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Camargo GS, de Barros LD, Oliveira-Filho JP, Bromberger CR, Dias-Melicio LA, Alves Dos Santos L, Bergfelt DR, Ferraz de Andrade ER, Canesin HS, de Meira C, Ignácio FS. Evaluation of blastocyst re-expansion, quality in relation to storage temperature, and sexing using blastocoel fluid after manual perforation with a hand-held needle involving in vivo produced equine embryos. Theriogenology 2024; 219:39-48. [PMID: 38382216 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate equine blastocyst re-expansion rate, quality, and sex following perforation of the blastocoel, collection of blastocoel fluid (BF), and PCR amplification of free DNA. Experiment 1 tested the feasibility of the BF sample collection with a hand-held, small-gauged needle (26g) and subsequent PCR amplification of the TSP-Y gene for males and AMEL-Y gene for males and AMEL-X gene for females. Experiment 2 tested the application of the technique. Equine embryos were collected via uterine flushes 8d after ovulation. Thereafter, embryos (n = 19) were initially assessed and transferred to a 50 μL droplet of holding medium in which the blastocoel was manually perforated as in Experiment 1. Within 1 min of detecting a diameter decrease or collapse, the entire volume of each droplet of medium was collected and stored at -20 °C until PCR. In Experiment 1, amplification of the TSP-Y gene was positive for males at 60% (9/15) and negative for females at 40% (6/15). In Experiment 2, a total of 42 embryos were randomly assigned to a collapsed embryo (CE) or intact embryo (IE) groups and stored at room temperature (RT, 25 °C) or cold temperature (CT, 5 °C) for 24h as follows: 1) CERT, n = 11; 2) CECT n = 11; 3) IERT, n = 10; and 4) IECT, n = 10. After 24h, embryo diameter and quality were reassessed. For all collapsed embryos (n = 19), blastocoel fluid was subjected to double PCR amplification of the TSPY gene with blood from adult male and female horses as controls. Positive gene amplification indicated 57.9% (11/19) of embryos were male and negative amplification indicated 31.6% (6/19) of embryos were female. Relative to the least diameter (0%) after perforation of collapsed embryos or fullest diameter (100%) of intact embryos at T0, percentage change in diameter and quality Grade 1 or 2 embryos after 24h of storage for all groups were, respectively: 31.2% and 54% for CERT group, 28.2% and 0% for CECT group, 25.9% and 100% for IERT group, 4.3% and 80% for IECT group, respectively. Thus, needle-induced leakage and collapse of the blastocoel at T0 resulted in a high rate of blastocyst re-expansion (69%) with many embryos (54%) achieving good quality at T24 with potential for transfer as either male or female embryos. For both collapsed and intact embryos, it was observed that storage for 24h at room temperature (25 °C) was associated with improved embryo growth and morphological quality compared to storage at cold temperature (5 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Siqueira Camargo
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - José Paes Oliveira-Filho
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Raach Bromberger
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alarcao Dias-Melicio
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents-LIAI, UNIPEX-Experimental Research Unity-Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents-LIAI, UNIPEX-Experimental Research Unity-Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Don R Bergfelt
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis, USA
| | - Erica Rodrigues Ferraz de Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Ourinhos, São Paulo, 19909-100, Brazil
| | | | - Cezinande de Meira
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Saules Ignácio
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil.
