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Kirf D, Costlow R, Nasshan H, Frenkel P, Mondimore D. Simulated gastric hydrolysis and developmental toxicity of dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate) in rats. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1122323. [PMID: 36911228 PMCID: PMC9992959 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1122323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyltin dichloride is used as the putative toxophore for dimethyltin bis-alkylthio esters in a read-across approach. Recent chemical and toxicological investigations challenges this read across as data on dioctyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) and dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) showed the dialkyltin thioglycolates do not generate dialkyltin dichloride. Results obtained by 119Sn-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), the smallest commercially manufactured dialkyltin thioester molecule of this kind, hydrolyzed to dimethyltin chloro-(2-ethylhexyl) thioglycolate under simulated gastric conditions. These studies did not detect dimethyltin dichloride. Dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) was administered orally to timed-pregnant Wistar-Han rats in an Arachis oil vehicle at 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day [Gestation Day 6 (GD6) through GD20] with no maternal deaths observed. At 25 mg/kg/day treatment statistically significant reductions occurred in feed consumption (-9%), maternal body weight (-2.4%) and adjusted maternal weight gain (-68%). There were no adverse gestational findings. Maternal thymus weight was significantly reduced in rats at 25 mg/kg in the absence of changes in hormone levels of T3, T4 or TSH. There were no effects on fetal growth, no dose-dependent pattern of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations and no toxicologically relevant increase in anatomical variations at any dose group. Based on the obtained experimental data it is concluded that dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) forms dimethyltin chloro-(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), not dimethyltin dichloride, in the stomach environment at pH 1.2, and dimethyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) was not teratogenic nor fetotoxic in rats. The maternal NOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day, and the developmental NOAEL was 25 mg/kg/day, the high dose. The maternal LOAEL was 25 mg/kg/day based on decreased food consumption, lower adjusted mean body weight gain and reduced maternal thymus weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Frenkel
- Galata Chemicals LLC, Jersey City, NJ, United States
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Lykkesfeldt J, Fels JJ, Andersen L, Renaut R, McGuigan F, Åkesson KE, Bøgh IB. Importance of gestational hypoglycaemia for foetal malformations and skeletal development in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:14-26. [PMID: 31644949 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate embryo-foetal effects of continuous maternal insulin-induced hypoglycaemia extending throughout gestation or until gestation day (GD)17 (typical last day of dosing during pre-clinical evaluation) providing comparator data for safety assessment of longer-acting insulin analogues in non-diabetic rats. Pregnant rats received human insulin (HI)-infusion during gestation until either GD20 or GD17 (HI-GD20; HI-GD17). On GD20, foetal abnormalities and skeletal ossification/mineralisation were evaluated. HI-infusion induced continuous hypoglycaemia. Foetal skeletal and eye malformations (e.g. bent ribs, microphthalmia) were common in both groups. Foetal size and skeletal ossification/mineralisation decreased, particularly with infusion throughout gestation. Concluding, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia during gestation in non-diabetic rats is damaging to embryo-foetal growth and skeletal development, particularly after GD17. Three days without HI-infusion after GD17 allows for some developmental catch-up. Eye development is sensitive to HI-infusion before GD17. These results should serve as a benchmark during pre-clinical safety assessment of longer-acting insulin analogues tested in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Flou Hjorth Jensen
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Andersen
- Department of Clinical Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ruth Renaut
- Division of Toxicology, Envigo, Eye, Suffolk, UK
| | - Fiona McGuigan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina E Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Brück Bøgh
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark
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DeSesso JM, Scialli AR. Bone development in laboratory mammals used in developmental toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1157-1187. [PMID: 29921029 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the skeleton in laboratory animals is a standard component of developmental toxicology testing. Standard methods of performing the evaluation have been established, and modification of the evaluation using imaging technologies is under development. The embryology of the rodent, rabbit, and primate skeleton has been characterized in detail and summarized herein. The rich literature on variations and malformations in skeletal development that can occur in the offspring of normal animals and animals exposed to test articles in toxicology studies is reviewed. These perturbations of skeletal development include ossification delays, alterations in number, shape, and size of ossification centers, and alterations in numbers of ribs and vertebrae. Because the skeleton is undergoing developmental changes at the time fetuses are evaluated in most study designs, transient delays in development can produce apparent findings of abnormal skeletal structure. The determination of whether a finding represents a permanent change in embryo development with adverse consequences for the organism is important in study interpretation. Knowledge of embryological processes and schedules can assist in interpretation of skeletal findings.
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Jensen VF, Mølck AM, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Effect of maternal hypoglycaemia during gestation on materno-foetal nutrient transfer and embryo-foetal development: Evidence from experimental studies focused primarily on the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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