1
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Watford S, Ly Pham L, Wignall J, Shin R, Martin MT, Friedman KP. ToxRefDB version 2.0: Improved utility for predictive and retrospective toxicology analyses. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:145-158. [PMID: 31340180 PMCID: PMC6944327 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Toxicity Reference Database (ToxRefDB) structures information from over 5000 in vivo toxicity studies, conducted largely to guidelines or specifications from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the National Toxicology Program, into a public resource for training and validation of predictive models. Herein, ToxRefDB version 2.0 (ToxRefDBv2) development is described. Endpoints were annotated (e.g. required, not required) according to guidelines for subacute, subchronic, chronic, developmental, and multigenerational reproductive designs, distinguishing negative responses from untested. Quantitative data were extracted, and dose-response modeling for nearly 28,000 datasets from nearly 400 endpoints using Benchmark Dose (BMD) Modeling Software were generated and stored. Implementation of controlled vocabulary improved data quality; standardization to guideline requirements and cross-referencing with United Medical Language System (UMLS) connects ToxRefDBv2 observations to vocabularies linked to UMLS, including PubMed medical subject headings. ToxRefDBv2 allows for increased connections to other resources and has greatly enhanced quantitative and qualitative utility for predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Watford
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, United States
| | - Ly Ly Pham
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; ORISE Postdoctoral Research Participant, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew T Martin
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; Currently at Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, United States.
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2
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Braakhuis HM, Theunissen PT, Slob W, Rorije E, Piersma AH. Testing developmental toxicity in a second species: are the differences due to species or replication error? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104410. [PMID: 31226390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity studies for chemical and pharmaceutical safety are primarily performed in rats. Regulatory frameworks may require testing in a second, non-rodent species, for which the rabbit is usually chosen. This study shows that differences in NOAELs or LOAELs (N(L)OAELs) observed between rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies performed according to OECD guidelines could just as well be caused by study replication errors, and not necessarily by differences in species sensitivity. This conclusion follows from an analysis of a database with rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies for over 1000 industrial chemicals, pesticides, veterinary drugs and human pharmaceuticals, which included 143 compounds with multiple oral rat studies and 124 compounds with multiple oral rabbit studies. Our analysis confirms earlier findings that, on average over all compounds, rat and rabbit do not differ in sensitivity to developmental effects. There is substantial scatter in the correlation plots comparing rat and rabbit developmental N(L)OAELs, which is easily interpreted as species differences for individual compounds. However, for compounds tested twice in the same species, these N(L)OAELs may differ up to a factor of 25. Thus, potential interspecies differences in developmental N(L)OAEL will be overwhelmed by the reproducibility error, rendering the added value of a second species study questionable. As N(L)OAELs serve as point of departure (POD) for setting health-based guidance values in risk assessment, the large reproducibility error of N(L)OAELs should be taken into account by the introduction of an additional uncertainty factor. It is recommended to aim for reducing the reproducibility error by applying dose-response (BMD) analysis, optimize study designs and harmonize study protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wout Slob
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Thomas RS, Bahadori T, Buckley TJ, Cowden J, Deisenroth C, Dionisio KL, Frithsen JB, Grulke CM, Gwinn MR, Harrill JA, Higuchi M, Houck KA, Hughes MF, Hunter ES, Isaacs KK, Judson RS, Knudsen TB, Lambert JC, Linnenbrink M, Martin TM, Newton SR, Padilla S, Patlewicz G, Paul-Friedman K, Phillips KA, Richard AM, Sams R, Shafer TJ, Setzer RW, Shah I, Simmons JE, Simmons SO, Singh A, Sobus JR, Strynar M, Swank A, Tornero-Valez R, Ulrich EM, Villeneuve DL, Wambaugh JF, Wetmore BA, Williams AJ. The Next Generation Blueprint of Computational Toxicology at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:317-332. [PMID: 30835285 PMCID: PMC6542711 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is faced with the challenge of efficiently and credibly evaluating chemical safety often with limited or no available toxicity data. The expanding number of chemicals found in commerce and the environment, coupled with time and resource requirements for traditional toxicity testing and exposure characterization, continue to underscore the need for new approaches. In 2005, EPA charted a new course to address this challenge by embracing computational toxicology (CompTox) and investing in the technologies and capabilities to push the field forward. The return on this investment has been demonstrated through results and applications across a range of human and environmental health problems, as well as initial application to regulatory decision-making within programs such as the EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. The CompTox initiative at EPA is more than a decade old. This manuscript presents a blueprint to guide the strategic and operational direction over the next 5 years. The primary goal is to obtain broader acceptance of the CompTox approaches for application to higher tier regulatory decisions, such as chemical assessments. To achieve this goal, the blueprint expands and refines the use of high-throughput and computational modeling approaches to transform the components in chemical risk assessment, while systematically addressing key challenges that have hindered progress. In addition, the blueprint outlines additional investments in cross-cutting efforts to characterize uncertainty and variability, develop software and information technology tools, provide outreach and training, and establish scientific confidence for application to different public health and environmental regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell S. Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Tina Bahadori
