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Wang M, Buist G, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcus aureus cell wall maintenance - the multifaceted roles of peptidoglycan hydrolases in bacterial growth, fitness, and virulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6604383. [PMID: 35675307 PMCID: PMC9616470 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and livestock pathogen that is well-protected against environmental insults by a thick cell wall. Accordingly, the wall is a major target of present-day antimicrobial therapy. Unfortunately, S. aureus has mastered the art of antimicrobial resistance, as underscored by the global spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The major cell wall component is peptidoglycan. Importantly, the peptidoglycan network is not only vital for cell wall function, but it also represents a bacterial Achilles' heel. In particular, this network is continuously opened by no less than 18 different peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) encoded by the S. aureus core genome, which facilitate bacterial growth and division. This focuses attention on the specific functions executed by these enzymes, their subcellular localization, their control at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, their contributions to staphylococcal virulence and their overall importance in bacterial homeostasis. As highlighted in the present review, our understanding of the different aspects of PGH function in S. aureus has been substantially increased over recent years. This is important because it opens up new possibilities to exploit PGHs as innovative targets for next-generation antimicrobials, passive or active immunization strategies, or even to engineer them into effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Corresponding author: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. box 30001, HPC EB80, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands, Tel. +31-50-3615187; Fax. +31-50-3619105; E-mail:
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2
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Buchad H, Nair M. The small RNA SprX regulates the autolysin regulator WalR in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126785. [PMID: 34000511 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is attributed to its remarkable adaptation to changes in the environment, mediated by the arsenal of virulence factors, which are regulated by intricate mechanisms that include small RNAs (sRNAs) as important regulatory molecules. The sRNA SprX was previously described to be involved in the regulation of S. aureus pathogenicity, by modifying the expression of surface-associated clumping factor B and the secreted delta haemolysin. This study describes the regulation by SprX, of expression of multiple autolysins, which play an essential role in cell wall metabolism and function as important virulence factors that facilitate adhesion, internalization, and immune evasion during S. aureus colonization and pathogenesis. SprX acts by positively regulating the expression of autolysin regulator WalR. Overexpression of SprX resulted in differential regulation of autolysins IsaA, and LytM, while WalR levels were unchanged. SprX knockdown strain exhibited down-regulation of multiple autolytic bands corresponding to the major autolysin AtlA and its process intermediates in cell wall degradation zymography, and 0.2 to 0.1 fold reduction of lytM, atlA, isaA, and walR transcripts in qRT-PCRs. Down-regulation of SprX resulted in altered phenotype with high cell aggregation as analyzed by SEM, decrease in biofilm formation and higher resistance to Triton X-100-induced lysis, all of which indicate that SprX is essential for expression of autolysins. A putative RNA-RNA interaction was indicated in silico between SprX and walR mRNA and further confirmed by in vitro RNA-RNA interaction in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These findings elucidate a new mechanism in which SprX modulates the S. aureus pathogenicity by regulating the regulator of autolysins in cell wall metabolism and as virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmatbanu Buchad
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
| | - Mrinalini Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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Zhang J, Meng L, Zhang Y, Sang L, Liu Q, Zhao L, Liu F, Wang G. GapB Is Involved in Biofilm Formation Dependent on LrgAB but Not the SinI/R System in Bacillus cereus 0-9. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591926. [PMID: 33365021 PMCID: PMC7750190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus 0-9, a Gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium isolated from healthy wheat roots, has biological control capacity against several soil-borne plant diseases of wheat such as sharp eyespot and take-all. The bacterium can produce various biofilms that differ in their architecture and formation mechanisms, possibly for adapting to different environments. The gapB gene, encoding a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), plays a key role in B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation. We studied the function of GapB and the mechanism of its involvement in regulating B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation. GapB has GAPDH activities for both NAD+- and NADP+-dependent dehydrogenases and is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Biofilm yield of the ΔgapB strain decreased by 78.5% compared with that of wild-type B. cereus 0-9 in lysogeny broth supplemented with some mineral salts (LBS), and the ΔgapB::gapB mutants were recovered with gapB gene supplementation. Interestingly, supplementing the LBS medium with 