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Kaboudari A, Aliakbarlu J, Mehdizadeh T. Simultaneous Effects of Food-related Stresses on the Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Salmonella Serotypes. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100350. [PMID: 39168450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical issues in the field of public health in recent years. Exposure to food environment stresses may result in the development of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. The present study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of food-related stresses (osmotic pressure, acid, heat, cold, and freezing stresses) on the antibiotic resistance changes in Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. A factorial design with five factors at two levels was used to evaluate the main and interactive effects of stress factors on the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serotypes. The changes in the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serotypes were evaluated using the disc diffusion assay. The results showed that the different stresses had different effects on the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serotypes. The freezing time and osmotic stresses had the most significant effects on the antibiotic resistance (P < 0.05). S. Enteritidis showed the slightest changes after exposure to stresses. The results also showed that a low level (24 h) of freezing time decreased the antibiotic resistance, but at a high level (96 h) increased it. The results emphasized that food processing and storage conditions should be considered as crucial factors in developing antibiotic resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Kaboudari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Javad Aliakbarlu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran.
| | - Tooraj Mehdizadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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Farha AK, Sui Z, Corke H. Raspberry Ketone-Mediated Inhibition of Biofilm Formation in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium-An Assessment of the Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020239. [PMID: 36830150 PMCID: PMC9952675 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and systemic infection in humans and livestock. Salmonella biofilms consist of two major components-amyloid curli and cellulose-which contribute to the prolonged persistence of Salmonella inside the host. Effective agents for inhibiting the formation of biofilms are urgently needed. We investigated the antibiofilm effect of Raspberry Ketone (RK) and its mechanism of action against Salmonella Typhimurium 14028 using the Congo red agar method, Calcofluor staining, crystal violet method, pellicle assay, and the TMT-labeled quantitative proteomic approach. RK suppressed the formation of different types of Salmonella biofilms, including pellicle formation, even at low concentrations (200 µg/mL). Furthermore, at higher concentrations (2 mg/mL), RK exhibited bacteriostatic effects. RK repressed cellulose deposition in Salmonella biofilm through an unknown mechanism. Swimming and swarming motility analyses demonstrated reduced motility in RK-treated S. typhimurium. Proteomics analysis revealed that pathways involved in amyloid curli production, bacterial invasion, flagellar motility, arginine biosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism, were targeted by RK to facilitate biofilm inhibition. Consistent with the proteomics data, the expressions of csgB and csgD genes were strongly down-regulated in RK-treated S. typhimurium. These findings clearly demonstrated the Salmonella biofilm inhibition capability of RK, justifying its further study for its efficacy assessment in clinical and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arakkaveettil Kabeer Farha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (H.C.)
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Cassano R, Curcio F, Procopio D, Fiorillo M, Trombino S. Multifunctional Microspheres Based on D-Mannose and Resveratrol for Ciprofloxacin Release. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207293. [PMID: 36295357 PMCID: PMC9607382 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the preparation, characterization, and performance evaluation of functional microspheres useful for the release of ciprofloxacin. The particles were obtained using D-mannose, a natural aldohexose sugar, and resveratrol, a powerful antioxidant. In particular, the above compounds were initially converted into D-mannose carboxylate and resveratrol methacrylate and, therefore, subjected to an esterification reaction. The resulting product was used for the preparation of the microspheres which were characterized by light scattering, FT-IR spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, their degree of bloating was evaluated at pH 1.2 to simulate the pH of the stomach, at pH 6.8 and pH 7.4 to mimic the intestinal environment. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin was then loaded into the microspheres, with an encapsulation efficiency of 100%. The cumulative amount of drug released was 55% at pH 6.8 and 99% at pH 7.4. The tests conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity demonstrated the ability of the microspheres obtained to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. The antioxidant efficacy, due to the presence of resveratrol in their structure, was confirmed using rat liver microsomal membranes. The results obtained have highlighted how the microspheres based on D-mannose and resveratrol can be considered promising multifunctional vectors useful in the treatment of intestinal and urinary infections.
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Effect of NaCl, high iron, iron chelator and antibiotics on growth, virulence gene expression and drug susceptibility in non-typhoidal Salmonella: an in vitro fitness study. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:667. [PMID: 36217038 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one among the most versatile and resilient enteric pathogens that is known to have developed various survival strategies within the host system. The ability of the bacteria to circumvent the physiological parameters as well as dodge the antimicrobial stress environment within the host is one of the most crucial steps in establishing an infection. With an alarming rise in multi-drug resistant serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella and lack of vaccine for combatting the infections, behaviour of the bacteria in the presence of host physiological conditions (NaCl, high and low iron) and antibiotics will help in understanding the survival strategies as well as mechanisms of resistance. Two multi-drug resistant and two sensitive serovars of Salmonella Weltevreden and Salmonella Newport isolated from poultry and seafood were used for growth kinetics and virulence gene expression study. The results obtained revealed that despite similar resistance pattern, effect of individual class of antibiotics on the growth of serovars varied. On the contrary, no significant difference was observed in growth pattern on exposure to these in vitro experimental conditions. Nevertheless, coupling these conditions with antibiotics drastically reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics in resistant strains. A first of its kind study that draws attention on the significant effect of antibiotics and physiological conditions on MIC between resistant and sensitive non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars and expression of virulence genes from Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 and 2 (invA, hilC, fliC2, sseA and ssrB).
