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Rocha J, Shapiro LR, Chimileski S, Kolter R. Complementary roles of EPS, T3SS and Expansin for virulence of Erwinia tracheiphila, the causative agent of cucurbit wilt. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600446. [PMID: 38979168 PMCID: PMC11230154 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Erwinia tracheiphila (Smith) is a recently emerged plant pathogen that causes severe economic losses in cucurbit crops in temperate Eastern North America. E. tracheiphila is xylem restricted, and virulence is thought to be related to Exopolysaccharides (EPS) and biofilm formation, which occlude the passage of sap in xylem vessels and causes systemic wilt. However, the role of EPS and biofilm formation, and their contribution to disease in relation to other virulence loci are unknown. Here, we use deletion mutants to explore the roles of EPS, Hrp Type III secretion system (Hrp T3SS) and Expansin in plant colonization and virulence. Then, we quantify the expression of the genes encoding these factors during infection. Our results show that Exopolysaccharides are essential for E. tracheiphila survival in host plants, while Hrp T3SS and Expansin are dispensable for survival but needed for systemic wilt symptom development. EPS and Hrp T3SS display contrasting expression patterns in the plant, reflecting their relevance in different stages of the infection. Finally, we show that expression of the eps and hrpT3SS operons is downregulated in mildly increased temperatures, suggesting a link between expression of these virulence factors and geographic restriction of E. tracheiphila to temperate regions. Our work highlights how E. tracheiphila virulence is a complex trait where several loci are coordinated during infection. These results further shed light into the relationship between virulence factors and the ecology of this pathosystem, which will be essential for developing sustainable management strategies for this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School. 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA, US 02115
- Progama de Agricultura en Zonas Áridas; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, B.C.S. México 23096
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School. 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA, US 02115
| | - Scott Chimileski
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School. 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA, US 02115
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA, US 02543
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School. 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA, US 02115
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2
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Heine N, Doll-Nikutta K, Stein F, Jakobi J, Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Rehbock C, Winkel A, Barcikowski S, Stiesch M. Anti-biofilm properties of laser-synthesized, ultrapure silver-gold-alloy nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3405. [PMID: 38336925 PMCID: PMC10858226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated infections are a common complication in modern medicine. Due to inherent resilience of biofilms to antibiotics and the rising number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, new treatment options are required. For this purpose, ultrapure, spherical silver-gold-alloy nanoparticles with homogenous elemental distribution were synthesized by laser ablation in liquids and analyzed for their antibacterial activity on different stages of S. aureus biofilm formation as well as for different viability parameters. First, the effect of nanoparticles against planktonic bacteria was tested with metabolic activity measurements. Next, nanoparticles were incubated with differently matured S. aureus biofilms, which were then analyzed by metabolic activity measurements and three dimensional live/dead fluorescent staining to determine biofilm volume and membrane integrity. It could be shown that AgAu NPs exhibit antibacterial properties against planktonic bacteria but also against early-stage and even mature biofilms, with a complete diffusion through the biofilm matrix. Furthermore, AgAu NPs primarily targeted metabolic activity, to a smaller extend membrane integrity, but not the biofilm volume. Additional molecular analyses using qRT-PCR confirmed the influence on different metabolic pathways, like glycolysis, stress response and biofilm formation. As this shows clear similarities to the mechanism of pure silver ions, the results strengthen silver ions to be the major antibacterial agent of the synthesized nanoparticles. In summary, the results of this study provide initial evidence of promising anti-biofilm characteristics of silver-gold-alloy nanoparticles and support the importance of further translation-oriented analyses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Heine
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katharina Doll-Nikutta
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frederic Stein
- Technical Chemistry I, University of Duisburg Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jurij Jakobi
- Technical Chemistry I, University of Duisburg Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- Technical Chemistry I, University of Duisburg Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I, University of Duisburg Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Prasad S, Purohit SR. Microbial exopolysaccharide: Sources, stress conditions, properties and application in food and environment: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124925. [PMID: 37236568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial glucan or exopolysaccharides (EPS) have caught an eye of researchers from decades. The unique characteristics of EPS make it suitable for various food and environmental applications. This review overviews the different types of exopolysaccharides, sources, stress conditions, properties, characterization techniques and applications in food and environment. The yield and production condition of EPS is a major factor affecting the cost and its applications. Stress conditions are very important as it stimulates the microorganism for enhanced EPS production and affects its properties. As far as application is concerned specific properties of EPS such as, hydrophilicity, less oil uptake behavior, film forming ability, adsorption potential have applications in both food and environment sector. Novel and improved method of production, feed stock and right choice of microorganisms with stress conditions are critical for desired functionality and yield of the EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanstuti Prasad
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Purohit
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
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4