0.1-0.5% glycerol restored the biofilm formation capacity of the ΔgapB mutants. Therefore, GapB regulates biofilm formation relative to its function in gluconeogenesis. To illustrate how GapB is involved in regulating biofilm formation through gluconeogenesis, we carried out further research. The results indicate that the GapB regulated the B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation independently of the exopolysaccharides and regulatory proteins in the typical SinI/R system, likely owing to the release of extracellular DNA in the matrix. Transcriptome analysis showed that the gapB deletion caused changes in the expression levels of only 18 genes, among which, lrgAB was the most significantly increased by 6.17-fold. We confirmed this hypothesis by counting the dead and living cells in the biofilms and found the number of living cells in the biofilm formed by the ΔgapB strain was nearly 7.5 times than that of wild-type B. cereus 0-9. Therefore, we concluded that the GapB is involved in the extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation by regulating the expression or activities of LrgAB. These results provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation and a new foundation for further studying the stress resistance of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanmei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmaceutical, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Meng
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lidan Sang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengying Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Schilcher K, Horswill AR. Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00026-19. [PMID: 32792334 PMCID: PMC7430342 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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5
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Schilcher K, Horswill AR. Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32792334 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19/asset/e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Pang X, Zhang S, Lu J, Liu L, Ma C, Yang Y, Ti P, Gao W, Lv J. Identification and Functional Validation of Autolysis-Associated Genes in Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC BAA-365. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1367. [PMID: 28769917 PMCID: PMC5516001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important organisms in food production. Indeed, LAB autolysis is very critical in dairy processing. For example, it influences the development of cheese flavor by releasing intracellular enzymes, and controls cell growth in yogurts and probiotic products. Two component systems (TCS) constitute essential environmental sensors and effectors of signal transduction in most bacteria. In the present work, mutants of one TCS (LBUL_RS00115/LBUL_RS00110) were generated to assess the relationship between TCS and cell autolysis. The mutants displayed decreased autolysis in comparison with wild type; meanwhile, complementation reversed this effect. The interaction between LBUL_RS00115 and LBUL_RS00110 was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid analysis. These observations suggested that the TCS (LBUL_RS00115/LBUL_RS00110) was involved in autolysis in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Changlu Ma
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Panpan Ti
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijing, China
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den Reijer PM, Haisma EM, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Willemse J, Koning RA, Demmers JAA, Dekkers DHW, Rijkers E, El Ghalbzouri A, Nibbering PH, van Wamel W. Detection of Alpha-Toxin and Other Virulence Factors in Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus on Polystyrene and a Human Epidermal Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145722. [PMID: 26741798 PMCID: PMC4704740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to successfully colonize (a)biotic surfaces may be explained by biofilm formation and the actions of virulence factors. The aim of the present study was to establish the presence of 52 proteins, including virulence factors such as alpha-toxin, during biofilm formation of five different (methicillin resistant) S. aureus strains on Leiden human epidermal models (LEMs) and polystyrene surfaces (PS) using a competitive Luminex-based assay. RESULTS All five S. aureus strains formed biofilms on PS, whereas only three out of five strains formed biofilms on LEMs. Out of the 52 tested proteins, six functionally diverse proteins (ClfB, glucosaminidase, IsdA, IsaA, SACOL0688 and nuclease) were detected in biofilms of all strains on both PS and LEMs. At the same time, four toxins (alpha-toxin, gamma-hemolysin B and leukocidins D and E), two immune modulators (formyl peptide receptor-like inhibitory protein and Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 1), and two other proteins (lipase and LytM) were detectable in biofilms by all five S. aureus strains on LEMs, but not on PS. In contrast, fibronectin-binding protein B (FnbpB) was detectable in biofilms by all S. aureus biofilms on PS, but not on LEMs. These data were largely confirmed by the results from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses and in case of alpha-toxin additionally by GFP-reporter technology. CONCLUSION Functionally diverse virulence factors of (methicillin-resistant) S. aureus are present during biofilm formation on LEMs and PS. These results could aid in identifying novel targets for future treatment strategies against biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. den Reijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - E. M. Haisma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N. A. Lemmens-den Toom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Willemse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. A. Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. A. Demmers
