Low-Dose Eccentric vs Traditional Cycling Exercise: Reduced Oxygen Uptake and Pulmonary Artery Pressure Assessed by Echocardiography in Healthy Middle-aged Adults. A Randomized Controlled, Crossover Trial. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2024; 6:100331. [PMID: 39006112 PMCID: PMC11239980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2024.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the ventilatory and circulatory differences between eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling exercise at submaximal, low-dose intensity from onset to end-exercise in healthy middle-aged participants. Design Randomized controlled crossover trial. Setting The participants underwent 1 ECC and 1 CON test according to stepwise incremental exercise protocols at identical, submaximal intensities. Breath-by-breath analyses of ventilatory gas exchange and echocardiography were used to assess cardiopulmonary function during exercise. Participants 24 healthy middle-aged, untrained participants (14 women, 10 men, 50±14 years) were included. Interventions 1 ECC and 1 CON test at submaximal intensities. Main Outcome Measure The main outcome was oxygen uptake (V'O2). Results The V'O2 increase was reduced by -422 mL/min (-52%, 95% confidence interval: -513 to -292, P<.001) during ECC, as well as the ventilatory drive. Echocardiographic parameters, heart rate (-14%), cardiac output (-21%), stroke volume (-15%), and pulmonary artery pressure by tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) (-26%) were also significantly reduced during ECC compared with CON at identical intensities. Participants reported significantly less dyspnea and unchanged perceived leg fatigue in ECC. Conclusion ECC was well tolerated, and significant reductions were observed in V'O2, ventilation, and right ventricular load compared with CON, even at low intensity levels. This study, conducted on healthy middle-aged participants, did not raise concerns that would hinder further investigation of the effects of ECC in patients with severely limited cardiopulmonary disease, and it calls for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meret Bauer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon R. Schneider
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Mayer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Titz
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nico Sturzenegger
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther I. Schwarz
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bauer
- University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mater A, Boly A, Martin A, Lepers R. Cadence Modulation during Eccentric Cycling Affects Perception of Effort But Not Neuromuscular Alterations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:893-901. [PMID: 38181211 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A recent study showed that cadence modulation during short eccentric cycling exercise affects oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ), muscular activity (EMG), and perception of effort (PE). This study examined the effect of cadence on V̇O 2 , EMG, and PE during prolonged eccentric cycling and exercise-induced neuromuscular alterations. METHODS Twenty-two participants completed three sessions 2-3 wk apart: 1) determination of the maximal concentric peak power output, familiarization with eccentric cycling at two cadences (30 and 60 rpm at 60% peak power output), and neuromuscular testing procedure; 2) and 3) 30 min of eccentric cycling exercise at a cadence of 30 or 60 rpm. PE, cardiorespiratory parameters, and vastus lateralis and rectus femoris EMG were collected during exercise. The knee extensors' maximal voluntary contraction torque, the torque evoked by double stimulations at 100 Hz (Dt100) and 10 Hz (Dt10), and the voluntary activation level were evaluated before and after exercise. RESULTS V̇O 2 , EMG, and PE were greater at 30 than 60 rpm (all P < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction torque, evoked torque, and Dt10/Dt100 ratio decreased (all P < 0.01) without cadence effect (all P > 0.28). Voluntary activation level remained constant after both eccentric cycling exercises ( P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS When performed at the same power output, eccentric cycling exercise at 30 rpm elicited a greater PE, EMG, and cardiorespiratory demands than pedaling at 60 rpm. Exercise-induced fatigability was similar in both eccentric cycling conditions without neural impairments, suggesting that eccentric cycling seemed to alter more specifically muscular function, such as the excitation-contraction coupling process. In a rehabilitation context, eccentric cycling at 60 rpm seems more appropriate because it will induce lower PE for similar strength loss compared with 30 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mater
- Faculty of Sciences, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, FRANCE
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Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, Vergotte G, Lepers R, Perrey S. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14517. [PMID: 37814520 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric, compared to concentric exercise, is proposed to involve different neuro-motor processing strategies and a higher level of mental demand. This study compared eccentric and concentric cycling at matched perceived effort and torque for the mental demand and related-cortical activation patterns. Nineteen men (30 ± 6 years) performed four different 5-min cycling conditions at 30 RPM on a semi-recumbent isokinetic cycle ergometer: (1) concentric at a moderate perceived effort (23 on the CR100® scale) without torque feedback; (2) concentric and (3) eccentric at the same average torque produced in the first condition; and (4) eccentric at the same moderate perceived effort than the first concentric condition. The conditions two to four were randomized. After each condition, mental demand was monitored using the NASA Task Load Index scale. Changes in oxy-(O2 Hb) and deoxy-(HHb) hemoglobin during exercise were measured over both prefrontal cortices and the right parietal lobe from a 15-probe layout using a continuous-wave NIRS system. Mental demand was significantly higher during eccentric compared to concentric cycling (+52%, p = 0.012) and when the exercise intensity was fixed by the torque rather than the perceived effort (+70%, p < 0.001). For both torque- or perceived effort-matched exercises, O2 Hb increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the left and right prefrontal cortices, and right parietal lobe, and HHb decreased in the left, and right, prefrontal cortices during eccentric compared to concentric cycling. This study supports that acute eccentric cycling, compared to concentric cycling, involves a higher mental demand, and frontoparietal network activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaic Borot
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
- INSERM, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1432, Module Plurithématique, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, Dijon, France
| | - Grégoire Vergotte
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
