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Yuan W, Ji G, Shi X, Sun Z, Liu C, Yu Y, Li W, Wang X, Hu H. The male reproductive toxicity after 5-Fluorouracil exposure: DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116465. [PMID: 38749198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat a variety of cancers, can enter the environment through different routes, causing serious public health and environmental concerns. It has been reported that 5-FU exposure adversely affects male reproductive function, and its effects on this system cannot be avoided. In this study, using western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies, we found that 5-FU promoted testicular injury by inducing oxidative stress, which was accompanied by the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element signaling. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) aggravated 5-FU-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in murine cell lines and testes, indicating oxidative stress and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic signaling play crucial roles in the damage of spermatogenic cells caused. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, an antioxidant that scavenges intracellular ROS, protected spermatogenic cells from 5-FU-induced oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, revealing the important role of ROS in testicular dysfunction caused by 5-FU. We found that 5-FU exposure induces testicular cell apoptosis through ROS-mediated mitochondria pathway in mice. In summary, our findings revealed the reproductive toxicological effect of 5-FU on mice and its mechanism, provided basic data reference for adverse ecological and human health outcomes associated with 5-FU contamination or poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Guojie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Chenyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Wenmi Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China.
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Zhao X, Fu K, Xiang KP, Wang LY, Zhang YF, Luo YP. Comparison of the chronic and multigenerational toxicity of racemic glufosinate and l-glufosinate to Caenorhabditis elegans at environmental concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137863. [PMID: 36649895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium, the second largest transgene crop resistant herbicide, is classified as a mobile persistent pollutant by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencybecause of its slow decomposition and easy mobile transfer in a water environment. The chronic and multigeneration toxicity of this compound to environmental organisms are alarming. In this study, racemic glufosinate-ammonium and the effective isomer, l-glufosinate-ammonium, were used as the test agents. The developmental, neurotoxic and reproductive toxicities of Caenorhabditis elegans to their parents and progeny were studied by continuous exposure in water at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L. The causes of toxicity differences were analysed from oxidative stress and transcription levels. Through oxidative stress of C. elegans, racemic glufosinate-ammonium and l-glufosinate-ammonium both mediated the developmental toxicity (shortened developmental cycle, reduced body length and width, promoted ageingand decreased longevity), neurotoxicity (inhibited head swinging, body bending frequency and acetylcholinesterase [AchE] activity) and reproductive toxicity (significant reductions in the number of eggs and offspring in vivo and induced apoptosis of gonadal cells). These phenomena caused oxidative damage (protein and membrane lipid peroxidation) and further induced apoptosis. The changes in various indicators caused by racemic glufosinate-ammonium exposure were more significant than those caused by l-glufosinate-ammonium exposure, and the reproduction-related indicators were more significant than the developmental and neurological indicators. A continuous accumulation of toxicity was observed after multiple generations of continuous exposure. These research results provide a data reference for the ecotoxicological evaluation and risk assessment of glufosinate-ammonium and contribute to the revision and improvement of the related environmental policies of glufosinate-ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kan Fu
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Kai-Ping Xiang
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lan-Ying Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yan-Ping Luo
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Reproductive and developmental toxicities of 5-fluorouracil in model organisms and humans. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e9. [PMID: 35098910 PMCID: PMC9884763 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy, as an important clinical treatment, has greatly enhanced survival in cancer patients, but the side effects and long-term sequelae bother both patients and clinicians. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of various cancers, but several studies showed its adverse effects on reproduction. Reproductive toxicity of 5-FU often associates with developmental block, malformation and ovarian damage in the females. In males, 5-FU administration alters the morphology of sexual organs, the levels of reproductive endocrine hormones and the progression of spermatogenesis, ultimately reducing sperm numbers. Mechanistically, 5-FU exerts its effect through incorporating the active metabolites into nucleic acids directly, or inhibiting thymidylate synthase to disrupt the function of DNA and RNA, leading to profound effects on cellular metabolism and viability. However, some studies suggested that the toxicity of 5-FU on reproduction is reversible and certain drugs used in combination with 5-FU during chemotherapy could protect reproductive systems from 5-FU damage both in females and males. Herein, we summarise the recent findings and discuss underlying mechanisms of the 5-FU-induced reproductive toxicity, providing a reference for future research and clinical treatments.
