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Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Ghilardi S, Creta F, Pasquinelli B, Brambilla PG, Romussi S. Does the Cambridge classification alone predict the possibility to perform echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286914. [PMID: 37285377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate if the functional grading system (Cambridge classification) of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome (BOAS) and the temperament score can be useful tools in predicting the feasibility of echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency. The hypothesis is that the temperament of the dog, rather than the severity of BOAS alone, can exacerbate respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, stertor, stridor and/or cyanosis) during lateral containment. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Twenty-nine French Bulldogs were included and classified according to the Cambridge classification for the BOAS and to the Maddern score for the temperament. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Cambridge classification, of the temperament score and their sum to predict the feasibility of the echocardiography in lateral recumbency without dyspnea/cyanosis. RESULTS 8 females (27.59%) and 21 (72.41%) males French Bulldogs of 3 years (IQR25-75 1-4), and 12.45 kg (IQR25-7511.5-13.25) were included. The Cambridge classification alone was not predictive for the possibility of performing the echocardiography in lateral recumbency, unlike temperament score and the sum of the two classification indices. The diagnostic accuracy of Cambridge classification (AUC 0.81, Se 50%, Sp 100%), temperament score (AUC 0.73, Se 75%, Sp 69%), and their sum (AUC 0.83, Se 75%, Sp 85%) cut-offs was moderate for each score. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dog's temperament, and therefore its susceptibility to stress, rather than the severity of BOAS (Cambridge classification) alone, is a good predictor of the possibility of performing the echocardiographic examination in standing instead of lateral recumbency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Federica Creta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Beatrice Pasquinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Stefano Romussi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
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2
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MacGillivray KE, Bellefeuille SD, Hoffmann DE, St Germaine LL. Effects of a novel, 3D printed bilateral arytenoid abductor on canine laryngeal airway resistance ex vivo. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:193. [PMID: 35596179 PMCID: PMC9121604 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngeal paralysis is a disease process most commonly seen in older, large breed dogs. When both arytenoid cartilages are affected dogs can develop life-threatening respiratory compromise, therefore surgical intervention is recommended. While there are multiple surgical procedures that have been described to treat laryngeal paralysis, there remains a considerable risk for postoperative complications, most commonly aspiration pneumonia. The objective of this ex vivo experimental study was to evaluate the effects of a novel, 3D printed bilateral arytenoid abductor on laryngeal airway resistance in canine cadaver larynges. Laryngeal airway resistance was calculated for each specimen before (control) and after placement of a 3D printed, bilateral arytenoid abductor. The airway resistance was measured at an airflow of 10 L/min with the epiglottis closed and at airflows ranging from 15 L/min to 60 L/min with the epiglottis open. The effects of the bilateral arytenoid abductor on laryngeal airway resistance were evaluated statistically. Results With the epiglottis open, median laryngeal airway resistance in all larynges with a bilateral arytenoid abductor were significantly decreased at airflows of 15 L/min (0.0cmH2O/L/sec), 30 L/min (0.2cmH2O/L/sec), and 45 L/min (0.2cmH2O/L/sec) compared to the controls 15 L/min (0.4cmH2O/L/sec; P = 0.04), 30 L/min (0.9cmH2O/L/sec; P = 0.04), and 45 L/min (1.2cmH2O/L/sec; P = 0.04). When the epiglottis was closed, there was no significant difference in laryngeal resistance between the control (18.8cmH2O/L/sec) and the abducted larynges (18.1cmH2O/L/sec; P = 0.83). Conclusions Placement of a bilateral arytenoid abductor reduced laryngeal resistance in canine cadaver larynges compared to the controls when the epiglottis was open. With the epiglottis closed, there was no loss of laryngeal resistance while the device abducted the arytenoid cartilages. The results of this ex vivo study is encouraging for consideration of further evaluation of the bilateral arytenoid abductor to determine an appropriate material and tolerance of this device in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E MacGillivray
- Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA. .,, Maitland, Florida, USA.