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Zeng D, Liu SS, Shao WB, Zhang TH, Qi PY, Liu HW, Zhou X, Liu LW, Zhang H, Yang S. New Inspiration of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Agrochemical Candidates: Manipulation of a Type III Secretion System-Induced Bacterial Starvation Mechanism to Prevent Plant Bacterial Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2804-2816. [PMID: 36744848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new anti-virulent agents to control plant bacterial diseases by preventing bacterial pathogenesis/pathogenicity rather than affecting bacterial growth is a sensible strategy. However, the effects of compound-manipulated bacterial virulence factors on host response are still not clear. In this work, 35 new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized and systematically evaluated for their anti-phytopathogenic activities. Bioassay results revealed that compound C7 possessed outstanding antibacterial activity in vitro (half-maximal effective concentration: 0.80 μg/mL) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and acceptable bioactivity in vivo toward rice bacterial leaf blight. Furthermore, virulence factor-related biochemical assays showed that C7 was a promising anti-virulent agent. Interestingly, C7 could indirectly reduce the inducible expression of host SWEET genes and thereby alleviate nutrient supply in the infection process of phytopathogenic bacteria. Our results highlight the potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-based agrochemicals for manipulating type III secretion system-induced phytopathogenic bacteria starvation mechanisms to prevent plant bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tai-Hong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pu-Ying Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Filgueira D, Bolaño C, Gouveia S, Moldes D. Enzymatic Functionalization of Wood as an Antifouling Strategy against the Marine Bacterium Cobetia marina. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3795. [PMID: 34771352 PMCID: PMC8587834 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of wood in marine environments is a major challenge due to the high sensitivity of wood to both water and marine microorganisms. Besides, the environmental regulations are pushing the industry to develop novel effective and environmentally friendly treatments to protect wood in marine environments. The present study focused on the development of a new green methodology based on the laccase-assisted grafting of lauryl gallate (LG) onto wood to improve its marine antifouling properties. Initially, the enzymatic treatment conditions (laccase dose, time of reaction, LG concentration) and the effect of the wood specie (beech, pine, and eucalyptus) were assessed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The surface properties of the enzymatically modified wood veneers were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antifouling properties of the functionalized wood veneers against marine bacterium Cobetia marina were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and protein measurements. XPS and FTIR analysis suggested the stable grafting of LG onto the surface of wood veneers after laccase-assisted treatment. WCA measurements showed that the hydrophobicity of the wood veneers significantly increased after the enzymatic treatment. Protein measurements and SEM pictures showed that enzymatically-hydrophobized wood veneers modified the pattern of bacterial attachment and remarkably reduced the bacterium colonization. Thus, the results observed in the present study confirmed the potential efficiency of laccase-assisted treatments to improve the marine antifouling properties of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filgueira
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Area Anardi 5, 20730 Azpeitia, Spain
| | - Cristian Bolaño
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Susana Gouveia
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Diego Moldes
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
- Research Group of Bioengineering and Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Fundición, Lagoas Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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6
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Goel N, Fatima SW, Kumar S, Sinha R, Khare SK. Antimicrobial resistance in biofilms: Exploring marine actinobacteria as a potential source of antibiotics and biofilm inhibitors. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 30:e00613. [PMID: 33996521 PMCID: PMC8105627 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the serious global public health threats that require immediate action. With the emergence of new resistance mechanisms in infection-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, AMR threatens the effective prevention and treatment of diseases caused by them. This has resulted in prolonged illness, disability, and death. It has been predicted that AMR will lead to over ten million deaths by 2050. The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria is also causing old antibiotics to become ineffective. Among the diverse factors contributing to AMR, intrinsic biofilm development has been highlighted as an essential contributing facet. Moreover, biofilm-derived antibiotic tolerance leads to serious recurrent chronic infections. Therefore, the discovery of novel bioactive molecules is a potential solution that can help combat AMR. To achieve this, sustained mining of novel antimicrobial leads from actinobacteria, particularly marine actinobacteria, can be a promising strategy. Given their vast diversity and different habitats, the extraordinary capacity of actinobacteria can be tapped to synthesize new antibiotics or bioactive molecules for biofilm inhibition. Advanced screening strategies and novel approaches in the field of modern biochemical and molecular biology can be used to detect such new compounds. In view of this, the present review focuses on understanding some of the recent strategies to inhibit biofilm formation and explores the potential role of marine actinobacteria as sources of novel antibiotics and biofilm inhibitor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikky Goel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Sunil K. Khare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
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7
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Zhang L, Jiang L, Nie X, Liao H. Factors affecting the occurrence of viable but non‐culturable state in
Salmonella
,
Escherichia coli
and
Staphylococcus aureus
during thermosonication and prevent it with sodium pyruvate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi214122China
| | - Lifen Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi214122China
| | - Xinyin Nie
- School of Food Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi214122China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- School of Food Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi214122China
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8
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Coclet C, Garnier C, D’Onofrio S, Durrieu G, Pasero E, Le Poupon C, Omanović D, Mullot JU, Misson B, Briand JF. Trace Metal Contamination Impacts Predicted Functions More Than Structure of Marine Prokaryotic Biofilm Communities in an Anthropized Coastal Area. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589948. [PMID: 33679628 PMCID: PMC7933014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace metal (TM) contamination in marine coastal areas is a worldwide threat for aquatic communities. However, little is known about the influence of a multi-chemical contamination on both marine biofilm communities' structure and functioning. To determine how TM contamination potentially impacted microbial biofilms' structure and their functions, polycarbonate (PC) plates were immerged in both surface and bottom of the seawater column, at five sites, along strong TM contamination gradients, in Toulon Bay. The PC plates were incubated during 4 weeks to enable colonization by biofilm-forming microorganisms on artificial surfaces. Biofilms from the PC plates, as well as surrounding seawaters, were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing to describe prokaryotic community diversity, structure and functions, and to determine the relationships between bacterioplankton and biofilm communities. Our results showed that prokaryotic biofilm structure was not significantly affected by the measured environmental variables, while the functional profiles of biofilms were significantly impacted by Cu, Mn, Zn, and salinity. Biofilms from the contaminated sites were dominated by tolerant taxa to contaminants and specialized hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Functions related to major xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, such as methane metabolism, degradation of aromatic compounds, and benzoate degradation, as well as functions involved in quorum sensing signaling, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, and biofilm formation were significantly over-represented in the contaminated site relative to the uncontaminated one. Taken together, our results suggest that biofilms may be able to survive to strong multi-chemical contamination because of the presence of tolerant taxa in biofilms, as well as the functional responses of biofilm communities. Moreover, biofilm communities exhibited significant variations of structure and functional profiles along the seawater column, potentially explained by the contribution of taxa from surrounding sediments. Finally, we found that both structure and functions were significantly distinct between the biofilm and bacterioplankton, highlighting major differences between the both lifestyles, and the divergence of their responses facing to a multi-chemical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Coclet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Toulon, France
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Sébastien D’Onofrio
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Gaël Durrieu
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Emilie Pasero
- Microbia Environnement Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Le Poupon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruðer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
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Duraisamy S, Balakrishnan S, Ranjith S, Husain F, Sathyan A, Peter AS, Prahalathan C, Kumarasamy A. Bacteriocin-a potential antimicrobial peptide towards disrupting and preventing biofilm formation in the clinical and environmental locales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44922-44936. [PMID: 33006097 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm, a consortium of microbial cells, protected by extracellular polymeric matrix, is considered a global challenge due to the inherent antibiotic resistance conferred by its lifestyle. Besides, it poses environmental threats causing huge damage in food industries, fisheries, refineries, water systems, pharmaceutical industries, medical industries, etc. Living in a community of microbial populations is most critical in the clinical field, making it responsible for about 80% of severe and chronic microbial diseases. The necessity to find an alternative approach is the need of the hour to solve these crises. So far, many approaches have been attempted to disrupt the initial stage of biofilm formation, including adherence and maturation. Bacteriocins are a group of antimicrobial peptides, produced by bacteria having the potential to disrupt biofilm either by itself or in combination with other drugs than antibiotic counterparts. A clear understanding on mechanisms of bacterial biofilm formation, progression, and resistance will surely lead to the development of innovative, effective biofilm control strategies in pharmaceutical, health care industries and environmental locales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbagam Duraisamy
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Sukumar Ranjith
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Fazal Husain
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Aswathy Sathyan
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Ansu Susan Peter
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Anbarasu Kumarasamy
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
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10
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Nguyen PT, Nguyen TT, Bui DC, Hong PT, Hoang QK, Nguyen HT. Exopolysaccharide production by lactic acid bacteria: the manipulation of environmental stresses for industrial applications. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:451-469. [PMID: 33364538 PMCID: PMC7755584 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are biological polymers secreted by microorganisms including Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to cope with harsh environmental conditions. EPSs are one of the main components involved in the formation of extracellular biofilm matrix to protect microorganisms from adverse factors such as temperature, pH, antibiotics, host immune defenses, etc.. In this review, we discuss EPS biosynthesis; the role of EPSs in LAB stress tolerance; the impact of environmental stresses on EPS production and on the expression of genes involved in EPS synthesis. The evaluation results indicated that environmental stresses can alter EPS biosynthesis in LAB. For further studies, environmental stresses may be used to generate a new EPS type with high biological activity for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu-Tho Nguyen
- Graduate University of Sciences and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Department of Biotechnology, An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tho-Thi Nguyen
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Phuoc-Toan Hong
- LAVI's Institute for Agricultural Science and Plant Breeding, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Khanh Hoang
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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11
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Del Coco L, Migoni D, Girelli CR, Angilè F, Scortichini M, Fanizzi FP. Soil and Leaf Ionome Heterogeneity in Xylella fastidiosa Subsp. Pauca-Infected, Non-Infected and Treated Olive Groves in Apulia, Italy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E760. [PMID: 32560583 PMCID: PMC7356509 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is responsible for the "olive quick decline syndrome" (OQDS) in Salento (Apulia). The main epidemiological aspects of the syndrome are related to the pathogen spread and survival in the area, and to the biology of the insect vector. The assessment of the macro and microelements content (i.e., ionome) in soil and leaves could provide basic and useful information. Indeed, knowledge of host ionomic composition and the possibility of its modification could represent a potential tool for the management of diseases caused by X. fastidiosa. Therefore, soil and leaf ionomes of naturally infected, not infected, and zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex treated trees of different areas of Apulia and the bordering Basilicata regions were compared. We observed that soil and leaf ionomic composition of olive farms growing in the pathogen-free areas north of the Salento Barletta-Andria-Trani BAT (Apulia) and Potenza PZ (Basilicata, Apulia bordering region) provinces is significantly different from that shown by the infected olive groves of the Salento areas (LE, BR, TA provinces). In particular, a higher content of zinc and copper both in soil and leaves was found in the studied northern areas in comparison to the southern areas. This finding could partly explain the absence of OQDS in those areas. In the infected Salento areas, the leaf ionomic profile resulted as being markedly different for the biocomplex treated compared to the untreated trees. A higher zinc content in leaves characterized treated with respect to untreated trees. On the other hand, among the not-infected trees, Xylella-resistant Leccino showed higher manganese content when compared with the higher pathogen sensitive Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò. According to these results, soil and olive leaf ionome could provide basic information for the epidemiologic study and possible control of X. f. subsp. pauca in Apulia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Del Coco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.G.); (F.A.)