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Naren G, Wang L, Zhang X, Cheng L, Yang S, Yang J, Guo J, Nashun B. The reversible reproductive toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 101:1-8. [PMID: 33581264 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a "cytotoxic" drug used for cancer chemotherapy, which inhibits cells division via affecting DNA synthesis. Although being widely used for cancer treatment, 5-FU has non-negligible side effects. In the present study, the effects of 5-FU on oocyte and early embryonic development were investigated. Multiple intraperitoneal administration of 5-FU (50 mg/kg/day) in female mice resulted in small ovarian size and reduced number of corpus luteum in the ovary, and lead to ovulation failure. However, these defects could be recovered after one week. In vitro experiments further indicated that exposure to 5-FU inhibited oocytes maturation and reduced developmental potential of pre-implantation embryos. Our data suggested that 5-FU has negative impact on ovarian function, oocyte and early embryonic development, but the adverse effect could be reversed after withdrawal of 5-FU administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerile Naren
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiajie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Buhe Nashun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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Khan S, Paravastu P, Jha PN, Marathe SA. Elucidating the pathogenic potential of Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8 using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104449. [PMID: 32798671 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae, an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, is reported to possess different virulence factors that could potentially influence its pathogenesis. Generally, the E. cloacae infections are of endogenous origin occurring in immunocompromised patients. The mechanisms of pathogenicity remain elusive, possibly due to the absence of established model hosts. Thus, we explored the utility of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to test the pathogenicity of E. cloacae SBP-8, a soil isolate. E. cloacae SBP-8 progressively colonized the intestine of C. elegans. It induced cell death (as assessed through DNA damage), reproductive defect and reduction of lifespan, comparable to a clinical isolate, E. cloacae (MTCC 509). Observation with Nomarski microscopy revealed significant anterior pharyngeal distention, and altered egg arrangement with internal egg hatching in 70% infected worms. The internal egg hatching was observed as early as 48 h post infection. E. cloacae SBP-8 infection reduced the brood size by 16%. A 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining confirmed the 10-fold induction of reactive oxygen species implicating either mitochondrial damage or septic shock in infected worms. Expression analysis through RT-PCR indicated stimulation of immune response by E. cloacae SBP-8 in worms by upregulating tol-1, a Toll-like receptor, within 6 h of exposure. During the initial phase of infection (up to 24 h) the nematodes exhibited protective immune response by upregulating antimicrobial peptide genes, lys-1, clec-60, clec-85, and clec-87. However, these genes were downregulated at later hours (48 h), indicating the nematodes surrendered to the infection. A similar trend was observed for reproductive genes (lin-29 and let-23), suggesting a struggle to maintain functional reproduction by the nematodes. These results clearly demonstrate the pathogenic potential of E. cloacae SBP-8 and suggest the suitability of C. elegans as a model organism to study its pathogenesis. This is the first study indicating that E. cloacae infections could potentially originate from an exogenic source (here soil).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praneeta Paravastu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhat Nath Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sandhya Amol Marathe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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Cao X, Yan C, Wu X, Zhou L, Xiu G. Nonylphenol induced individual and population fluctuation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Disturbances on developmental and reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109486. [PMID: 32283338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks that have arisen from endocrine disruption compounds (EDCs) have become global challenges, especially for persistent bio-accumulated xenobiotic chemicals, such as nonylphenol (NP). In the present study, the population dynamics of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were systemically investigated by conducting developmental and reproductive bioassays under the exposure of NP, which has been widely detected in actual aquatic environments. The results revealed that under NP exposure (400 μg L-1 NP), developmental indictors of C. elegans, including the body length and width were significantly inhibited at different life stages of L1 and L4 larva, and the growth curves were further adversely affected. In addition, abnormalities in reproductive systems were also observed under NP exposure. Such abnormalities obeyed a dose-dependent relationship with NP levels, which were closely related to the delayed spawning time and decreased reproductive rates. Moreover, the results from global genome expression analysis for nematodes revealed that the most significant enriched GO terms could be predominantly responsible for the dysregulation of growth and reproductive system. The population's parameters, including age composition and intrinsic growth rate (rm d-1), displayed significant changes, with a