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Faivre-Rampant V, Rakobowchuk M, Tordi N, Mourot L. Cardiovascular Responses to Eccentric Cycling Based on Perceived Exertion Compared to Concentric Cycling, Effect of Pedaling Rate, and Sex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:59. [PMID: 38248524 PMCID: PMC10815134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Interest in eccentric exercises has increased over the last decades due to its efficiency in achieving moderate-high intensity muscular work with reduced metabolic demands. However, individualizing eccentric exercises in rehabilitation contexts remains challenging, as concentric exercises mainly rely on cardiovascular parameters. To overcome this, perceived exertion could serve as an individualization tool, but the knowledge about cardiovascular responses to eccentric cycling based on perceived exertion are still scarce. For this purpose, the cardiorespiratory parameters of 26 participants were assessed during two 5 min bouts of concentric cycling at 30 and 60 rpm and two bouts of eccentric cycling at 15 and 30 rpm matched for rating of perceived exertion. With this method, we hypothesized higher exercise efficiency during eccentric cycling for a same perceived exertion. The results revealed significantly elevated heart rate and cardiac index at higher pedalling rates during concentric (p < 0.001), but not during eccentric cycling (p ≈ 1). Exercise efficiency was higher during concentric cycling (64%), decreasing with pedalling rate, while eccentric cycling exhibited increased work rates (82%), and increased by over 100% with higher pedalling rate. Hence, eccentric cycling, with lower cardiorespiratory work for the same perceived exertion, facilitates higher work rates in deconditioned populations. However, further studies are needed for effective individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorien Faivre-Rampant
- MPFRPV, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France;
- UMRS 1075—Mobilités: Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé, COMETE, University of Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institut, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- PEPITE, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- MPFRPV, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France;
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Nuzzo JL, Nosaka K. Eccentric Muscle Actions Add Complexity to an Already Inconsistent Resistance Exercise Nomenclature. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:118. [PMID: 38112984 PMCID: PMC10730477 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An eccentric muscle action (or contraction) is defined as active muscle lengthening against resistance, which occurs when the force generated by the muscle is smaller than the resistance placed upon it. Eccentric resistance exercise, which involves multiple sessions of repeated eccentric muscle actions, improves muscle strength and other health outcomes. In response to this evidence, new exercise technologies have been developed to permit feasible completion of eccentric muscle actions outside of the laboratory. Consequently, participation in eccentric resistance exercise is projected to increase in the future, and communications about eccentric resistance exercise are likely to reach a wide audience, including students in the classroom, athletes in the weightroom, patients who receive telehealth services, and journalists who report on study findings. Previous research has documented inconsistencies in how resistance exercises are named, but the role of eccentric resistance exercises has not been considered. Here, we explain how eccentric resistance exercises add further complexity to an already inconsistent resistance exercise nomenclature. Specifically, action words in exercise names typically describe the movement that occurs in the concentric phase (e.g., "press", "raise", "curl", "pull", "row"). This naming bias likely stems from the fact that traditional resistance exercise equipment, such as free weights and weight stack machines, does not typically accommodate for greater eccentric than concentric strength and thus emphasizes the concentric over eccentric phase. This naming bias is likely to hinder communications about eccentric resistance exercise. Thus, we encourage researchers and practitioners to discuss ways in which resistance exercises can be named more clearly and consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Gasser B, Wagner J, Schoch R, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Skeletal muscle and heart failure - What is the relationship between central versus peripheral affections? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1907-1913. [PMID: 37500344 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Heart failure is considered as a systemic disease as beside the heart, skeletal muscle is affected. METHODS AND RESULTS In this retrospective case-control study 64 men and 15 women with heart failure as well as an individually pairwise matched sample by sex, age and body mass index of healthy individuals from the COmPLETE cohort study performed an exhaustive cardiopulmonary exercise test, strength tests and anthropometric measurements. V̇O2peak was 28.6% lower in male and 24.6% lower in female patients with heart failure as compared to healthy controls. Strength parameters are significantly higher for counter movement jump in male subjects. In females, significant differences were detected for mid-thigh pull in healthy versus patients with heart failure. Skeletal muscle mass of patients was in male as well as female 3.7% lower than in controls. Furthermore, the function of skeletal muscle seems impaired as the ability to accelerate is significantly lower in affected male with a heart pathology. CONCLUSION It seems that severe affections (approx. 25 to 30%) on cardiocirculatory level are associated with moderate to low affections on functional and structural capacity on skeletal muscle level. Further, as in the male cohort with a heart pathology acceleration meaning 'fast' contracting is impaired, it is suggested, that the central limitations respectively the low perfusion of skeletal muscle over years yield to adaptions on muscle cell level ingoing with a decreased ability of fast contracting. It is therefore suggested, that the central circulatory limitations in patients with heart failure, respectively the low perfusion of skeletal muscle over years, promote maladaptation's in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sport and Exercise Medicine, Section Rehabilitative and Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jonathan Wagner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sport and Exercise Medicine, Section Rehabilitative and Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Schoch
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sport and Exercise Medicine, Section Rehabilitative and Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sport and Exercise Medicine, Section Rehabilitative and Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