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.G.); (F.A.)
| | - Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.G.); (F.A.)
| | - Federica Angilè
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.G.); (F.A.)
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello, 52, I-00134 Roma, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.G.); (F.A.)
- University of Salento Local Unit of Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Via Celso Ulpiani, 27-70126 Bari, Italy
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Nascimento FX, Hernandez AG, Glick BR, Rossi MJ. The extreme plant-growth-promoting properties of Pantoea phytobeneficialis MSR2 revealed by functional and genomic analysis. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1341-1355. [PMID: 32077227 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Pantoea strains are important because of the benefit they provide in the facilitation of plant growth. However, Pantoea have a high level of genotypic diversity and not much is understood regarding their ability to function in a plant beneficial manner. In the work reported here, the plant growth promotion activities and the genomic properties of the unusual Pantoea phytobeneficialis MSR2 are elaborated, emphasizing the genetic mechanisms involved in plant colonization and growth promotion. Detailed analysis revealed that strain MSR2 belongs to a rare group of Pantoea strains possessing an astonishing number of plant growth promotion genes, including those involved in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity, indoleacetic acid and cytokinin biosynthesis, and jasmonic acid metabolism. Moreover, the genome of this bacterium also contains genes involved in the metabolism of lignin and other plant cell wall compounds, quorum-sensing mechanisms, metabolism of plant root exudates, bacterial attachment to plant surfaces and resistance to plant defences. Importantly, the analysis revealed that most of these genes are present on accessory plasmids that are found within a small subset of Pantoea genomes, reinforcing the idea that Pantoea evolution is largely mediated by plasmids, providing new insights into the evolution of beneficial plant-associated Pantoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Nascimento
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Anabel G Hernandez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Márcio J Rossi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Optimization, compositional analysis, and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by multi-metal resistant Bacillus cereus KMS3-1. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pellet diameter and morphology of European Ganoderma pfeifferi in a repeated-batch fermentation for exopolysaccharide production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Puławska J, Kałużna M, Warabieda W, Mikiciński A. Comparative transcriptome analysis of a lowly virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora in shoots of two apple cultivars - susceptible and resistant to fire blight. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:868. [PMID: 29132313 PMCID: PMC5683332 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erwinia amylovora is generally considered to be a homogeneous species in terms of phenotypic and genetic features. However, strains show variation in their virulence, particularly on hosts with different susceptibility to fire blight. We applied the RNA-seq technique to elucidate transcriptome-level changes of the lowly virulent E. amylovora 650 strain during infection of shoots of susceptible (Idared) and resistant (Free Redstar) apple cultivars. Results The highest number of differentially expressed E. amylovora genes between the two apple genotypes was observed at 24 h after inoculation. Six days after inoculation, only a few bacterial genes were differentially expressed in the susceptible and resistant apple cultivars. The analysis of differentially expressed gene functions showed that generally, higher expression of genes related to stress response and defence against toxic compounds was observed in Free Redstar. Also in this cultivar, higher expression of flagellar genes (FlaI), which are recognized as PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) by the innate immune systems of plants, was noted. Additionally, several genes that have not yet been proven to play a role in the pathogenic abilities of E. amylovora were found to be differentially expressed in the two apple cultivars. Conclusions This RNA-seq analysis generated a novel dataset describing the transcriptional response of the lowly virulent strain of E. amylovora in susceptible and resistant apple cultivar. Most genes were regulated in the same way in both apple cultivars, but there were also some cultivar-specific responses suggesting that the environment in Free Redstar is more stressful for bacteria what can be the reason of their inability to infect of this cultivar. Among genes with the highest fold change in expression between experimental combinations or with the highest transcript abundance, there are many genes without ascribed functions, which have never been tested for their role in pathogenicity. Overall, this study provides the first transcriptional profile by RNA-seq of E. amylovora during infection of a host plant and insights into the transcriptional response of this pathogen in the environments of susceptible and resistant apple plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4251-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Puławska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland.