| | - Sean D Bellefeuille
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Daniel E Hoffmann
- Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
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3
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Balakrishnan A, Tong CW. Clinical Application of Pulmonary Function Testing in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:273-294. [PMID: 31858992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are important diagnostic tools that have wide clinical applications in human and veterinary medicine. Widespread use of PFTs in measuring lung volumes in veterinary medicine was historically limited by the need for specialized equipment to accurately perform and interpret these tests, and by lack of patient cooperation. However, recent advances and modifications have allowed PFTs to be safely performed in conscious veterinary patients with minimal stress. This article focuses on the most commonly used tests of pulmonary function including tests of pulmonary mechanics and of gas exchange in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Balakrishnan
- Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Carissa W Tong
- Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
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4
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Fernández-Parra R, Pey P, Zilberstein L, Malvè M. Use of computational fluid dynamics to compare upper airway pressures and airflow resistance in brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic dogs. Vet J 2019; 253:105392. [PMID: 31685131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic dog breeds are prone to breathing difficulties because of their upper airway anatomy. Several surgical techniques exist to correct anatomical pathologies and common surgical approaches aim to correct functional abnormalities in the nares and/or the soft palate. However, further research is needed to improve clinical outcomes. This study evaluated air pressure and airflow resistance in the upper airways and trachea in nine sedated, sternally recumbent dogs of different skull types (dolichocephalic, n=3; mesocephalic, n=3; brachycephalic, n=3). CT images were acquired from the nostrils to the caudal border of the lungs and geometrical reconstruction of the upper airway and trachea was performed. Analysis of computational fluid dynamics was performed using inspiratory flow adapted to bodyweight for each dog. Flow (L/min) and pressure (cmH2O) were computed for the entire upper airway and trachea. Resistance (cmH2O/L/min) was calculated using pressure differences between the nose, larynx, and trachea. In this pilot study, statistical comparisons were not performed. Pressure maps, airflow, and resistance were similar in dolichocephalic and mesocephalic breeds. Median pressure difference (3.76cmH2O) and resistance (0.154cmH2O/L/min) between the nose and larynx were numerically higher in brachycephalic dogs than in other breeds (0.45cmH2O and 0.016cmH2O/L/min, respectively). Median pressure difference (0.205cmH2O) and resistance (0.009cmH2O/L/min) between the larynx and trachea was numerically similar in all dogs, except for the English bulldog. The methodology used in this preliminary study to quantify airflow characteristics such as pressure and resistance could improve the understanding of brachycephalic obstruction airway syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández-Parra
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du General de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, 94704, France; Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U955, Equipe 03, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil cedex, France.
| | - P Pey
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA; Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - L Zilberstein
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du General de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, 94704, France
| | - M Malvè
- Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 31006, Pamplona, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Regier PJ, McCarthy TC, Monnet E. Effect of bilateral ventriculocordectomy via ventral laryngotomy on laryngeal airway resistance in larynges of canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1444-1448. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu NC, Sargan DR, Adams VJ, Ladlow JF. Characterisation of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in French Bulldogs Using Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130741. [PMID: 26079684 PMCID: PMC4469695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is an important health and welfare problem in several popular dog breeds. Whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) is a non-invasive method that allows safe and repeated quantitative measurements of respiratory cycles on unsedated dogs. Here respiratory flow traces in French bulldogs from the pet population were characterised using WBBP, and a computational application was developed to recognise affected animals. Eighty-nine French bulldogs and twenty non-brachycephalic controls underwent WBBP testing. A respiratory functional grading system was used on each dog based on respiratory signs (i.e. respiratory noise, effort, etc.) before and after exercise. For development of an objective BOAS classifier, functional Grades 0 and I were considered to have insignificant clinical signs (termed here BOAS-) and Grades II and III to have significant signs (termed here BOAS+). A comparison between owner-perception of BOAS and functional grading revealed that 60 % of owners failed to recognise BOAS in dogs that graded BOAS+ in this study.WBBP flow traces were found to be significantly different between non-brachycephalic controls and Grade 0 French bulldogs; BOAS- and BOAS+ French bulldogs. A classifier was developed using quadratic discriminant analysis of the respiratory parameters to distinguish BOAS- and BOAS + French bulldogs, and a BOAS Index was calculated for each dog. A cut-off value of the BOAS Index was selected based on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the classifier on the training group (n=69) were 0.97, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively. The classifier was validated using a test group of French bulldogs (n=20) with an accuracy of 0.95. WBBP offers objective screening for the diagnosis of BOAS in French Bulldogs. The technique may be applied to other brachycephalic breeds affected by BOAS, and possibly to other respiratory disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chieh Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki J. Adams
- Vet Epi Limited, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Jane F. Ladlow
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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7
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Gauthier CM, Monnet E. In vitro evaluation of anatomic landmarks for the placement of suture to achieve effective arytenoid cartilage abduction by means of unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:602-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.6.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Wignall JR, Baines SJ. The effect of cuff presence and cuff inflation on airway pressure in a canine tracheostomy tube model. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 24:182-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Wignall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; North Mymms United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Baines
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; North Mymms United Kingdom
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10
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Kitshoff AM, Van Goethem B, Stegen L, Vandekerckhov P, De Rooster H. Laryngeal paralysis in dogs: An update on recent knowledge. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2013; 84:E1-9. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal paralysis is the effect of an inability to abduct the arytenoid cartilages duringinspiration, resulting in respiratory signs consistent with partial airway obstruction. Theaetiology of the disease can be congenital (hereditary laryngeal paralysis or congenitalpolyneuropathy), or acquired (trauma, neoplasia, polyneuropathy, endocrinopathy). Themost common form of acquired laryngeal paralysis (LP) is typically seen in old, large breeddogs and is a clinical manifestation of a generalised peripheral polyneuropathy recentlyreferred to as geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy. Diagnosing LP based onclinical signs, breed and history has a very high sensitivity (90%) and can be confirmed bylaryngeal inspection. Prognosis after surgical correction depends on the aetiology: traumaticcases have a good prognosis, whereas tumour-induced or polyneuropathy-induced LP has aguarded prognosis. Acquired idiopathic LP is a slow progressive disease, with dogs reachingmedian survival times of 3–5 years after surgical correction.