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Mater A, Boly A, Assadi H, Martin A, Lepers R. Effect of Cadence on Physiological and Perceptual Responses during Eccentric Cycling at Different Power Outputs. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1105-1113. [PMID: 36719652 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of cadence in eccentric (ECC) cycling on physiological and perceptual responses is, to date, poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cadence during ECC cycling on muscular activation (EMG), oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ), and perceived effort (PE) for two different levels of power output. METHODS Seventeen participants completed four sessions 1 wk apart: 1) determination of the maximal concentric peak power output (PPO) and familiarization with ECC cycling at five cadences (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 rpm); 2) second familiarization with ECC cycling; 3) and 4) ECC cycling exercise consisting of 5 min at the five different cadences at either 40% or 60% PPO. PE was reported, and V̇O 2 and EMG of seven muscles were calculated over the exercise's last minute. RESULTS PE, V̇O 2 , and global lower limb muscles activation (EMG ALL ) showed an effect of cadence ( P < 0.001) and followed a curvilinear function. Both low and high cadences increased PE and V̇O 2 responses compared with intermediate cadences. Although muscle activation of vastus lateralis follows a U-shaped curve with cadence, it was greater at low cadence for rectus femoris and biceps femoris, greater at high cadence for tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis, and was not altered for soleus. The estimated optimal cadence was greater (all P < 0.01) for V̇O 2 (64.5 ± 7.9 rpm) than PE (61.7 ± 9.4 rpm) and EMG ALL (55.9 ± 9.3 rpm), but power output had no effect on the optimal cadences. CONCLUSIONS The physiological and perceptual responses to changes in cadence during ECC cycling followed a U-shaped curve with an optimal cadence depending on the parameter considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mater
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, FRANCE
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Borszcz FK, de Lucas RD, Denadai BS. Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Cycling Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2861. [PMID: 36833557 PMCID: PMC9957439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of eccentric cycling (ECCCYC) training on performance, physiological, and morphological parameters in comparison to concentric cycling (CONCYC) training. Searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Studies comparing the effect of ECCCYC and CONCYC training regimens on performance, physiological, and/or morphological parameters were included. Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis models were used to estimate the population's mean difference between chronic responses from ECCCYC and CONCYC training protocols. Group levels and meta-regression were used to evaluate the specific effects of subjects and study characteristics. Fourteen studies were included in this review. The meta-analyses showed that ECCCYC training was more effective in increasing knee extensor strength, vastus lateralis fiber cross-sectional area, and six-minute walking distance compared to CONCYC. Moreover, ECCCYC was as effective as CONCYC in decreasing body fat percentage. CONCYC was more effective in increasing V˙O2max and peak power output attained during concentric incremental tests. However, group-level analyses revealed that ECCCYC was more effective than CONCYC in improving V˙O2max in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. ECCCYC is a viable modality for exercise interventions aiming to improve parameters of muscle strength, hypertrophy, functional capacity, aerobic power, and body composition, with more advantages than CONCYC training in improving neuromuscular variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Klitzke Borszcz
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
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Čretnik K, Pleša J, Kozinc Ž, Löfler S, Šarabon N. The Effect of Eccentric vs. Traditional Resistance Exercise on Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Functional Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:873718. [PMID: 35498525 PMCID: PMC9045400 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.873718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of eccentric exercise (ECC) in older adults have received limited scientific attention, considering the ample evidence for its effectiveness in general and athletic populations. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of ECC exercise modalities vs. traditional or concentric (CON) exercise on muscle strength, body composition and functional performance in older adults. Inclusion criteria regarding the age was >55 years. Three major scientific literature databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were screened for trials comparing the effect of ECC and CON exercise programs, and 19 papers were included in the meta-analysis. ECC and CON training programs were typically matched by the duration of each session. The difference between ECC and CON was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Regarding isometric knee strength, the pooled effect favored ECC (SMD = 0.50), but was not statistically significant (p = 0.160). ECC exercise elicited greater improvements in timed up and go test (SMD = −0.68; p = 0.004), 2-min sit-stand test (SMD = 0.53; p = 0.030) and 30-s sit-stand test (SMD = 0.81; p = 0.002), but not in 6-min walking test (SMD = 0.01; p = 0.960). The effects on body composition and muscle architecture were unclear (SMD = −1.44 to 1.95; p = 0.060–0.689). In conclusion, our literature review indicates that ECC exercise is superior to, or at least as good as CON exercise for preserving health and overall function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Čretnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon
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Clos P, Mater A, Laroche D, Lepers R. Concentric versus eccentric cycling at equal power output or effort perception: Neuromuscular alterations and muscle pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:45-59. [PMID: 34533875 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular alterations and perceptions of effort and muscle pain induced by concentric and eccentric cycling performed at the same power output or effort perception. Fifteen participants completed three 30-min sessions: one in concentric at 60% peak power output (CON) and two in eccentric, at the same power output (ECCPOWER ) or same perceived effort (ECCEFFORT ). Muscle pain, perception of effort, oxygen uptake as well as rectus femoris and vastus lateralis electromyographic activities were collected when pedaling. The knee extensors maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, the torque evoked by double stimulations at 100 Hz and 10 Hz (Dt100; Dt10), and the voluntary activation level (VAL) were evaluated before and after exercise. Power output was higher in ECCEFFORT than CON (89.1 ± 23.3% peak power). Muscle pain and effort perception were greater in CON than ECCPOWER (p < 0.03) while muscle pain was similar in CON and ECCEFFORT (p > 0.43). MVC torque, Dt100, and VAL dropped in all conditions (p < 0.04). MVC torque (p < 0.001) and the Dt10/ Dt100 ratio declined further in ECCEFFORT (p < 0.001). Eccentric cycling perceived as difficult as concentric cycling caused similar muscle pain but more MVC torque decrease. A given power output induced lower perceptions of pain and effort in eccentric than in concentric yet similar MVC torque decline. While neural impairments were similar in all conditions, eccentric cycling seemed to alter excitation-contraction coupling. Clinicians should thus be cautious when setting eccentric cycling intensity based on effort perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Mater