| | - Monika Kałużna
- Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Warabieda
- Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Artur Mikiciński
- Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
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Santander RD, Biosca EG. Erwinia amylovora psychrotrophic adaptations: evidence of pathogenic potential and survival at temperate and low environmental temperatures. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3931. [PMID: 29085749 PMCID: PMC5660878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora can be considered a psychrotrophic bacterial species since it can grow at temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C, with an optimum of 28 °C. In many plant pathogens the expression of virulence determinants is restricted to a certain range of temperatures. In the case of E. amylovora, temperatures above 18 °C are required for blossom blight epidemics under field conditions. Moreover, this bacterium is able to infect a variety of host tissues/organs apart from flowers, but it is still unknown how environmental temperatures, especially those below 18 °C, affect the pathogen ability to cause fire blight disease symptoms in such tissues/organs. There is also scarce information on how temperatures below 18 °C affect the E. amylovora starvation-survival responses, which might determine its persistence in the environment and probably contribute to the seasonal development of fire blight disease, as occurs in other pathogens. To characterize the virulence and survival of E. amylovora at temperate and low temperatures, we evaluated the effect of three temperatures (4 °C, 14 °C, 28 °C) on symptom development, and on different parameters linked to starvation and virulence. E. amylovora was pathogenic at the three assayed temperatures, with a slow-down of symptom development correlating with colder temperatures and slower growth rates. Siderophore secretion and motility also decreased in parallel to incubation temperatures. However, production of the exopolysaccharides amylovoran and levan was enhanced at 4 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Similarly, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress resistance were improved at 14 °C, with this temperature also favoring the maintenance of culturability, together with a reduction in cell size and the acquisition of rounded shapes in E. amylovora cells subjected to long-term starvation. However, starvation at 28 °C and 4 °C induced an enhanced viable but nonculturable (VBNC) response (to a lesser extent at 4 °C). This work reveals E. amylovora as a highly adaptable pathogen that retains its pathogenic potential even at the minimal growth temperatures, with an improved exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation or oxidative stress resistance at 14 °C, with respect to the optimal growth temperature (28 °C). Finally, our results also demonstrate the thermal modulation of starvation responses in E. amylovora, suggesting that the starvation-survival and the VBNC states are part of its life cycle. These results confirm the particular psychrotrophic adaptations of E. amylovora, revealing its pathogenic potential and survival at temperate and low environmental temperatures, which have probably contributed to its successful spread to countries with different climates. This knowledge might improve integrated control measures against fire blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D. Santander
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elena G. Biosca
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Tian Y, Zhao Y, Shi L, Cui Z, Hu B, Zhao Y. Type VI Secretion Systems of Erwinia amylovora Contribute to Bacterial Competition, Virulence, and Exopolysaccharide Production. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:654-661. [PMID: 28421913 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-16-0393-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) plays a major role in mediating interbacterial competition and might contribute to virulence in plant pathogenic bacteria. However, the role of T6SS in Erwinia amylovora remains unknown. In this study, 33 deletion mutants within three T6SS clusters were generated in E. amylovora strain NCPPB1665. Our results showed that all 33 mutants displayed reduced antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli as compared with that of the wild-type (WT) strain, indicating that Erwinia amylovora T6SS are functional. Of the 33 mutants, 19 exhibited reduced virulence on immature pear fruit as compared with that of the WT strain. Among them, 6, 1, and 12 genes belonged to T6SS-1, T6SS-2, and T6SS-3 clusters, respectively. Interestingly, these 19 mutants also produced less amylovoran or levan or both. These findings suggest that E. amylovora T6SS play a role in bacterial competition and virulence possibly by influencing exopolysaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Tian
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Linye Shi
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Zhongli Cui
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Baishi Hu
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Youfu Zhao
- First, third, and fifth authors: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; second author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; fourth author: College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
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Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 14:563-75. [PMID: 27510863 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2806] [Impact Index Per Article: 400.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Steinberg
- The School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences and The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
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Versluys M, Tarkowski ŁP, Van den Ende W. Fructans As DAMPs or MAMPs: Evolutionary Prospects, Cross-Tolerance, and Multistress Resistance Potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2061. [PMID: 28123393 PMCID: PMC5225100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This perspective paper proposes that endogenous apoplastic fructans in fructan accumulating plants, released after stress-mediated cellular leakage, or increased by exogenous application, can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), priming plant innate immunity through ancient receptors and defense pathways that most probably evolved to react on microbial fructans acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The proposed model is placed in an evolutionary perspective. How this type of DAMP signaling may contribute to cross-tolerance and multistress resistance effects in plants is discussed. Besides apoplastic ATP, NAD and fructans, apoplastic polyamines, secondary metabolites, and melatonin may be considered potential players in DAMP-mediated stress signaling. It is proposed that mixtures of DAMP priming formulations hold great promise as natural and sustainable alternatives for toxic agrochemicals.