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Howard J, Mazanderani F, Keenan KF, Turner MR, Locock L. Fluctuating salience in those living with genetic risk of motor neuron disease: A qualitative interview study. Health Expect 2024; 27:e14024. [PMID: 38528673 DOI: 10.1111/hex.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuron disease (MND) (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a life-limiting neurodegenerative condition. In up to 20% of people with MND, a pathogenic variant associated with autosomal dominant inheritance can be identified. Children of people carrying a pathogenic variant have a 50% chance of inheriting this and a higher, although harder to predict, chance of developing the disease compared to the general adult population. This paper explores the experience of living with the genetic risk of MND. METHODS We undertook a UK-based interview study with 35 individuals, including: 7 people living with genetically-mediated forms of MND; 24 asymptomatic relatives, the majority of whom had an increased risk of developing the disease; and 4 unrelated partners. RESULTS We explore how individuals make sense of genetic risk, unpacking the interplay between genetic knowledge, personal perception, experiences of the disease in the family, age and life stage and the implications that living with risk has for different aspects of their lives. We balance an emphasis on the emotional and psychological impact described by participants, with a recognition that the salience of risk fluctuates over time. Furthermore, we highlight the diverse strategies and approaches people employ to live well in the face of uncertainty and the complex ways they engage with the possibility of developing symptoms in the future. Finally, we outline the need for open-ended, tailored support and information provision. CONCLUSIONS Drawing on wider literature on genetic risk, we foreground how knowledge of MND risk can disrupt individuals' taken-for-granted assumptions on life and perceptions of the future, but also its contextuality, whereby its relevance becomes more prominent at critical junctures. This research has been used in the development of a public-facing resource on the healthtalk.org website. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION People with experience of living with genetic risk were involved throughout the design and conduct of the study and advised on aspects including the topic guide, sampling and recruitment and the developing analysis. Two patient and public involvement contributors joined a formal advisory panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Howard
- Division of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fadhila Mazanderani
- School of Social and Political Science, Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Locock
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Paul RA, Baldwin A, Johnson K, Manning Peskin S, Tropea TF, Azage M, Bardakjian T, Dratch L. Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Adult-Onset Neurodegenerative Disease: Considerations for Access, Utilization, and Counseling. Neurology 2023; 101:836-841. [PMID: 37596038 PMCID: PMC10663009 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions (PGT-M), formerly called preimplantation genetic diagnosis, is a specialized assisted reproduction technique that aims to reduce the risk of a pregnancy inheriting a monogenic condition. Despite calls to increase awareness and prepare neurologists for discussing PGT-M with patients and their families, no guidelines currently exist. When introducing PGT-M to those who may be interested in using it, there are major factors for discussion, including (1) genetic considerations (e.g., requirement for a confirmed genetic diagnosis; timing of genetic test results); (2) practical considerations (e.g., access to PGT-M and genetic services); (3) technical considerations (e.g., factors that can affect the success rate of PGT-M); and (4) psychosocial and ethical considerations (e.g., predictive testing for asymptomatic family members; family dynamics and values). Here, our team of neurologists and specialized genetic counselors discusses the current state of genetic characterization in adult-onset neurodegenerative conditions and highlights the major factors that should be considered when discussing PGT-M with families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Paul
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA.
| | - Aaron Baldwin
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Kelsey Johnson
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Sara Manning Peskin
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas F Tropea
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Meron Azage
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Laynie Dratch
- From the Department of Neurology (R.A.P., A.B., K.J., S.M.P., T.F.T., M.A., L.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Sarepta Therapeutics (T.B.), Cambridge, MA
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Pierron L, Tezenas du Montcel S, Heinzmann A, Coarelli G, Héron D, Heide S, Herson A, Hennessy J, Petit E, Gargiulo M, Durr A. Reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication in neurogenetic diseases with different self-estimated severities. J Med Genet 2023; 60:346-351. [PMID: 36270767 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low uptake of presymptomatic testing and medically assisted reproduction in families impacted by neurogenetic diseases prompted us to investigate how reproductive options are considered and whether there is a relationship with perceived severity of the disease. We hypothesised that self-estimated severity would influence opinion on reproductive options and that prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis would be a motivation to inform relatives about their risk. METHODS We invited people impacted by neurogenetic diseases to evaluate the severity of their familial disease using analogic visual scales and to answer questionnaires about reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication. We compared answers between diseases and with the perceived severity of each disease. RESULTS We analysed 562 questionnaires. Participants were impacted by Huntington disease (n=307), spinocerebellar ataxias (n=114), Steinert myotonic dystrophy (n=82) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (n=59). Self-estimated severity differed between pathologies (p<0.0001). Overall, participants considered prenatal diagnosis (78.0±34.4 out of 100) and preimplantation diagnosis (75.2±36.1 out of 100) justified more than termination of pregnancy (68.6±38.5 out of 100). They were less in favour of gamete donation (48.3±39.8 out of 100) or pregnancy abstention (43.3±40.3 out of 100). The greater the perceived severity of the disease, the more reproductive options were considered justified, except for gamete donation. Prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis was a motivation to inform relatives for only 55.3% of participants (p=0.01). CONCLUSION Self-estimated severity minimally impacts opinions towards reproductive options. Medically assisted reproduction procedures are rarely sought and do not motivate familial communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pierron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Tezenas du Montcel