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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Harwood AE, Russell S, Okwose NC, McGuire S, Jakovljevic DG, McGregor G. A systematic review of rehabilitation in chronic heart failure: evaluating the reporting of exercise interventions. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:3458-3471. [PMID: 34235878 PMCID: PMC8497377 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of research supports the use of exercise to improve symptoms, quality of life, and physical function in patients with chronic heart failure. Previous reviews have focused on reporting outcomes of exercise interventions such as cardiorespiratory fitness. However, none have critically examined exercise prescription. The aim of this review was to evaluate the reporting and application of exercise principles in randomised control trials of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. A systematic review of exercise intervention RCTs in patients with CHF, using the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), was undertaken. The Ovid Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus/Web of Science, and Cochrane Library and Health Technology Assessment Databases were searched from 2000 to June 2020. Prospective RCTs in which patients with CHF were randomized to a structured exercise programme were included. No limits were placed on the type or duration of exercise structured exercise programme or type of CHF (i.e. preserved or reduced ejection fraction). We included 143 studies, comprising of 181 different exercise interventions. The mean CERT score was 10 out of 19, with no study achieving a score of 19. Primarily, details were missing regarding motivational strategies, home-based exercise components, and adherence/fidelity to the intervention. Exercise intensity was the most common principle of exercise prescription missing from intervention reporting. There was no improvement in the reporting of exercise interventions with time (R2 = 0.003). Most RCTs of exercise training in CHF are reported with insufficient detail to allow for replication, limiting the translation of evidence to clinical practice. We encourage authors to provide adequate details when reporting future interventions. Where journal word counts are restrictive, we recommend using supplementary material or publishing trial protocols prior to beginning the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Harwood
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Sophie Russell
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Nduka C Okwose
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Division, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Scott McGuire
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Djordje G Jakovljevic
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Division, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon McGregor
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.,Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Centre for Exercise and Health, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
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12
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Touron J, Costes F, Coudeyre E, Perrault H, Richard R. Aerobic Metabolic Adaptations in Endurance Eccentric Exercise and Training: From Whole Body to Mitochondria. Front Physiol 2021; 11:596351. [PMID: 33584331 PMCID: PMC7873519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of eccentric as compared with concentric exercise is the ability to generate greater mechanical loads for lower cardiopulmonary demands. Current evidence concurs to show that eccentric training translates into considerable gains in muscle mass and strength. Less is known, however, regarding its impact on oxygen transport and on factors to be considered for optimizing its prescription and monitoring. This article reviews the existing evidence for endurance eccentric exercise effects on the components of the oxygen transport system from systemic to mitochondria in both humans and animals. In the studies reviewed, specially designed cycle-ergometers or downhill treadmill running were used to generate eccentric contractions. Observations to date indicate that overall, the aerobic demand associated with the eccentric training load was too low to significantly increase peak maximal oxygen consumption. By extension, it can be inferred that the very high eccentric power output that would have been required to solicit a metabolic demand sufficient to enhance peak aerobic power could not be tolerated or sustained by participants. The impact of endurance eccentric training on peripheral flow distribution remains largely undocumented. Given the high damage susceptibility of eccentric exercise, the extent to which skeletal muscle oxygen utilization adaptations would be seen depends on the balance of adverse and positive signals on mitochondrial integrity. The article examines the protection provided by repeated bouts of acute eccentric exercise and reports on the impact of eccentric cycling and downhill running training programs on markers of mitochondrial function and of mitochondrial biogenesis using mostly from animal studies. The summary of findings does not reveal an impact of training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration nor on selected mitochondrial messenger RNA transcripts. The implications of observations to date are discussed within future perspectives for advancing research on endurance eccentric exercise physiological impacts and using a combined eccentric and concentric exercise approach to optimize functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU Gabriel Montpied/CHU Louise Michel, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruddy Richard
- UCA–INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Unité d’Exploration en Nutrition (UEN), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Can Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Be a Good Model for the Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet in Humans? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010036. [PMID: 33466327 PMCID: PMC7824757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical, low-grade, inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Several methodological approaches have been applied for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of nutrition, however, their impact in human body remains uncertain, because of the fact that the majority of the studies reporting anti-inflammatory effect of dietary patterns, have been performed under laboratory settings and/or in animal models. Thus, the extrapolation of these results to humans is risky. It is therefore obvious that the development of an inflammatory model in humans, by which we could induce inflammatory responses to humans in a regulated, specific, and non-harmful way, could greatly facilitate the estimation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in a more physiological way and mechanistically relevant way. We believe that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) could serve as such a model, either in studies investigating the homeostatic responses of individuals under inflammatory stimuli or for the estimation of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, supplements, nutrients, or phytochemicals. Thus, in this review we discuss the possibility of exercise-induced muscle damage being an inflammation model suitable for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans.