suppressed potentiality of population growth. Those data elucidated that NP exhibited a profound impact on the dynamic stability of the population, even with no obvious effect on certain biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chenzhi Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Lu Q, Bu Y, Ma L, Liu R. Transgenerational reproductive and developmental toxicity of tebuconazole in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:578-591. [PMID: 31960463 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transgenerational reproductive and developmental toxicity of tebuconazole (TEB) in Caenorhabditis elegans was investigated over five generations (P0 - F4). Only parental C.elegans (P0) were exposed to TEB (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) for 24 h and the subsequent offspring (F1-F4) were grown under TEB-free conditions. TEB exposure caused dose-dependent reproductive defects and developmental impairments in C.elegans. In the P0 generation reproductive defects were observed such as: reduced brood size and embryo hatchability, prolonged generation time, retarded gonadal development, and slower germline proliferation, even at 0.01 μg/L, together with developmental toxicity with significant reduced body length and narrowed body width at 10 μg/L. Additionally, the brood size significantly reduced in F2, which began to recover from F3, but was still lower than the control in F4. The proportion of abnormalities increased significantly in F2 and reduced from F3, but was still higher than the control, suggesting that TEB could have cumulative potential and be passed to offspring through parental exposure. Furthermore, exposure to TEB (10 μg/L) in P0 significantly reduced the body length in F1, which began to recover from F2, and was the same level as the control in F4. There was a concentration-dependent increase in body width in F1-F4, with a significant increase only observed in F1 at 10 μg/L. Thus, parental exposure to TEB induced transgenerational defects in both reproduction and development, emphasizing the significance of considering bio-toxicity over multiple generations to conduct accurate assessment of environmental risks of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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de Miranda JAL, Martins CDS, Fideles LDS, Barbosa MLL, Barreto JEF, Pimenta HB, Freitas FOR, Pimentel PVDS, Teixeira CS, Scafuri AG, dos Santos Luciano MC, Araújo JL, Rocha JA, Vieira IGP, Ricardo NMPS, da Silva Campelo M, Ribeiro MENP, de Castro Brito GA, Cerqueira GS. Troxerutin Prevents 5-Fluorouracil Induced Morphological Changes in the Intestinal Mucosa: Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E10. [PMID: 31936203 PMCID: PMC7169416 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent used for cancer treatment. Troxerutin (TRX), a semi-synthetic flavonoid extracted from Dimorphandra gardneriana, has been reported as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of TRX on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, TRX-50, TRX-100, TRX-150, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + TRX-100. The weight of mice was measured daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), mast and goblet cell counts, immunohistochemical analysis, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Compared to the saline treatment, the 5-FU treatment induced intense weight loss and reduction in villus height. TRX treatment (100 mg/kg) prevented the 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and decreased oxidative stress by decreasing the MDA levels and increasing GSH concentration. TRX attenuated inflammatory process by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. TRX also reversed the depletion of goblet cells. Our findings suggest that TRX at a concentration of 100 mg/kg had chemopreventive effects on 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis via COX-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Antônio Leal de Miranda
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Conceição da Silva Martins
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Lázaro de Sousa Fideles
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Maria Lucianny Lima Barbosa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - João Erivan Façanha Barreto
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Helder Bindá Pimenta
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Francisco Orlando Rafael Freitas
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Paulo Vitor de Souza Pimentel
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Claudio Silva Teixeira
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Ariel Gustavo Scafuri
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Maria Claudia dos Santos Luciano
- Nucleus of Research and Development of Medications (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Coronel Nunes of Melo Street, 100, Fortaleza 60430-275, Brazil;
| | - Joabe Lima Araújo
- Research Group in Natural Sciences and Biotechnology, Federal University of Maranhão, s/n Avenue Aurila Maria Santos Barros of Sousa, Frei Alberto Beretta, Grajaú-MA 65940-000, Brazil; (J.L.A.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jefferson Almeida Rocha
- Research Group in Natural Sciences and Biotechnology, Federal University of Maranhão, s/n Avenue Aurila Maria Santos Barros of Sousa, Frei Alberto Beretta, Grajaú-MA 65940-000, Brazil; (J.L.A.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Icaro Gusmão Pinto Vieira
- Technological Development Park, Federal University of Ceará, Humberto Monte Avenue, 2977, Pici Campus, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil;
| | - Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil; (N.M.P.S.R.); (M.d.S.C.); (M.E.N.P.R.)