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Aditya V, Kotian A, Sanil A, Thaseena PMA, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Survival and Virulence Potential of Drug-Resistant E. coli in Simulated Gut Conditions and Antibiotic Challenge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12805. [PMID: 36232102 PMCID: PMC9566084 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The gut forms a vital niche for the survival and replication of drug-resistant E. coli; however, the role of gut conditions on drug-resistant and sensitive E. coli is not clearly understood. The study aims to understand the effect of in vitro gut conditions on the spread of antibiotic resistance among E. coli and their ability to adapt to gut conditions. In this study, a multidrug-resistant (J51) and a sensitive (J254) E. coli isolate were exposed to a series of in vitro gut conditions and their growth pattern, virulence gene expression and invasion ability were studied. Further, the effect of antibiotic under in vitro gut conditions was also studied. Bile significantly affected the growth of the isolates, and the addition of iron chelator extended the lag phase of the sensitive isolate. Each in vitro gut condition had a differential effect on the expression of virulence genes in both the isolates. Further, the resistant isolate could adhere to and invade Caco2 cell lines better than the sensitive isolate. Most of the downregulated genes showed increased expression upon ciprofloxacin shock under in vitro gut conditions. The transcriptomics study revealed that exposure to bile, led to the downregulation of genes involved in different metabolic pathways. Further downregulation of metabolic pathways on ciprofloxacin shock was also observed. The downregulation of metabolic pathways could be a part of the global response played by the bacteria to adapt to harsh conditions. Reverting these fluctuated pathways could prove to be a novel strategy in combating AMR threat. Overall, bile, in high and low temperature conditions, showed a significant effect on modulating virulence gene expression on the antibiotic challenge. Thus, it is essential to consider the impact of gut conditions on gut pathogens, such as E. coli, before prescribing antimicrobial therapy during infection.
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Xu JG, Hu HX, Chen JY, Xue YS, Kodirkhonov B, Han BZ. Comparative study on inhibitory effects of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:136. [PMID: 35699787 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm cells exhibit higher resistance than their planktonic counterparts to commonly used disinfectants in food industry. Phenolic acids are promising substitute offering less selective pressure than traditional antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (p-CA) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation and explore the underlying inhibitory mechanisms. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FA and p-CA were 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The sub-inhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) significantly decreased biofilm formation without growth inhibitory effects. The biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of S. Enteritidis biofilm as well as the bacterial swimming and chemotaxis abilities were significantly decreased when exposed to sub-MIC concentrations of FA and p-CA. These two phenolic acids showed high affinity to proteins involved in flagella motility and repressed the S. Enteritidis biofilm formation-related gene expressions. Furthermore, these two phenolic acids maintained high antibiofilm efficiency in simulated food processing conditions. This study provided valuable information of multiple phenotypic and molecular responses of S. Enteritidis to these two phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Guo Xu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui-Xue Hu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Song Xue
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bekhzod Kodirkhonov
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bei-Zhong Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Aditya V, Kotian A, Saikrishnan S, Rohit A, Mithoor D, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Effect of ciprofloxacin and in vitro gut conditions on biofilm of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental sources. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:964-977. [PMID: 34374176 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at characterizing the biofilm-forming ability of drug-resistant and sensitive Escherichia coli under in vitro gut conditions and in the presence of ciprofloxacin. METHODS AND RESULTS 153 E. coli isolates comprising 80 from clinical and 73 from environment source were studied for their ability to form biofilm under control and in vitro simulated gut conditions. The integrity of preformed biofilm on exposure to ciprofloxacin was assessed. Expression of biofilm-associated genes was analysed using qPCR. A high degree of resistance was observed in clinical isolates with a concomitant prevalence of blaTEM . Bile, pH and low temperature enabled the E. coli biofilm to resist the effect of ciprofloxacin. Clinical isolates of E. coli formed strong biofilms in in vitro gut conditions following exposure to high concentration of ciprofloxacin. The expression of biofilm genes varied between different gut conditions viz., presence of bile, pH and low temperature, included in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of papC and csgA for maintaining the biofilm integrity upon antibiotic exposure. Escherichia coli form biofilm as a survival strategy to adapt to the conditions in their environment irrespective of their drug resistance status. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides an understanding of the effect of different parameters of the gut conditions during infection and the effect of antibiotic on survival and biofilm-forming ability of clinical and environmental E. coli isolates. It further suggests that bacteria resort to biofilm formation as one of the mechanisms to adjust to alterations in gut conditions and once the biofilm is formed, it requires high concentration of ciprofloxacin to eradicate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankadari Aditya
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Akshatha Kotian
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sreya Saikrishnan
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Anusha Rohit
- Department of Microbiology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India
| | - Divyashree Mithoor
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
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Białucha A, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Skowron K. Influence of Selected Factors on Biofilm Formation by Salmonella enterica Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010043. [PMID: 33375734 PMCID: PMC7824446 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formed by S. enterica on the surface of gallstones or biomaterials promotes the development and spread of chronic infection. The aim of the study was to assess biofilm formation on the surface of polystyrene depending on nutritional conditions and the effect of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% glucose and 3.0% bile and sub-inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin on biofilm formation of S. enterica. Sixty-nine clinical strains of S. enterica isolated from feces (92.8%) and blood (7.2%) collected from patients (66.7%) and carriers (33.3%) were used in the study. Assessment of forming 24-h biofilm by these strains was performed on the surface of polystyrene 96-well plates at 37 °C. In this study, it was indicated that 1.0% glucose and 3.0% bovine bile inhibit biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was inhibited in all examined sub-MIC of ampicillin. Biofilm formation is varied in different conditions, depending on the serovar.
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