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Timothy J. Buckley
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - John Cowden
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Kathie L. Dionisio
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Jeffrey B. Frithsen
- Chemical Safety for Sustainability National Research Program, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Christopher M. Grulke
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Maureen R. Gwinn
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Joshua A. Harrill
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Keith A. Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - E. Sidney Hunter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Richard S. Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Jason C. Lambert
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Monica Linnenbrink
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Todd M. Martin
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Seth R. Newton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Katie Paul-Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Katherine A. Phillips
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Ann M. Richard
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Reeder Sams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Timothy J. Shafer
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - R. Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Imran Shah
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Jane E. Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Steven O. Simmons
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Amar Singh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Mark Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Adam Swank
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Rogelio Tornero-Valez
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Elin M. Ulrich
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Antony J. Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
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4
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Teixidó E, Krupp E, Amberg A, Czich A, Scholz S. Species-specific developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits: Generation of a reference compound list for development of alternative testing approaches. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:93-102. [PMID: 29409988 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For regulatory information requirements, developmental toxicity testing is often conducted in two mammalian species. In order to provide a set of reference compounds that could be used to explore alternative approaches to supersede testing in a second species, a retrospective data analysis was conducted. The aim was to identify compounds for which species sensitivity differences between rats and rabbits are not caused by maternal toxicity or toxicokinetic differences. A total of 330 compounds were analysed and classified according to their species-specific differences. A lack of concordance between rat and rabbit was observed in 24% of the compounds, of which 10% were found to be selective developmental toxicants in one of the species. In contrast to previously published analyses the presented comparison is based entirely on publically data allowing validating and comparing alternative approaches for developmental toxicity testing. Furthermore, this list could be useful to identify mechanisms leading to species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teixidó
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - E Krupp
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Amberg
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Judson RS, Martin MT, Patlewicz G, Wood CE. Retrospective mining of toxicology data to discover multispecies and chemical class effects: Anemia as a case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:74-92. [PMID: 28242142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Predictive toxicity models rely on large amounts of accurate in vivo data. Here, we analyze the quality of in vivo data from the U.S. EPA Toxicity Reference Database (ToxRefDB), using chemical-induced anemia as an example. Considerations include variation in experimental conditions, changes in terminology over time, distinguishing negative from missing results, observer and diagnostic bias, and data transcription errors. Within ToxRefDB, we use hematological data on 658 chemicals tested in one or more of 1738 studies (subchronic rat or chronic rat, mouse, or dog). Anemia was reported most frequently in the rat subchronic studies, followed by chronic studies in dog, rat, and then mouse. Concordance between studies for a positive finding of anemia (same chemical, different laboratories) ranged from 90% (rat subchronic predicting rat chronic) to 40% (mouse chronic predicting rat chronic). Concordance increased with manual curation by 20% on average. We identified 49 chemicals that showed an anemia phenotype in at least two species. These included 14 aniline moiety-containing compounds that were further analyzed for their potential to be metabolically transformed into substituted anilines, which are known anemia-causing chemicals. This analysis should help inform future use of in vivo databases for model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Judson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew T Martin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Wood
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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6
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Theunissen PT, Beken S, Beyer B, Breslin WJ, Cappon GD, Chen CL, Chmielewski G, de Schaepdrijver L, Enright B, Foreman JE, Harrouk W, Hew KW, Hoberman AM, Y Hui J, Knudsen TB, Laffan SB, Makris SL, Martin M, McNerney ME, Siezen CL, Stanislaus DJ, Stewart J, Thompson KE, Tornesi B, Van der Laan JW, Weinbauer GF, Wood S, Piersma AH. Comparing rat and rabbit embryo-fetal developmental toxicity data for 379 pharmaceuticals: on systemic dose and developmental effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:402-414. [PMID: 27766926 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1224808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A database of embryo-fetal developmental toxicity (EFDT) studies of 379 pharmaceutical compounds in rat and rabbit was analyzed for species differences based on toxicokinetic parameters of area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) at the developmental lowest adverse effect level (dLOAEL). For the vast majority of cases (83% based on AUC of n = 283), dLOAELs in rats and