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14
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:381-407. [PMID: 33180156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a profound gap in the understanding of the eccentric cycling intensity continuum, which prevents accurate exercise prescription based on desired physiological responses. This may underestimate the applicability of eccentric cycling for different training purposes. Thus, we aimed to summarize recent research findings and screen for possible new approaches in the prescription and investigation of eccentric cycling. METHOD A search for the most relevant and state-of-the-art literature on eccentric cycling was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when relevant. RESULTS Transversal studies present comparisons between physiological responses to eccentric and concentric cycling, performed at the same absolute power output or metabolic load. Longitudinal studies evaluate responses to eccentric cycling training by comparing them with concentric cycling and resistance training outcomes. Only one study investigated maximal eccentric cycling capacity and there are no investigations on physiological thresholds and/or exercise intensity domains during eccentric cycling. No study investigated different protocols of eccentric cycling training and the chronic effects of different load configurations. CONCLUSION Describing physiological responses to eccentric cycling based on its maximal exercise capacity may be a better way to understand it. The available evidence indicates that clinical populations may benefit from improvements in aerobic power/capacity, exercise tolerance, strength and muscle mass, while healthy and trained individuals may require different eccentric cycling training approaches to benefit from similar improvements. There is limited evidence regarding the mechanisms of acute physiological and chronic adaptive responses to eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Ellis RE, Dodd KJ, Holland AE, Lim K, Tacey M, Shields N. Effect of eccentric exercise on quality of life and function in people with chronic heart failure: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:2705-2714. [PMID: 33174464 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1836679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if eccentric exercise was effective, safe and feasible in increasing function and quality of life in people with heart failure compared to usual care and a waitlist control group. METHODS A prospective, three-armed, parallel-design, assessor-blind, pilot randomised controlled trial with 1:1:1 allocation. Forty-seven participants (16 female; mean age 66 years) with mild to moderate heart failure were randomly allocated to either eccentric exercise, concentric exercise or a waitlist control group. Participants in the exercise groups completed twice-weekly exercise for eight weeks. Primary outcome was walking capacity. Secondary outcomes were quality of life, leg strength and fatigue. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, post intervention and three-month follow-up. Attendance, tolerability and adverse events were used to determine safety and feasibility. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed no differences between eccentric exercise and either concentric exercise or waitlist for any outcome. Per-protocol analysis found improvements identified by the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire were significantly greater post-intervention for eccentric exercise compared to concentric exercise (-17.99 units, 95% confidence interval -35.96 to -0.01). No major adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION In this small trial, eccentric exercise did not demonstrate superior outcomes to concentric exercise or a waitlist control group. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol for this trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov, registration number: NCT02223624, registration date: 22 August 2014.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONRegular physical activity and referral to rehabilitation is recommended for people with chronic heart failure, however exercise can be challenging for this group.Eccentric exercise was safe and tolerable for participants with heart failure.Documentation of exercise progression is important to demonstrate a dose-response relationship.In this study there were no differences between groups who received eccentric exercise, concentric exercise or no exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Ellis
- Department of Physiotherapy, Northern Health, Epping, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Karen J Dodd
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
| | - Anne E Holland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kwang Lim
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Tacey
- Department of Research, Northern Health, Epping, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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16
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Clos P, Lepers R. Leg Muscle Activity and Perception of Effort before and after Four Short Sessions of Submaximal Eccentric Cycling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217702. [PMID: 33105553 PMCID: PMC7659479 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study tested muscle activity (EMG) and perception of effort in eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling before and after four sessions of both. Methods: Twelve volunteers naïve to ECC cycling attended the laboratory six times. On day 1, they performed a CON cycling peak power output (PPO) test. They then carried-out four sessions comprising two sets of 1 to 1.5-min cycling bouts at 5 intensities (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% PPO) in ECC and CON cycling. On day 2 and day 6 (two weeks apart), EMG root mean square of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and soleus (SOL) muscles, was averaged from 15 to 30 s within each 1-min bout and perception of effort was asked after 45 s. Results: Before the four cycling sessions, while VL EMG was lower in ECC than CON cycling, most variables were not different. Afterwards, ECC cycling exhibited lower RF EMG at 75 and 90% PPO (all p < 0.02), lower VL and BF EMG at all exercise intensities (all p < 0.02), and inferior SOL EMG (all p < 0.04) except at 45% PPO (p = 0.07). Perception of effort was lower in ECC cycling at all exercise intensities (all p < 0.03) but 60% PPO (p = 0.11). Conclusions: After four short sessions of ECC cycling, the activity of four leg muscles and perception of effort became lower in ECC than in CON cycling at most of five power outputs, while they were similar before.