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Innovative Approaches Using Lichen Enriched Media to Improve Isolation and Culturability of Lichen Associated Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160328. [PMID: 27494030 PMCID: PMC4975499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens, self-supporting mutualistic associations between a fungal partner and one or more photosynthetic partners, also harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria. The diversity and contribution of these bacteria to the functioning of lichen symbiosis have recently begun to be studied, often by culture-independent techniques due to difficulties in their isolation and culture. However, culturing as yet unculturable lichenic bacteria is critical to unravel their potential functional roles in lichen symbiogenesis, to explore and exploit their biotechnological potential and for the description of new taxa. Our objective was to improve the recovery of lichen associated bacteria by developing novel isolation and culture approaches, initially using the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea. We evaluated the effect of newly developed media enriched with novel lichen extracts, as well as the influence of thalli washing time and different disinfection and processing protocols of thalli. The developed methodology included: i) the use of lichen enriched media to mimic lichen nutrients, supplemented with the fungicide natamycin; ii) an extended washing of thalli to increase the recovery of ectolichenic bacteria, thus allowing the disinfection of thalli to be discarded, hence enhancing endolichenic bacteria recovery; and iii) the use of an antioxidant buffer to prevent or reduce oxidative stress during thalli disruption. The optimized methodology allowed significant increases in the number and diversity of culturable bacteria associated with P. furfuracea, and it was also successfully applied to the lichens Ramalina farinacea and Parmotrema pseudotinctorum. Furthermore, we provide, for the first time, data on the abundance of culturable ecto- and endolichenic bacteria that naturally colonize P. furfuracea, R. farinacea and P. pseudotinctorum, some of which were only able to grow on lichen enriched media. This innovative methodology is also applicable to other microorganisms inhabiting these and other lichen species.
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21
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Holtappels M, Vrancken K, Noben J, Remans T, Schoofs H, Deckers T, Valcke R. The in planta proteome of wild type strains of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora. J Proteomics 2016; 139:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Ates O. Systems Biology of Microbial Exopolysaccharides Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:200. [PMID: 26734603 PMCID: PMC4683990 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by diverse group of microbial systems are rapidly emerging as new and industrially important biomaterials. Due to their unique and complex chemical structures and many interesting physicochemical and rheological properties with novel functionality, the microbial EPSs find wide range of commercial applications in various fields of the economy such as food, feed, packaging, chemical, textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine. EPSs are mainly associated with high-value applications, and they have received considerable research attention over recent decades with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and both environmental and human compatibility. However, only a few microbial EPSs have achieved to be used commercially due to their high production costs. The emerging need to overcome economic hurdles and the increasing significance of microbial EPSs in industrial and medical biotechnology call for the elucidation of the interrelations between metabolic pathways and EPS biosynthesis mechanism in order to control and hence enhance its microbial productivity. Moreover, a better understanding of biosynthesis mechanism is a significant issue for improvement of product quality and properties and also for the design of novel strains. Therefore, a systems-based approach constitutes an important step toward understanding the interplay between metabolism and EPS biosynthesis and further enhances its metabolic performance for industrial application. In this review, primarily the microbial EPSs, their biosynthesis mechanism, and important factors for their production will be discussed. After this brief introduction, recent literature on the application of omics technologies and systems biology tools for the improvement of production yields will be critically evaluated. Special focus will be given to EPSs with high market value such as xanthan, levan, pullulan, and dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ates
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Piqué N, Miñana-Galbis D, Merino S, Tomás JM. Virulence Factors of Erwinia amylovora: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12836-54. [PMID: 26057748 PMCID: PMC4490474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora, a Gram negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating plant disease affecting a wide range of host species within Rosaceae and a major global threat to commercial apple and pear production. Among the limited number of control options currently available, prophylactic application of antibiotics during the bloom period appears the most effective. Pathogen cells enter plants through the nectarthodes of flowers and other natural openings, such as wounds, and are capable of rapid movement within plants and the establishment of systemic infections. Many virulence determinants of E. amylovora have been characterized, including the Type III secretion system (T3SS), the exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran, biofilm formation, and motility. To successfully establish an infection, E. amylovora uses a complex regulatory network to sense the relevant environmental signals and coordinate the expression of early and late stage virulence factors involving two component signal transduction systems, bis-(3'-5')-cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) and quorum sensing. The LPS biosynthetic gene cluster is one of the relatively few genetic differences observed between Rubus- and Spiraeoideae-infecting genotypes of E. amylovora. Other differential factors, such as the presence and composition of an integrative conjugative element associated with the Hrp T3SS (hrp genes encoding the T3SS apparatus), have been recently described. In the present review, we present the recent findings on virulence factors research, focusing on their role in bacterial pathogenesis and indicating other virulence factors that deserve future research to characterize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Piqué
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasiologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasiologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Merino
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08071 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan M Tomás
