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Liu P, Li Y, Wang W, Bai Y, Jia H, Yuan Z, Yang Z. Role and mechanisms of the NF-ĸB signaling pathway in various developmental processes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Feng S, Ding H, Liu L, Peng C, Huang Y, Zhong F, Li W, Meng T, Li J, Wang X, Li Y, Wu J. Astragalus polysaccharide enhances the immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages via the NF-κB p65/MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:20. [PMID: 33235629 PMCID: PMC7678613 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunoregulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on RAW264.7 cells. The production of cytokines by RAW264.7 cells was analyzed using ELISA, while cell viability and optimal concentration of APS were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. In addition, the mRNA levels of IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-α were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. The levels of co-stimulatory molecules and cell cycle distribution were assessed by flow cytometry. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to determine the effects of APS on p65 expression. Compared with controls, APS enhanced the production of NO, the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS and the protein levels of phosphorylated p65, p38, Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase in RAW264.7 cells, whereas these effects of APS were alleviated by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. The results of the present study indicated that the immunoregulatory effects of APS are mediated, at least in part, via the activation of the NF-κB p65/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Leihong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Chenglu Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Fuchao Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
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Shafique S, Winn LM. Characterizing the effects of in utero valproic acid exposure on NF-κB signaling in CD-1 mouse embryos during neural tube closure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 83:106941. [PMID: 33212164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a heterodimer of protein subunits p65 and p50, that regulates the expression of a large number of genes related to cell growth and proliferation. The p65 subunit is activated after phosphorylation by Pim-1, while the p50 subunit is the cleaved product of its precursor molecule p105. Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, is a known teratogen and its exposure during pregnancy is associated with 1-2% of neural tube defects in the offspring. The current study aimed at investigating the effects of in utero VPA exposure on the key components of the NF-κB signaling pathway including p65, p50, and Pim-1 in CD-1 mouse embryos during the critical period of neural tube closure. Here we report that p65, Pim-1 and p105/p50 mRNA were significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated at 1 and 3 h following in utero exposure to a teratogenic dose (400 mg/kg) of VPA in gestational day (GD)9 exposed embryos. At GD13 heads of control, non-exencephalic and exencephalic embryos were used for analysis and we found significant upregulation of p65 protein expression in non-exencephalic GD13 heads while p50 protein levels were significantly downregulated in both non-exencephalic and exencephalic groups. On the other hand, p65 and p50 protein levels remained unchanged in the nuclear extracts of the VPA-exposed non-exencephalic and exencephalic GD13 embryo heads. The reported results suggest that VPA exposure perturbates p65, p105/p50, Pim-1 transcript and p65/p50 protein levels in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Shafique
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Louise M Winn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Abstract
Developmental toxicity associated with exposure to exogenous compounds such as drugs and environmental chemicals can be assessed using a variety of different in vitro models, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. These models include cultured cells (Chapters 3 - 6 ), organ and tissue cultures (Chapters 7 and 8 ), and whole embryo cultures (Chapters 13 - 15 ) and typically support the guiding principles of the three Rs: replace, reduce, and refine. These models can be used in early chemical screens and have helped further our understanding into the mechanisms associated with developmental toxicity following exposure to many chemicals.
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