- Institut Pierre Louis de Santé Publique, Medical Information Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna Heinzmann
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Herson
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hennessy
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Gargiulo
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie, Psychanalyse, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Vidovic M, Müschen LH, Brakemeier S, Machetanz G, Naumann M, Castro-Gomez S. Current State and Future Directions in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050736. [PMID: 36899872 PMCID: PMC10000757 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in progressive weakness of all voluntary muscles and eventual respiratory failure. Non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral changes, frequently occur over the course of the disease. Considering its poor prognosis with a median survival time of 2 to 4 years and limited causal treatment options, an early diagnosis of ALS plays an essential role. In the past, diagnosis has primarily been determined by clinical findings supported by electrophysiological and laboratory measurements. To increase diagnostic accuracy, reduce diagnostic delay, optimize stratification in clinical trials and provide quantitative monitoring of disease progression and treatment responsivity, research on disease-specific and feasible fluid biomarkers, such as neurofilaments, has been intensely pursued. Advances in imaging techniques have additionally yielded diagnostic benefits. Growing perception and greater availability of genetic testing facilitate early identification of pathogenic ALS-related gene mutations, predictive testing and access to novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials addressing disease-modified therapies before the advent of the first clinical symptoms. Lately, personalized survival prediction models have been proposed to offer a more detailed disclosure of the prognosis for the patient. In this review, the established procedures and future directions in the diagnostics of ALS are summarized to serve as a practical guideline and to improve the diagnostic pathway of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Vidovic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
| | | | - Svenja Brakemeier
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
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Abu Raya YS, Srebnik N, Rubinstein E, Schonberger O, Broza YY, Suschinel R, Haick H, Ionescu R. Noninvasive Pregestational Genetic Testing of Embryos Using Smart Sensors Array. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3265-3271. [PMID: 36374562 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregestational genetic testing of embryos is the conventional tool in detecting genetic disorders (fetal aneuploidy and monogenic disorders) for in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. The accepted clinical practice for genetic testing still depends on biopsy, which has the potential to harm the embryo. Noninvasive genetic prenatal testing has not yet been achieved. In this study, embryos with common genetic disorders created through IVF were tested with an artificially intelligent nanosensor array. Volatile organic compounds emitted by the culture fluid of embryos were analyzed with chemical gas sensors. The obtained results showed significant discrimination between the embryos with different genetic diseases and their wild-types. Embryos were obtained from the same clinical center for avoiding differences based on clinical and demographical characteristics. The achieved discrimination accuracy was 81% for PKD disease, 90% for FRAX disease, 85% for HOCM disease, 90% for BRCA disease, and 100% for HSCR disease. These proof-of-concept findings might launch the development of a noninvasive approach for early assessment of embryos by examining the culture fluid of the embryos, potentially enabling noninvasive diagnosis and screening of genetic diseases for IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Shibli Abu Raya
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Srebnik
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Rubinstein
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oshrat Schonberger
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Raluca Suschinel
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Radu Ionescu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Redgrave S, McNeill A. A qualitative interview study of the attitudes toward reproductive options of people with genetic visual loss. J Genet Couns 2022; 31:1231-1234. [PMID: 35781904 PMCID: PMC9796805 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United Kingdom (U.K), 2.19 million people are affected by visual loss. Monogenic causes of visual loss include retinal dystrophies, optic neuropathies, and congenital glaucoma. A variety of reproductive options are available to adults with genetic visual loss to permit them to have an unaffected child. Prenatal diagnostic testing (PND) via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is possible, provided the causal genetic variants are known in the family. We report a qualitative interview study of people with genetic causes of visual loss to explore their attitudes toward reproductive options. Participants reported a range of challenges associated with living with genetic conditions associated with visual loss. These had the potential to shape attitudes to reproductive options. Participants expressed enthusiasm for genetic testing, as it enabled them to understand if relatives might be affected by the visual loss. Decisions around reproductive options were recognized as challenging and highly personal. Positive opinions of PGT were reported, as it permitted conception of a child without the genetic cause of visual loss while avoiding the need for the termination of pregnancy. The provision of accessible information resources on genetics and reproductive options was reported to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Redgrave
- Department of NeuroscienceThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield Clinical Genetics, Service Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldUK
| | - Alisdair McNeill
- Department of NeuroscienceThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield Clinical Genetics, Service Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldUK,Senior Clinical Lecturer in Neurogenetics & Consultant in Clinical Genetics, Department of NeuroscienceThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Fryc K, Nowak A, Kij-Mitka B, Kochan J, Bartlewski PM, Murawski M. Morphokinetic changes in vitrified and non-vitrified in vitro-derived ovine embryos. Theriogenology 2022; 187:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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