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17
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Clos P, Laroche D, Stapley PJ, Lepers R. Corrigendum: Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2020; 11:934. [PMID: 32903490 PMCID: PMC7435057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 354 in vol. 10, PMID: 30984032.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Group, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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18
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Ward TJC, Lindley MR, Ferguson RA, Constantin D, Singh SJ, Bolton CE, Evans RA, Greenhaff PL, Steiner MC. Submaximal Eccentric Cycling in People With COPD: Acute Whole-Body Cardiopulmonary and Muscle Metabolic Responses. Chest 2020; 159:564-574. [PMID: 32888931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric cycling (ECC) may be an attractive exercise method in COPD because of both low cardiorespiratory demand and perception of effort compared with conventional concentric cycling (CON) at matched mechanical loads. However, it is unknown whether ECC can be performed by individuals with COPD at an intensity able to cause sufficient metabolic stress to improve aerobic capacity. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to ECC in people with COPD and healthy volunteers when compared with CON at matched mechanical loads? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen people with COPD (mean ± SD age, 64 ± 9 years; FEV1, 45 ± 19% predicted; BMI, 24 ± 4 kg/m2; oxygen uptake at peak exercise [V̇O2peak], 15 ± 3 mL/kg/min) and 9 age-matched control participants (FEV1, 102 ± 13% predicted; BMI, 28 ± 5 kg/m2; V̇O2peak, 23 ± 5 mL/kg/min), performed up to six 4-min bouts of ECC and CON at matched mechanical loads of increasing intensity. In addition, 12 individuals with COPD underwent quadriceps muscle biopsies before and after 20 min of ECC and CON at 65% peak power. RESULTS At matched mechanical loads, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, heart rate, systolic BP, respiratory exchange ratio (all P < .001), capillary lactate, perceived breathlessness, and leg fatigue (P < .05) were lower in both groups during ECC than CON. Muscle lactate content increased (P = .008) and muscle phosphocreatine decreased (P = .012) during CON in COPD, which was not evident during ECC. INTERPRETATION Cardiopulmonary and blood lactate responses during submaximal ECC were less compared with during CON at equivalent mechanical workloads in healthy participants and COPD patients, and this was confirmed at a muscle level in COPD patients. Submaximal ECC was well tolerated and allowed greater mechanical work at lower ventilatory cost. However, in people with COPD, a training intervention based on ECC is unlikely to stimulate cardiovascular and metabolic adaptation to the same extent as CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J C Ward
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; Centre for Exercise & Rehabilitation Science, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, England
| | - Martin R Lindley
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, SSHES, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England
| | - Despina Constantin
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Sally J Singh
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; Centre for Exercise & Rehabilitation Science, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, England
| | - Charlotte E Bolton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Rachael A Evans
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; Centre for Exercise & Rehabilitation Science, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, England
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Michael C Steiner
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England; Centre for Exercise & Rehabilitation Science, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, England; Department of Respiratory Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, England.
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19
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Pageaux B, Besson D, Casillas JM, Lepers R, Gremeaux V, Ornetti P, Gouteron A, Laroche D. Progressively increasing the intensity of eccentric cycling over four training sessions: A feasibility study in coronary heart disease patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 63:241-244. [PMID: 31669160 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), faculté de médecine, université de Montréal, H3T 1J4 Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), H3W 1W5 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Delphine Besson
- Inserm, CIC 1432, module plurithematique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, 21078 Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation clinique, module plurithématique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Casillas
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Inserm, CIC 1432, module plurithematique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, 21078 Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation clinique, module plurithématique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France; Pôle de rééducation-réadaptation, CHU de Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ornetti
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Inserm, CIC 1432, module plurithematique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, 21078 Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation clinique, module plurithématique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France; Département de rhumatologie, CHU de Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Anais Gouteron
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Pôle de rééducation-réadaptation, CHU de Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- Inserm UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des sciences du sport, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Inserm, CIC 1432, module plurithematique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, 21078 Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation clinique, module plurithématique, plateforme d'investigation technologique, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France.