| | - Matheus da Silva Campelo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil; (N.M.P.S.R.); (M.d.S.C.); (M.E.N.P.R.)
| | - Maria Elenir Nobre Pinho Ribeiro
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil; (N.M.P.S.R.); (M.d.S.C.); (M.E.N.P.R.)
| | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Gilberto Santos Cerqueira
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, s/n Delmiro of Farias Street, Porangabuçu Campus, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil; (C.d.S.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (M.L.L.B.); (J.E.F.B.); (H.B.P.); (F.O.R.F.); (P.V.d.S.P.); (C.S.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.A.d.C.B.); (G.S.C.)
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Protective Effect of Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020051. [PMID: 30987265 PMCID: PMC6630449 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent used for cancer treatment. Cashew gum (CG) has been reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of CG extracted from the exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. on experimental intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, CG 30, CG 60, CG 90, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + CG 90 groups. The weight of mice was measured daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH), and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 5-FU induced intense weight loss and reduction in villus height compared to the saline group. CG 90 prevented 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and decreased oxidative stress through decrease of MDA levels and increase of GSH concentration. CG attenuated inflammatory process by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. Our findings suggest that CG at a concentration of 90 mg/kg reverses the effects of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Kamaladevi A, Balamurugan K. Lactobacillus casei triggers a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans to resist Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Food Funct 2018; 7:3211-23. [PMID: 27338631 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was investigated at the molecular level using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of the 13 LAB screened, Lactobacillus casei displayed excellent protective efficacy by prolonging the survival of K. pneumoniae-infected nematodes. Pretreatment with L. casei significantly decreased bacterial colonization and rescued K. pneumoniae-infected C. elegans from various physiological impairments. The concomitant upregulation of key immune genes that regulate the TLR, RACK-1 as well as the p38 MAPK pathway rather than the IIS and ERK pathway suggested that the plausible immunomodulatory mechanism of L. casei could be by triggering the TLR, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway. Furthermore, the hyper-susceptibility of L. casei treated loss-of-function mutants of the tol-1, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway (sek-1 and pmk-1) to K. pneumoniae infection and gene expression analysis suggested that L. casei triggered a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway to increase host resistance and protect nematodes against K. pneumoniae infection.