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08071 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ordax M, Piquer-Salcedo JE, Santander RD, Sabater-Muñoz B, Biosca EG, López MM, Marco-Noales E. Medfly Ceratitis capitata as Potential Vector for Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora: Survival and Transmission. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127560. [PMID: 25978369 PMCID: PMC4433354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the ability of bacterial plant pathogens to survive in insects is required for elucidating unknown aspects of their epidemiology and for designing appropriate control strategies. Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogenic bacterium that causes fire blight, a devastating disease in apple and pear commercial orchards. Studies on fire blight spread by insects have mainly focused on pollinating agents, such as honeybees. However, the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), one of the most damaging fruit pests worldwide, is also common in pome fruit orchards. The main objective of the study was to investigate whether E. amylovora can survive and be transmitted by the medfly. Our experimental results show: i) E. amylovora can survive for at least 8 days inside the digestive tract of the medfly and until 28 days on its external surface, and ii) medflies are able to transmit the bacteria from inoculated apples to both detached shoots and pear plants, being the pathogen recovered from lesions in both cases. This is the first report on E. amylovora internalization and survival in/on C. capitata, as well as the experimental transmission of the fire blight pathogen by this insect. Our results suggest that medfly can act as a potential vector for E. amylovora, and expand our knowledge on the possible role of these and other insects in its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ordax
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime E Piquer-Salcedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo D Santander
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sabater-Muñoz
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena G Biosca
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María M López
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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25
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The marine bacteria Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741 synthesizes an unexpected K-antigen-like exopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:347-56. [PMID: 25839829 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the exopolysaccharide produced by Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741, a marine bacterium isolated from coastal seawater. This strain is able to produce a polysaccharide in presence of carbon sources as glucose, mannitol and alginate. The maximum production occurs in aerobic condition, during the end of the exponential phase. The polymer is a non-viscous, acidic heteropolysaccharide of 270kDa constituted of a repeating unit of: This kind of chemical structure is generally related to K-antigen polysaccharide of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. This is the first time this type of EPS is described from a marine bacterium. Moreover the polysaccharide exhibits a pyruvate substitution on its 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) residue never encountered before. The discovery of such an unexpected EPS with high biotechnological potential is a new incentive for a better exploration of bioactive marine resources.
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26
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Santander RD, Monte-Serrano M, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, López-Solanilla E, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P, Biosca EG. Exploring new roles for the rpoS gene in the survival and virulence of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:895-907. [PMID: 25331301 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight in economically important plants of the family Rosaceae. This bacterial pathogen spends part of its life cycle coping with starvation and other fluctuating environmental conditions. In many Gram-negative bacteria, starvation and other stress responses are regulated by the sigma factor RpoS. We obtained an E. amylovora rpoS mutant to explore the role of this gene in starvation responses and its potential implication in other processes not yet studied in this pathogen. Results showed that E. amylovora needs rpoS to develop normal starvation survival and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) responses. Furthermore, this gene contributed to stationary phase cross-protection against oxidative, osmotic, and acid stresses and was essential for cross-protection against heat shock, but nonessential against acid shock. RpoS also mediated regulation of motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, and virulence in immature loquats, but not in pear plantlets, and contributed to E. amylovora survival in nonhost tissues during incompatible interactions. Our results reveal some unique roles for the rpoS gene in E. amylovora and provide new knowledge on the regulation of different processes related to its ecology, including survival in different environments and virulence in immature fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Santander
- Departmento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Huertas MG, Zárate L, Acosta IC, Posada L, Cruz DP, Lozano M, Zambrano MM. Klebsiella pneumoniae yfiRNB operon affects biofilm formation, polysaccharide production and drug susceptibility. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2595-2606. [PMID: 25261190 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen important in hospital-acquired infections, which are complicated by the rise of drug-resistant strains and the capacity of cells to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms. In this work, we carried out an analysis of the genes in the K. pneumoniae yfiRNB operon, previously implicated in biofilm formation. The results indicated that in addition to the previously reported effect on type 3 fimbriae expression, this operon also affected biofilm formation due to changes in cellulose as part of the extracellular matrix. Deletion of yfiR resulted in enhanced biofilm formation and an altered colony phenotype indicative of cellulose overproduction when grown on solid indicator media. Extraction of polysaccharides and treatment with cellulase were consistent with the presence of cellulose in biofilms. The enhanced cellulose production did not, however, correlate with virulence as assessed using a Caenorhabditis elegans assay. In addition, cells bearing mutations in genes of the yfiRNB operon varied with respect to the WT control in terms of susceptibility to the antibiotics amikacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and meropenem. These results indicated that the yfiRNB operon is implicated in the production of exopolysaccharides that alter cell surface characteristics and the capacity to form biofilms--a phenotype that does not necessarily correlate with properties related with survival, such as resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Huertas