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20
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Clos P, Laroche D, Stapley PJ, Lepers R. Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2019; 10:354. [PMID: 30984032 PMCID: PMC6447677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Eccentric (ECC) cycle-ergometers have recently become commercially-available, offering a novel method for rehabilitation training. Many studies have reported that ECC cycling enables the development of higher levels of muscular force at lower cardiorespiratory and metabolic loads, leading to greater force enhancements after a training period. However, fewer studies have focused on the specific perceptual and neuromuscular changes. As the two latter aspects are of major interest in clinical settings, this review aimed to present an overview of the current literature centered on the neuromuscular and perceptual responses to submaximal ECC cycling in comparison to concentric (CON) cycling. Design Narrative review of the literature. Results At a given mechanical workload, muscle activation is lower in ECC than in CON while the characteristics of the musculo-articular system (i.e., muscle-tendon unit, fascicle, and tendinous tissue length) are quite similar. At a given heart rate or oxygen consumption, ECC cycling training results in greater muscular hypertrophy and strength gains than CON cycling. On the contrary, CON cycling training seems to enhance more markers of muscle aerobic metabolism than ECC cycling performed at the same heart rate intensity. Data concerning perceptual responses, and neuromuscular mechanisms leading to a lower muscle activation (i.e., neural commands from cortex to muscular system) at a given mechanical workload are scarce. Conclusion Even though ECC cycling appears to be a very useful tool for rehabilitation purposes the perceptual and neural commands from cortex to muscular system during exercise need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Group, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Santos FV, Chiappa GR, Ramalho SHR, de Lima ACGB, de Souza FSJ, Cahalin LP, Durigan JLQ, de Castro I, Cipriano G. Resistance exercise enhances oxygen uptake without worsening cardiac function in patients with systolic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:73-89. [PMID: 29199385 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that resistance training (RT) improves peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] peak), similarly to aerobic exercise (AE) in patients with heart failure (HF), but its effect on cardiac remodeling is controversial. Thus, we examined the effects of RT and AE on [Formula: see text] peak and cardiac remodeling in patients with heart failure (HF) via a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL, AMEDEO and PEDro databases search were extracted study characteristics, exercise type, and ventricular outcomes. The main outcomes were [Formula: see text] peak (ml kg-1 min-1), LVEF (%) and LVEDV (mL). Fifty-nine RCTs were included. RT produced a greater increase in [Formula: see text] peak (3.57 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.00001, I 2 = 0%) compared to AE (2.63 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.00001, I 2 = 58%) while combined RT and AE produced a 2.48 ml kg-1 min-1 increase in [Formula: see text]; I 2 = 69%) compared to control group. Comparison among the three forms of exercise revealed similar effects on [Formula: see text] peak (P = 0.84 and 1.00, respectively; I 2 = 0%). AE was associated with a greater gain in LVEF (3.15%; P < 0.00001, I 2 = 17%) compared to RT alone or combined exercise which produced similar gains compared to control groups. Subgroup analysis revealed that AE reduced LVEDV (- 10.21 ml; P = 0.007, I 2 = 0%), while RT and combined RT and AE had no effect on LVEDV compared with control participants. RT results in a greater gain in [Formula: see text] peak, and induces no deleterious effects on cardiac function in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco V Santos
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
- Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gaspar R Chiappa
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Henrique Rodolpho Ramalho
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
- Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Correa Gervazoni Balbuena de Lima
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
| | - Fausto Stauffer Junqueira de Souza
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
| | - Lawrence P Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
| | - Isac de Castro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Cipriano
- Health Sciences and Technology and Rehabilitation Sciencies Program, University of Brasilia, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A - Lote 01 - Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil.
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22
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Nishikawa KC, Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC. Basic science and clinical use of eccentric contractions: History and uncertainties. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:265-274. [PMID: 30356648 PMCID: PMC6189250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The peculiar attributes of muscles that are stretched when active have been noted for nearly a century. Understandably, the focus of muscle physiology has been primarily on shortening and isometric contractions, as eloquently revealed by A.V. Hill and subsequently by his students. When the sliding filament theory was introduced by A.F. Huxley and H.E. Huxley, it was a relatively simple task to link Hill's mechanical observations to the actions of the cross bridges during these shortening and isometric contractions. In contrast, lengthening or eccentric contractions have remained somewhat enigmatic. Dismissed as necessarily causing muscle damage, eccentric contractions have been much more difficult to fit into the cross-bridge theory. The relatively recent discovery of the giant elastic sarcomeric filament titin has thrust a previously missing element into any discussion of muscle function, in particular during active stretch. Indeed, the unexpected contribution of giant elastic proteins to muscle contractile function is highlighted by recent discoveries that twitchin-actin interactions are responsible for the "catch" property of invertebrate muscle. In this review, we examine several current theories that have been proposed to account for the properties of muscle during eccentric contraction. We ask how well each of these explains existing data and how an elastic filament can be incorporated into the sliding filament model. Finally, we review the increasing body of evidence for the benefits of including eccentric contractions into a program of muscle rehabilitation and strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiisa C. Nishikawa
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Stan L. Lindstedt
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Paul C. LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 86011, USA
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23
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Pageaux B, Lepers R, Casillas JM, Laroche D. It is time to investigate acute and chronic perceptual responses to eccentric cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1416-1417. [PMID: 29167207 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00507.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France;
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Casillas
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CIC INSERM 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France; and.,Pôle de rééducation-réadaptation, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CIC INSERM 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France; and
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24