- Proteomics Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. H. W. Dekkers
- Proteomics Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. Rijkers
- Proteomics Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. El Ghalbzouri
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Beltrame CO, Côrtes MF, Bonelli RR, Côrrea ABDA, Botelho AMN, Américo MA, Fracalanzza SEL, Figueiredo AMS. Inactivation of the Autolysis-Related Genes lrgB and yycI in Staphylococcus aureus Increases Cell Lysis-Dependent eDNA Release and Enhances Biofilm Development In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138924. [PMID: 26406329 PMCID: PMC4583396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus ica-independent biofilms are multifactorial in nature, and various bacterial proteins have been associated with biofilm development, including fibronectin-binding proteins A and B, protein A, surface protein SasG, proteases, and some autolysins. The role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) has also been demonstrated in some S. aureus biofilms. Here, we constructed a Tn551 library, and the screening identified two genes that affected biofilm formation, lrgB and yycI. The repressive effect of both genes on the development of biofilm was also confirmed in knockout strains constructed by allelic recombination. In contrast, the superexpression of either lrgB or yycI by a cadmium-inducible promoter led to a decrease in biofilm accumulation. Indeed, a significant increase in the cell-lysis dependent eDNA release was detected when lrgB or yycI were inactivated, explaining the enhanced biofilm formed by these mutants. In fact, lrgB and yycI genes belong to distinct operons that repress bacterial autolysis through very different mechanisms. LrgB is associated with the synthesis of phage holin/anti-holin analogues, while YycI participates in the activation/repression of the two-component system YycGF (WalKR). Our in vivo data suggest that autolysins activation lead to increased bacterial virulence in the foreign body animal model since a higher number of attached cells was recovered from the implanted catheters inoculated with lrgB or yycI knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Ossaille Beltrame
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina Farrel Côrtes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Regina Bonelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz de Almeida Côrrea
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Nunes Botelho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Américo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Eduardo Longo Fracalanzza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Moche M, Schlüter R, Bernhardt J, Plate K, Riedel K, Hecker M, Becher D. Time-Resolved Analysis of Cytosolic and Surface-Associated Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus HG001 under Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3804-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moche
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristina Plate
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße
15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Osipovitch DC, Therrien S, Griswold KE. Discovery of novel S. aureus autolysins and molecular engineering to enhance bacteriolytic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6315-26. [PMID: 25690309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous bacterial pathogen whose clinical impact has been amplified by the emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance. In the search for more effective therapeutic strategies, great effort has been placed on the study and development of staphylolytic enzymes, which benefit from high potency activity toward drug-resistant strains, and a low inherent susceptibility to emergence of new resistance phenotypes. To date, the majority of therapeutic candidates have derived from either bacteriophage or environmental competitors of S. aureus. Little to no consideration has been given to cis-acting autolysins that represent key elements in the bacterium's endogenous cell wall maintenance and recycling machinery. In this study, five putative autolysins were cloned from the S. aureus genome, and their activities were evaluated. Four of these novel enzymes, or component domains thereof, demonstrated lytic activity toward live S. aureus cells, but their potencies were 10s to 1000s of times lower than that of the well-characterized therapeutic candidate lysostaphin. We hypothesized that their poor activities were due in part to suboptimal cell wall targeting associated with their native cell wall binding domains, and we sought to enhance their antibacterial potential via chimeragenesis with the peptidoglycan binding domain of lysostaphin. The most potent chimera exhibited a 140-fold increase in lytic rate, bringing it within 8-fold of lysostaphin. While this enzyme was sensitive to certain biologically relevant environmental factors and failed to exhibit a measurable minimal inhibitory concentration, it was able to kill lysostaphin-resistant S. aureus and ultimately proved active in lung surfactant. We conclude that the S. aureus proteome represents a rich and untapped reservoir of novel antibacterial enzymes, and we demonstrate enhanced bacteriolytic activity via improved cell wall targeting of autolysin catalytic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Osipovitch
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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