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Ruan Q, Qiao Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Wang M, Duan J, Wang D. Beneficial effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract in preventing oxidative damage and extending the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 177:101-110. [PMID: 26626487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is a medicinal herb extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effect of GR and the possible mechanisms of GR, to provide a pharmacological basis in traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, C. elegans (L1-larvae to young adults) was exposed to 0.12-0.24 g/mL of GR in 12-well sterile tissue culture plates at 20°C in the presence of food. Lethality, growth, lifespan, reproduction, locomotion, metabolism, intestinal autofluorescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays were performed to investigate the possible safety profile and beneficial effects of GR in these nematodes. We found that the lifespan of nematodes exposed to 0.18-0.24 g/mL of GR was extended. We then determined the mechanism of the longevity effect of GR using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and oxidative stress resistance assays induced by heat and paraquat. RESULTS Prolonged exposure to 0.12-0.24 g/mL of GR did not induce lethality, alter body length, morphology or metabolism, affect brood size, locomotion, the development of D-type GABAergic motor neurons, or induce significant induction of intestinal autofluorescence and intestinal ROS production. In C. elegans, pretreatment with GR suppressed the damage due to heat-stress or oxidative stress induced by paraquat, a ROS generator, on lifespan, and inhibited the induction of intestinal ROS production induced by paraquat. Moreover, prolonged exposure to GR extended lifespan, increased locomotion and decreased intestinal ROS production in adult day-12 nematodes. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to GR significantly altered the expression patterns of genes encoding the insulin-like signaling pathway which had a key role in longevity control. Mutation of daf-16 gene encoding the FOXO transcription factor significantly decreased lifespan, suppressed locomotion, and increased intestinal ROS production in GR exposed adult nematodes. CONCLUSIONS GR is relatively safe and has protective effects against the damage caused by both heat-stress and oxidative stress at the examined concentrations. Furthermore, GR is capable of extending the lifespan of nematodes, and the insulin-like signaling pathway may play a crucial role in regulating the lifespan-extending effects of GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Ruan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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12
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Tejeda-Benitez L, Olivero-Verbel J. Caenorhabditis elegans, a Biological Model for Research in Toxicology. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 237:1-35. [PMID: 26613986 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23573-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode of microscopic size which, due to its biological characteristics, has been used since the 1970s as a model for research in molecular biology, medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology. It was the first animal whose genome was completely sequenced and has played a key role in the understanding of apoptosis and RNA interference. The transparency of its body, short lifespan, ability to self-fertilize and ease of culture are advantages that make it ideal as a model in toxicology. Due to the fact that some of its biochemical pathways are similar to those of humans, it has been employed in research in several fields. C. elegans' use as a biological model in environmental toxicological assessments allows the determination of multiple endpoints. Some of these utilize the effects on the biological functions of the nematode and others use molecular markers. Endpoints such as lethality, growth, reproduction, and locomotion are the most studied, and usually employ the wild type Bristol N2 strain. Other endpoints use reporter genes, such as green fluorescence protein, driven by regulatory sequences from other genes related to different mechanisms of toxicity, such as heat shock, oxidative stress, CYP system, and metallothioneins among others, allowing the study of gene expression in a manner both rapid and easy. These transgenic strains of C. elegans represent a powerful tool to assess toxicity pathways for mixtures and environmental samples, and their numbers are growing in diversity and selectivity. However, other molecular biology techniques, including DNA microarrays and MicroRNAs have been explored to assess the effects of different toxicants and samples. C. elegans has allowed the assessment of neurotoxic effects for heavy metals and pesticides, among those more frequently studied, as the nematode has a very well defined nervous system. More recently, nanoparticles are emergent pollutants whose toxicity can be explored using this nematode. Overall, almost every type of known toxicant has been tested with this animal model. In the near future, the available knowledge on the life cycle of C. elegans should allow more studies on reproduction and transgenerational toxicity for newly developed chemicals and materials, facilitating their introduction in the market. The great diversity of endpoints and possibilities of this animal makes it an easy first-choice for rapid toxicity screening or to detail signaling pathways involved in mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Tejeda-Benitez
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