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina Zárate
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Iván C Acosta
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Posada
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana P Cruz
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela Lozano
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María M Zambrano
- Molecular Genetics, Corporación Corpogen, Carrera 5 #66A-34, Bogotá, Colombia
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28
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Santander RD, Oliver JD, Biosca EG. Cellular, physiological, and molecular adaptive responses of Erwinia amylovora to starvation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:258-71. [PMID: 24476337 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, a destructive disease of rosaceous plants distributed worldwide. This bacterium is a nonobligate pathogen able to survive outside the host under starvation conditions, allowing its spread by various means such as rainwater. We studied E. amylovora responses to starvation using water microcosms to mimic natural oligotrophy. Initially, survivability under optimal (28 °C) and suboptimal (20 °C) growth temperatures was compared. Starvation induced a loss of culturability much more pronounced at 28 °C than at 20 °C. Natural water microcosms at 20 °C were then used to characterize cellular, physiological, and molecular starvation responses of E. amylovora. Challenged cells developed starvation-survival and viable but nonculturable responses, reduced their size, acquired rounded shapes and developed surface vesicles. Starved cells lost motility in a few days, but a fraction retained flagella. The expression of genes related to starvation, oxidative stress, motility, pathogenicity, and virulence was detected during the entire experimental period with different regulation patterns observed during the first 24 h. Further, starved cells remained as virulent as nonstressed cells. Overall, these results provide new knowledge on the biology of E. amylovora under conditions prevailing in nature, which could contribute to a better understanding of the life cycle of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Santander
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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29
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Navarrete F, De La Fuente L. Response of Xylella fastidiosa to zinc: decreased culturability, increased exopolysaccharide production, and formation of resilient biofilms under flow conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1097-107. [PMID: 24271184 PMCID: PMC3911211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02998-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. Biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being transported in the xylem are of special interest for this pathosystem. Here, X. fastidiosa liquid cultures were supplemented with zinc and compared with nonamended cultures to determine the effects of Zn on growth, biofilm, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production under batch and flow culture conditions. The results show that Zn reduces growth and biofilm production under both conditions. However, in microfluidic chambers under liquid flow and with constant bacterial supplementation (closer to conditions inside the host), a dramatic increase in biofilm aggregates was seen in the Zn-amended medium. Biofilms formed under these conditions were strongly attached to surfaces and were not removed by medium flow. This phenomenon was correlated with increased EPS production in stationary-phase cells grown under high Zn concentrations. Zn did not cause greater adhesion to surfaces by individual cells. Additionally, viability analyses suggest that X. fastidiosa may be able to enter the viable but nonculturable state in vitro, and Zn can hasten the onset of this state. Together, these findings suggest that Zn can act as a stress factor with pleiotropic effects on X. fastidiosa and indicate that, although Zn could be used as a bactericide treatment, it could trigger the undesired effect of stronger biofilm formation upon reinoculation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Navarrete
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Vrancken K, Holtappels M, Schoofs H, Deckers T, Valcke R. Pathogenicity and infection strategies of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in Rosaceae: State of the art. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:823-832. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Vrancken
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M. Holtappels
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - H. Schoofs
- Pomology department, PCFruit Research Station, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - T. Deckers
- Pomology department, PCFruit Research Station, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - R. Valcke
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Cobine PA, Cruz LF, Navarrete F, Duncan D, Tygart M, De La Fuente L. Xylella fastidiosa differentially accumulates mineral elements in biofilm and planktonic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54936. [PMID: 23349991 PMCID: PMC3551809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a bacterial plant pathogen that infects numerous plant hosts. Disease develops when the bacterium colonizes the xylem vessels and forms a biofilm. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy was used to examine the mineral element content of this pathogen in biofilm and planktonic states. Significant accumulations of copper (30-fold), manganese (6-fold), zinc (5-fold), calcium (2-fold) and potassium (2-fold) in the biofilm compared to planktonic cells were observed. Other mineral elements such as sodium, magnesium and iron did not significantly differ between biofilm and planktonic cells. The distribution of mineral elements in the planktonic cells loosely mirrors the media composition; however the unique mineral element distribution in biofilm suggests specific mechanisms of accumulation from the media. A cell-to-surface attachment assay shows that addition of 50 to 100 µM Cu to standard X. fastidiosa media increases biofilm, while higher concentrations (>200 µM) slow cell growth and prevent biofilm formation. Moreover cell-to-surface attachment was blocked by specific chelation of copper. Growth of X. fastidiosa in microfluidic chambers under flow conditions showed that addition of 50 µM Cu to the media accelerated attachment and aggregation, while 400 µM prevented this process. Supplementation of standard media with Mn showed increased biofilm formation and cell-to-cell attachment. In contrast, while the biofilm accumulated Zn, supplementation to the media with this element caused inhibited growth of planktonic cells and impaired biofilm formation. Collectively these data suggest roles for these minerals in attachment and biofilm formation and therefore the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
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