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CHASLAND LAURENC, GREEN DANIELJ, MAIORANA ANDREWJ, NOSAKA KAZUNORI, HAYNES ANDREW, DEMBO LAWRENCEG, NAYLOR LOUISEH. Eccentric Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:646-651. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Casillas JM, Gudjoncik A, Gremeaux V, Aulagne J, Besson D, Laroche D. Assessment tools for personalizing training intensity during cardiac rehabilitation: Literature review and practical proposals. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 60:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Karagiannis C, Savva C, Mamais I, Efstathiou M, Monticone M, Xanthos T. Eccentric exercise in ischemic cardiac patients and functional capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 60:58-64. [PMID: 27988306 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric (ECC) exercise is an "economical" type of exercise with low energy requirements and does not cause early fatigue. Therefore, it is used for cardiac patients, who have low physical activity and exercise intolerance, as an easier kind of training. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of ECC exercise for functional capacity (FC) in patients with ischemic heart disease. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS MEDLINE via PubMed and EBSCO databases were searched for articles of randomized controlled trials of adults with ischemic heart disease who underwent ECC training as compared with other forms of exercise (concentric exercise) or no exercise and assessed FC. The methodologic quality of studies was assessed by the PEDro scale. A meta-analysis was performed with sufficient homogeneity between at least 2 studies in the pre-defined comparisons. RESULTS Four studies, investigating a total of 99 subjects, met the inclusion criteria. The results of the studies did not clearly indicate whether ECC exercise could improve FC better than traditional forms of exercise. However, the small number of studies and their methodologic weaknesses do not allow for drawing firm conclusions. CONCLUSIONS We found contradictory results about the effectiveness of ECC as compared with concentric exercise in terms of FC in ischemic cardiac patients. Further investigation with well-designed randomized trials is needed to determine the effectiveness of this kind of exercise for FC in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Karagiannis
- European University of Cyprus, School of Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - C Savva
- European University of Cyprus, School of Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Mamais
- European University of Cyprus, School of Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Efstathiou
- University of Nicosia, Department of Life and Health Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Monticone
- University of Cagliari, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Xanthos
- European University of Cyprus, School of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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27
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Hoppeler H. Moderate Load Eccentric Exercise; A Distinct Novel Training Modality. Front Physiol 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 27899894 PMCID: PMC5110564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years a number of studies have been published using progressive eccentric exercise protocols on motorized ergometers or similar devices that allow for controlled application of eccentric loads. Exercise protocols ramp eccentric loads over an initial 3 weeks period in order to prevent muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness. Final training loads reach 400-500 W in rehabilitative settings and over 1200 W in elite athletes. Training is typically carried out three times per week for durations of 20-30 min. This type of training has been characterizes as moderate load eccentric exercise. It has also been denoted RENEW (Resistance Exercise via Negative Eccentric Work by LaStayo et al., 2014). It is distinct from plyometric exercises (i.e., drop jumps) that impose muscle loads of several thousand Watts on muscles and tendons. It is also distinct from eccentric overload training whereby loads in a conventional strength training setting are increased in the eccentric phase of the movement to match concentric loads. Moderate load eccentric exercise (or RENEW) has been shown to be similarly effective as conventional strength training in increasing muscle strength and muscle volume. However, as carried out at higher angular velocities of joint movement, it reduces joint loads. A hallmark of moderate load eccentric exercise is the fact that the energy requirements are typically 4-fold smaller than in concentric exercise of the same load. This makes moderate load eccentric exercise training the tool of choice in medical conditions with limitations in muscle energy supply. The use and effectiveness of moderate load eccentric exercise has been demonstrated mostly in small scale studies for cardiorespiratory conditions, sarcopenia of old age, cancer, diabetes type 2, and neurological conditions. It has also been used effectively in the prevention and rehabilitation of injuries of the locomotor system in particular the rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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28
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Casillas JM. Improving scientific production in cardiovascular rehabilitation: A reasonable challenge for the Annals? Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015; 58:117-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Ellis R, Shields N, Lim K, Dodd KJ. Eccentric exercise in adults with cardiorespiratory disease: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2015; 29:1178-97. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215515574783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine if eccentric exercise is effective, tolerable and safe for adults with chronic cardiorespiratory disease. Data sources: We searched electronic databases from inception until January 2015 (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus, PEDro, Cochrane Central and AMED) supplemented by citation tracking and reference list scanning. Review methods: Included articles had to report effects of eccentric exercise, alone or as a primary component of intervention, of any intensity and duration, on adults with chronic cardiorespiratory disease. Trials needed to be reported as full text in a peer-reviewed journal and include control data (randomised, quasi-randomised and single group cross-over design trials). Any outcomes or comparison interventions were accepted. Methodological rigor was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Of 22 potentially relevant articles, 10 met inclusion criteria. They reported results from seven trials with a total of 112 participants across the diseases. PEDro scores were low (median 3). Eccentric exercise increased strength and mobility to comparable levels as concentric exercise, however, it did so with lower oxygen consumption (effect size as large as d = –3.07 (–4.12, –1.80)), and four-fold power output (effect size d = –3.60 (–5.03, –1.66)). There were no adverse events reported for eccentric exercise. Pain was avoided with familiarisation sessions and individual exercise prescription. Conclusion: Eccentric exercise is beneficial and at least comparable with traditional exercise in improving walking and strength for people with chronic cardiorespiratory disease. It was well tolerated and we identified no safety concerns for the use of this intervention for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ellis
- Physiotherapy, Northern Health, Epping, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- Department of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Allied Health, Northern Health, Epping, Australia
| | - Kwang Lim
- Medicine, Northern Health, Epping, Australia
| | - Karen J Dodd
- Department of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Short-term eccentric exercise in newly diagnosed type II diabetics: an exploratory study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Frajacomo F, Lindstedt S. Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:1426-34. [PMID: 23823152 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This nonexhaustive mini-review reports on the application of eccentric exercise in various rehabilitation populations. The two defining properties of eccentric muscle contractions--a potential for high muscle-force production at an energy cost that is uniquely low--are revisited and formatted as exercise countermeasures to muscle atrophy, weakness, and deficits in physical function. Following a dual-phase implementation, eccentric exercise that induces rehabilitation benefits without muscle damage, thereby making it both safe and feasible in rehabilitation, is described. Clinical considerations, algorithms of exercise progression, and suggested modes of eccentric exercise are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;
| | - Robin Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lee Dibble
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fernando Frajacomo
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Stan Lindstedt
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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