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Kovács R, Csenki Z, Bakos K, Urbányi B, Horváth Á, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Gerić M, Negreira N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Heath E, Kosjek T, Žegura B, Novak M, Zajc I, Baebler Š, Rotter A, Ramšak Ž, Filipič M. Assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of 5-fluorouracil in zebrafish (Danio rerio) two-generation study. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 77:201-212. [PMID: 25889180 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Residues of anti-neoplastic drugs represent new and emerging pollutants in aquatic environments. Many of these drugs are genotoxic, and it has been postulated that they can cause adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most extensively used anti-neoplastic drugs in cancer therapy, and this article describes the results of the first investigation using a two-generation toxicity study design with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of zebrafish to 5-FU (0.01, 1.0 and 100 μg/L) was initiated with adult zebrafish (F0 generation) and continued through the hatchings and adults of the F1 generation, and the hatchings of the F2 generation, to day 33 post-fertilisation. The exposure did not affect survival, growth and reproduction of the zebrafish; however, histopathological changes were observed in the liver and kidney, along with genotoxic effects, at all 5-FU concentrations. Increases in DNA damage determined using the comet assay were significant in the liver and blood cells, but not in the gills and gonads. In erythrocytes, a significant, dose-dependent increase in frequency of micronuclei was observed at all 5-FU concentrations. Whole genome transcriptomic analysis of liver samples of F1 generation zebrafish exposed to 0.01 μg/L and 1 μg/L 5-FU revealed dose-dependent increases in the number of differentially expressed genes, including up-regulation of several DNA-damage-responsive genes and oncogenes (i.e., jun, myca). Although this chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of 5-FU did not affect the reproduction of the exposed zebrafish, it cannot be excluded that 5-FU can lead to degenerative changes, including cancers, which over long-term exposure of several generations might affect fish populations. The data from this study contribute to a better understanding of the potential consequences of chronic exposure of fish to low concentrations of anti-neoplastic drugs, and they demonstrate that further studies into multi-generation toxicity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kovács
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly St., H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly St., H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly St., H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly St., H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Ákos Horváth
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly St., H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Institute Jožef Stefan, Jadranska 29, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Institute Jožef Stefan, Jadranska 29, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Ecological Engineering Institute, Ljubljanska 9, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zajc
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Cornaglia M, Mouchiroud L, Marette A, Narasimhan S, Lehnert T, Jovaisaite V, Auwerx J, Gijs MAM. An automated microfluidic platform for C. elegans embryo arraying, phenotyping, and long-term live imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10192. [PMID: 25950235 PMCID: PMC4423638 DOI: 10.1038/srep10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the real-time dynamics of embryonic development require a gentle embryo handling method, the possibility of long-term live imaging during the complete embryogenesis, as well as of parallelization providing a population's statistics, while keeping single embryo resolution. We describe an automated approach that fully accomplishes these requirements for embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the most employed model organisms in biomedical research. We developed a microfluidic platform which makes use of pure passive hydrodynamics to run on-chip worm cultures, from which we obtain synchronized embryo populations, and to immobilize these embryos in incubator microarrays for long-term high-resolution optical imaging. We successfully employ our platform to investigate morphogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis during the full embryonic development and elucidate the role of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)) within C. elegans embryogenesis. Our method can be generally used for protein expression and developmental studies at the embryonic level, but can also provide clues to understand the aging process and age-related diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cornaglia
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Marette
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shreya Narasimhan
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginija Jovaisaite
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Qiao Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Sun L, Ruan Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Duan J, Wang D. Full toxicity assessment of Genkwa Flos and the underlying mechanism in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91825. [PMID: 24626436 PMCID: PMC3953530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genkwa Flos (GF), the dried flower bud from Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. (Thymelaeaceae), is a well-known and widely used traditional Chinese medicine. However, we know little about the in vivo mechanism of GF toxicity. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been considered as a useful toxicity assay system by offering a system best suited for asking the in vivo questions. In the present study, we employed the prolonged exposure assay system of C. elegans to perform the full in vivo toxicity assessment of raw-processed GF. Our data show that GF exposure could induce the toxicity on lifespan, development, reproduction, and locomotion behavior. GF exposure not only decreased body length but also induced the formation of abnormal vulva. The decrease in brood size in GF exposed nematodes appeared mainly at day-1 during the development of adult nematodes. The decrease of locomotion behavior in GF exposed nematodes might be due to the damage on development of D-type GABAergic motor neurons. Moreover, we observed the induction of intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alteration of expression patterns of genes required for development of apical domain, microvilli, and apical junction of intestine in GF exposed nematodes, implying the possible dysfunction of the primary targeted organ. In addition, GF exposure induced increase in defecation cycle length and deficits in development of AVL and DVB neurons controlling the defecation behavior. Therefore, our study implies the usefulness of C. elegans assay system for toxicity assessment from a certain Chinese medicine or plant extract. The observed toxicity of GF might be the combinational effects of oxidative stress, dysfunction of intestine, and altered defecation behavior in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinli Ruan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Kim SW, Kwak JI, An YJ. Multigenerational study of gold nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans: transgenerational effect of maternal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5393-9. [PMID: 23590387 DOI: 10.1021/es304511z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the generational transfer and multigenerational effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated by observing the parental generation (F0) to the fourth offspring generation (F4) using food-exposure approaches. There were no significant changes on survival rate under all generations by AuNP maternal exposure to the F0 generation. However, reproduction rate was clearly affected in the F2 generation but then gradually recovered in the F3 and F4 generations. The abnormalities of the reproductive system showed a close relationship with reproduction rates. These phenomenons may be due to the germ-line transfer. The germ line of F0 generation such as gonad and embryo germ cell may be affected during their development by maternal exposure of AuNPs, and this generation caused transgeneration effect on future generations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide the evidence of transgenerational effects by maternal exposure of nanoparticles to the next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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17
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Li H, Yu T, Li S, Qin L, Ning J. Preparation and Drug-releasing Properties of Chitosan-based Thermosensitive Composite Hydrogel. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2012.56.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Uracil-containing DNA in Drosophila: stability, stage-specific accumulation, and developmental involvement. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002738. [PMID: 22685418 PMCID: PMC3369950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Base-excision repair and control of nucleotide pools safe-guard against permanent uracil accumulation in DNA relying on two key enzymes: uracil–DNA glycosylase and dUTPase. Lack of the major uracil–DNA glycosylase UNG gene from the fruit fly genome and dUTPase from fruit fly larvae prompted the hypotheses that i) uracil may accumulate in Drosophila genomic DNA where it may be well tolerated, and ii) this accumulation may affect development. Here we show that i) Drosophila melanogaster tolerates high levels of uracil in DNA; ii) such DNA is correctly interpreted in cell culture and embryo; and iii) under physiological spatio-temporal control, DNA from fruit fly larvae, pupae, and imago contain greatly elevated levels of uracil (200–2,000 uracil/million bases, quantified using a novel real-time PCR–based assay). Uracil is accumulated in genomic DNA of larval tissues during larval development, whereas DNA from imaginal tissues contains much less uracil. Upon pupation and metamorphosis, uracil content in DNA is significantly decreased. We propose that the observed developmental pattern of uracil–DNA is due to the lack of the key repair enzyme UNG from the Drosophila genome together with down-regulation of dUTPase in larval tissues. In agreement, we show that dUTPase silencing increases the uracil content in DNA of imaginal tissues and induces strong lethality at the early pupal stages, indicating that tolerance of highly uracil-substituted DNA is also stage-specific. Silencing of dUTPase perturbs the physiological pattern of uracil–DNA accumulation in Drosophila and leads to a strongly lethal phenotype in early pupal stages. These findings suggest a novel role of uracil-containing DNA in Drosophila development and metamorphosis and present a novel example for developmental effects of dUTPase silencing in multicellular eukaryotes. Importantly, we also show lack of the UNG gene in all available genomes of other Holometabola insects, indicating a potentially general tolerance and developmental role of uracil–DNA in this evolutionary clade. The usual paradigm confines “normal” DNA of living cells to a well-defined restricted chemical space populated with only four bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) and some of their methylated derivatives (e.g. 5′-methyl-cytosine). Uracil is not considered to be a “normal” DNA base, except in several bacteriophages. On the contrary, uracil is generally considered to be an error in DNA. We show that Drosophila cells interpret uracil-substituted DNA as normal DNA, due to lack of two repair enzymes. Importantly, this unusual trait is under developmental control and applies only for animals before pupation. Metamorphosis is drastically perturbed by silencing of dUTPase, responsible for keeping uracil out of DNA. Our results argue that in Drosophila, and perhaps in other Holometabola insects as well, uracil–DNA plays a dedicated physiological role.