rabbits were within the same order of magnitude (less than 10-fold different) when compared based on available data on AUC and Cmax exposures. For 13.5% of the compounds the rabbit was more sensitive and for 3.5% of compounds the rat was more sensitive when compared based on AUC exposures. For 12% of the compounds the rabbit was more sensitive and for 1.3% of compounds the rat was more sensitive based on Cmax exposures. When evaluated based on human equivalent dose (HED) conversion using standard factors, the rat and rabbit were equally sensitive. The relative extent of embryo-fetal toxicity in the presence of maternal toxicity was not different between species. Overall effect severity incidences were distributed similarly in rat and rabbit studies. Individual rat and rabbit strains did not show a different general distribution of systemic exposure LOAELs as compared to all strains combined for each species. There were no apparent species differences in the occurrence of embryo-fetal variations. Based on power of detection and given differences in the nature of developmental effects between rat and rabbit study outcomes for individual compounds, EFDT studies in two species have added value over single studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Theunissen
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Medicines Evaluation Board , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry , University of Applied Sciences Utrecht (HU) , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Beken
- d Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - William J Breslin
- f Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gregg D Cappon
- g Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , CT , USA
| | - Connie L Chen
- h ILSI-Health and Environmental Sciences Institute , Washington , DC , USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wafa Harrouk
- m US Food & Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Kok-Wah Hew
- n Takeda Pharmaceutical Company , Deerfield , IL , USA
| | - Alan M Hoberman
- o Preclinical Services , Charles-River Laboratories , Horsham , PA , USA
| | | | - Thomas B Knudsen
- q US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Susan B Laffan
- r Safety Assessment , GlaxoSmithKline , King of Prussia , PA , USA
| | - Susan L Makris
- s National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Matthew Martin
- q US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane Stewart
- u Drug Safety & Metabolism , AstraZeneca , Macclesfield , UK
| | - Kary E Thompson
- t Drug Safety Evaluation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | | | - Jan Willem Van der Laan
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Medicines Evaluation Board , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Wood
- w Merck Research Laboratories , Upper Gwynedd , PA , USA
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,x Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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7
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Bowman CJ, Chapin RE. Goldilocks’ Determination of What New In Vivo Data are “Just Right” for Different Common Drug Development Scenarios, Part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 107:185-194. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Chapin
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology CoE; Pfizer, Inc; Groton CT USA
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8
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ZFminus1: A strategy to reduce animal tests for developmental toxicity testing by a combined use of mammalian models and the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZFET or ZETA). Selection of model compounds. Reprod Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Ishihara-Hattori K, Barrow P. Review of embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies performed for recent FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:98-104. [PMID: 27112525 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Details of embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies were compiled from published FDA approval documents for 43 small molecule drugs (2014-2015) and 37 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, 2002-2015). Anti-cancer agents were analyzed separately. Rats and rabbits were the species used for EFD studies on 93% of small molecule drugs. Overall, the rat and rabbit were equally sensitive to maternal and fetal toxicity (including teratogenicity). Dosages equivalent to more than 50-times the human exposure (or 10-times for mAbs) were frequently used, but were unnecessary for 90% of drugs. EFD studies were not required for several recently approved mAbs owing to pre-existing scientific knowledge. The cynomolgus monkey was used for developmental toxicity testing of 75% of mAbs, frequently using an ePPND study design. Studies in pregnant rodents using homologous murine antibodies supplemented or replaced monkey studies under some circumstances. Most anti-cancer small molecules and mAbs were tested for developmental toxicity in at least one species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ishihara-Hattori
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Beken S, Kasper P, van der Laan JW. Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Methods in the Development and Approval of Pharmaceuticals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:33-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Blackburn K, Daston G, Fisher J, Lester C, Naciff JM, Rufer ES, Stuard SB, Woeller K. A strategy for safety assessment of chemicals with data gaps for developmental and/or reproductive toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:202-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Zhuang X, Wang X, Wang J, Li J, Zheng A, Lu C, Zhang Z. Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intranasal and rectal midazolam formulations relative to buccal administration in rabbits. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rectal and intranasal formulations under current development demonstrated comparative potential for administering midazolam in treating seizures in a medical emergency service.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoMei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
| | - XiaoYing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
| | - JingLai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
| | - AiPing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals
- Takeda
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - ZhenQing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing 100850
- China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
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