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Estrada‐Ortiz N, Starokozhko V, van Steenwijk H, van der Heide C, Permentier H, van Heemskerk L, Prins GH, Heegsma J, Faber KN, Bressers S, Steiblen G, de Groot A, Groome S, van Miert E, Groothuis G, de Graaf IAM. Disruption of vitamin A homeostasis by the biocide tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate in pregnant rabbits. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1921-1936. [PMID: 35857281 PMCID: PMC9804500 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The biocide tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulphate (THPS) and other members of the tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts (THPX) family are associated with liver toxicity in several mammalian species and teratogenicity in rabbits. Malformations include skeletal changes and abnormalities in eye development and are very similar to those seen with vitamin A deficiency or excess. For this reason, it was hypothesized that teratogenicity of THPS(X) might be attributed to disturbances in retinol availability and/or metabolism as a result of maternal toxicity, for example, either due to insufficient dietary intake by the mothers or due to liver toxicity. Therefore, in the present study, liver toxicity and vitamin A homeostasis were studied in pregnant rabbits that were exposed to 13.8 or 46.0 mg/kg THPS during organogenesis and in precision-cut liver slices of rats and rabbits exposed to 0-70 μM THPS. Results show that in vivo exposure to THPS leads to a marked reduction of food intake, increased plasma concentrations of γ-glutamytransferase, degenerative changes in the liver and to changes in retinoid content in liver and plasma in the rabbits during organogenesis. In addition, THPS, both in vivo and ex vivo, caused a change in expression of proteins related to vitamin A metabolism and transport. Together, these observations could explain the birth defects observed in earlier teratogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estrada‐Ortiz
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hidde van Steenwijk
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cor van der Heide
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Permentier
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lisanne van Heemskerk
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Grietje Harmanna Prins
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of GroningenUniversity Medi‐cal Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of GroningenUniversity Medi‐cal Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Guy Steiblen
- Solvay, Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment UnitGenasFrance
| | - Antoinette de Groot
- Solvay, Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment UnitBruxellesBelgium
| | | | - Erik van Miert
- Solvay, Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment UnitBruxellesBelgium
| | - Geny Groothuis
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Inge Anne Maria de Graaf
- University Medical Center Groningen, Surgical Research LaboratoryUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Nadalutti CA, Prasad R, Wilson SH. Perspectives on formaldehyde dysregulation: Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in mammalian cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103134. [PMID: 34116475 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genome stability involves coordination between different subcellular compartments providing cells with DNA repair systems that safeguard against environmental and endogenous stresses. Organisms produce the chemically reactive molecule formaldehyde as a component of one-carbon metabolism, and cells maintain systems to regulate endogenous levels of formaldehyde under physiological conditions, preventing genotoxicity, among other adverse effects. Dysregulation of formaldehyde is associated with several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we discuss the complex topic of endogenous formaldehyde metabolism and summarize advances in research on fo dysregulation, along with future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Nadalutti
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Folate and its derivatives have long been used as an adjunctive treatment in methanol poisoning. Methanol is ultimately metabolized to formate, the toxic compound. The accumulation of formate can lead to acidemia, retinal damage, visual impairment, and death. Formate is converted to carbon dioxide and water in a folate-dependent manner, and folate is often given in cases of methanol poisoning. In this paper, the evidence for folate as an adjunctive therapy in methanol poisoning is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Theobald
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
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White T, Williams A, DeSesso JM. Comment on Sweeting and Wells (2015). Reprod Toxicol 2016; 66:124-125. [PMID: 27565515 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sweeting JN, Wells PG. New Zealand white rabbit progeny exposed in utero to methanol are resistant to skeletal anomalies reported for rodents, but exhibit a novel vertebral defect. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Siu MT, Shapiro AM, Wiley MJ, Wells PG. A role for glutathione, independent of oxidative stress, in the developmental toxicity of methanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:508-15. [PMID: 24095963 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the teratogenicity of methanol (MeOH) in rodents, both in vivo and in embryo culture. We explored the ROS hypothesis further in vivo in pregnant C57BL/6J mice. Following maternal treatment with a teratogenic dose of MeOH, 4 g/kg via intraperitoneal (ip) injection on gestational day (GD) 12, there was no increase 6h later in embryonic ROS formation, measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence, despite an increase observed with the positive control ethanol (EtOH), nor was there an increase in embryonic oxidatively damaged DNA, quantified as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation. MeOH teratogenicity (primarily ophthalmic anomalies, cleft palate) also was not altered by pre- and post-treatment with varying doses of the free radical spin trapping agent alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN). In contrast, pretreatment with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, depleted maternal hepatic and embryonic GSH, and enhanced some new anomalies (micrognathia, agnathia, short snout, fused digits, cleft lip, low set ears), but not the most common teratogenic effects of MeOH (ophthalmic anomalies, cleft palate) in this strain. These results suggest that ROS did not contribute to the teratogenic effects of MeOH in this in vivo mouse model, in contrast to results in embryo culture from our laboratory, and that the protective effect of GSH in this model may arise from its role as a cofactor for formaldehyde dehydrogenase in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Siu
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang SP, Hu XX, Meng QW, Muhammad SA, Chen RR, Li F, Li GQ. The involvement of several enzymes in methanol detoxification in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 166:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Miller L, Shapiro AM, Wells PG. Embryonic Catalase Protects Against Ethanol-Initiated DNA Oxidation and Teratogenesis in Acatalasemic and Transgenic Human Catalase–Expressing Mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:400-11. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Siu MT, Wiley MJ, Wells PG. Methanol teratogenicity in mutant mice with deficient catalase activity and transgenic mice expressing human catalase. Reprod Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang SP, He GL, Chen RR, Li F, Li GQ. The involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in methanol elimination in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:264-275. [PMID: 22508581 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Methanol is one of the most common short-chain alcohols in fermenting fruits, the natural food of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The larvae cope continuously with methanol at various concentrations in order to survive and develop. In the present article, we found toxicities of dietary methanol and formaldehyde were enhanced by piperonyl butoxide, but not by 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole, 4-methylpyrazole, diethylmeleate, and triphenyl phosphate, when assessing by the combination index method. These results reveal that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), rather than catalases, alcohol dehydrogenases, glutathione S-transferases, and esterases, participate in methanol metabolism. Moreover, methanol exposure dramatically increased CYP activity. The ratios of the CYP activities in treated larvae to those in control reached, respectively, up to 3.0-, 3.9-, and 2.7-fold, at methanol concentrations of 22.6, 27.9, and 34.5 mg/g diet. In addition, methanol exposure greatly up-regulated the mRNA expression level of five Cyp genes, which were Cyp304a1, Cyp9f2, Cyp28a5, Cyp4d2, and Cyp4e2. Their resulting proteins were suggested as the candidate enzymes for methanol metabolism in D. melanogaster larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Lu K, Gul H, Upton PB, Moeller BC, Swenberg JA. Formation of hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in rats orally exposed to stable isotope labeled methanol. Toxicol Sci 2011; 126:28-38. [PMID: 22157354 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol is a large volume industrial chemical and widely used solvent and fuel additive. Methanol's well known toxicity and use in a wide spectrum of applications has raised long-standing environmental issues over its safety, including its carcinogenicity. Methanol has not been listed as a carcinogen by any regulatory agency; however, there are debates about its carcinogenic potential. Formaldehyde, a metabolite of methanol, has been proposed to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of methanol. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and actively targets DNA and protein, causing diverse DNA and protein damage. However, formaldehyde-induced DNA adducts arising from the metabolism of methanol have not been reported previously, largely due to the absence of suitable DNA biomarkers and the inability to differentiate what was due to methanol compared with the substantial background of endogenous formaldehyde. Recently, we developed a unique approach combining highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods and exposure to stable isotope labeled chemicals to simultaneously quantify formaldehyde-specific endogenous and exogenous DNA adducts. In this study, rats were exposed daily to 500 or 2000 mg/kg [¹³CD₄]-methanol by gavage for 5 days. Our data demonstrate that labeled formaldehyde arising from [¹³CD₄]-methanol induced hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in multiple tissues in a dose-dependent manner. The results also demonstrated that the number of exogenous DNA adducts was lower than the number of endogenous hydroxymethyl DNA adducts in all tissues of rats administered 500 mg/kg per day for 5 days, a lethal dose to humans, even after incorporating an average factor of 4 for reduced metabolism due to isotope effects of deuterium-labeled methanol into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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