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Roh JY, Choi J. Cyp35a2 gene expression is involved in toxicity of fenitrothion in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1356-1361. [PMID: 21658740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of organophosphorous (OP) pesticide, fenitrothion (FT), on the non-target organism was investigated using the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicity was investigated on multiple biological levels, from organism to molecular levels, such as, immoblity, growth, fertility, development, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and stress-response gene expressions. FT may provoke serious consequences on the C. elegans population, as it induced significant developmental disturbance. As expected, FT exposure inhibits AChE activity of C. elegans. The increased expression of the cytochrome p450 family protein 35A2 (cyp35a2) gene was also observed in FT exposed worms. To experimentally demonstrate the relationships between organism-level effects and the cyp35a2 gene expression in FT-exposed C. elegans, the integration of the gene expression with biochemical-, and organism level endpoints were attempted using a C. elegans cyp35a2 RNA interference (RNAi) and cyp35a2 mutant (gk317). The 24 h-EC50s of C. elegans on FT exposure were in the order of cyp35a2 RNAi in cyp35a2 mutant (gk317)>cyp35a2 mutant (gk317)>cyp35a2 RNAi in wildtype (N2)>wildtype (N2). The higher EC50 values of cyp35a2 RNAi and cyp35a2 mutant (gk317) compared to that of wildtype C. elegans strongly supported that cyp35a2 gene plays an important role in the toxicity of FT towards C. elegans. The experiments with cyp35a2 RNAi also indicated that the development disturbance and decreased AChE activity, which were observed in FT exposed wildtype C. elegans were significantly rescued in the cyp35a2 RNAi C. elegans. Overall results suggest that the cyp35a2 may be an important gene for exerting FT toxicity in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Roh
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
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Janowitz T, Ajonina I, Perbandt M, Woltersdorf C, Hertel P, Liebau E, Gigengack U. The 3-ureidopropionase of Caenorhabditis elegans, an enzyme involved in pyrimidine degradation. FEBS J 2010; 277:4100-9. [PMID: 20840592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidines are important metabolites in all cells. Levels of cellular pyrimidines are controlled by multiple mechanisms, with one of these comprising the reductive degradation pathway. In the model invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans, two of the three enzymes of reductive pyrimidine degradation have previously been characterized. The enzyme catalysing the final step of pyrimidine breakdown, 3-ureidopropionase (β-alanine synthase), had only been identified based on homology. We therefore cloned and functionally expressed the 3-ureidopropionase of C. elegans as hexahistidine fusion protein. The purified recombinant enzyme readily converted the two pyrimidine degradation products: 3-ureidopropionate and 2-methyl-3-ureidopropionate. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Activity was highest at approximately 40 °C, although the half-life of activity was only 65 s at that temperature. The enzyme showed clear Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a K(m) of 147 ± 26 μM and a V(max) of 1.1 ± 0.1 U·mg protein(-1). The quaternary structure of the recombinant enzyme was shown to correspond to a dodecamer by 'blue native' gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The organ specific and subcellular localization of the enzyme was determined using a translational fusion to green fluorescent protein and high expression was observed in striated muscle cells. With the characterization of the 3-ureidopropionase, the reductive pyrimidine degradation pathway in C. elegans has been functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janowitz
- Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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