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11
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Pacheco AP, Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Respiratory mechanics and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy adult alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:146-52. [PMID: 22204301 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate respiratory mechanical function and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytologic results in healthy alpacas. ANIMALS 16 client-owned adult alpacas. PROCEDURES Measurements of pulmonary function were performed, including functional residual capacity (FRC) via helium dilution, respiratory system resistance via forced oscillatory technique (FOT), and assessment of breathing pattern by use of respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) in standing and sternally recumbent alpacas. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed orotracheally during short-term anesthesia. RESULTS Mean ± SD measurements of respiratory function were obtained in standing alpacas for FRC (3.19 ± 0.53 L), tidal volume (0.8 ± 0.13 L), and respiratory system resistance at 1 Hz (2.70 ± 0.88 cm H(2)O/L/s), 2 Hz (2.98 ± 0.70 cm H(2)O/L/s), 3 Hz (3.14 ± 0.77 cm H(2)O/L/s), 5 Hz (3.45 ± 0.91 cm H(2)O/L/s), and 7 Hz (3.84 ± 0.93 cm H(2)O/L/s). Mean phase angle, as a measurement of thoracoabdominal asynchrony, was 19.59 ± 10.06°, and mean difference between nasal and plethysmographic flow measurements was 0.18 ± 0.07 L/s. Tidal volume, peak inspiratory flow, and peak expiratory flow were significantly higher in sternally recumbent alpacas than in standing alpacas. Cytologic examination of BAL fluid revealed 58.52 ± 12.36% alveolar macrophages, 30.53 ± 13.78% lymphocytes, 10.95 ± 9.29% neutrophils, 0% mast cells, and several ciliated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pulmonary function testing was tolerated well in nonsedated untrained alpacas. Bronchoalveolar lavage in alpacas yielded samples with adequate cellularity that had a greater abundance of neutrophils than has been reported in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pacheco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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12
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Wignall JR, Baines SJ. Effects of unilateral arytenoid lateralization technique and suture tension on airway pressure in the larynx of canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:917-24. [PMID: 22620708 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of the arytenoid lateralization technique and suture tension on airway pressure in the canine larynx. SAMPLE 7 canine cadaver larynges. PROCEDURES Negative pressure was elicited aboral to the larynx. Airway pressure was measured at airflows of 15 to 120 L/min before and after thyroarytenoid lateralization (TAL), cricoarytenoid lateralization (CAL), and combined TAL and CAL (cricothyroarytenoid lateralization [CTAL]) at 100 and 500 g of suture tension and with sectioning of the sesamoid cartilage (SSC) and disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint (DCTJ). Rima glottidis area (RGA) was measured. Effects of technique, modification, and suture tension on pressure and RGA were evaluated statistically. RESULTS Increased suture tension significantly reduced airway pressure for TAL at 30 L/min, CAL at 45 to 120 L/min, and CAL after SSC and DCTJ at 60, 75, and 105 to 120 L/min. The CAL and CTAL caused significantly lower airway pressures than did TAL > 30 L/min, but SSC and DCTJ did not significantly reduce pressure. All procedures, except TAL at 100 g of tension, resulted in a significant RGA increase from baseline. The CAL and CTAL caused a significantly greater RGA than did TAL. For TAL at 100 g of tension, SSC significantly increased RGA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CAL and CTAL caused lower airway pressures than did TAL. No significant pressure differences were detected between CAL and CTAL; SSC and DCTJ had little effect on pressure. Pressure may be a more sensitive indicator of airflow than is RGA in the larynx of canine cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Wignall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, England.
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Adamama-Moraitou K, Pardali D, Prassinos NN, Papazoglou LG, Makris D, Gourgoulianis KI, Papaioannou N, Rallis TS. Analysis of tidal breathing flow volume loop in dogs with tracheal masses. Aust Vet J 2011; 88:351-6. [PMID: 20726970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there are any changes in the tidal breathing flow volume loop (TBFVL) in calm, non-dyspnoeic dogs with intratracheal masses. METHODS We compared 4 dogs with intratracheal masses (group 1) with 10 healthy dogs (group 2). Routine clinical and laboratory examinations of the dogs were unremarkable, except for episodic upper respiratory obstructive signs in the dogs in group 1. Lateral radiography of the neck and thorax showed that group 1 dogs had masses that appeared to protrude into the tracheal lumen. Tracheoscopy and surgery or necropsy was performed to confirm the presence of the mass. Arterial blood gas and TBFVL analysis was carried out in all dogs to assess respiratory status. RESULTS The shape of the TBFVL for dogs in group 1 was narrower and ovoid compared with that for the group 2 dogs. Tidal volume and expiratory and inspiratory times were significantly reduced, whereas the respiratory rate was increased for dogs in group 1 compared with dogs in group 2. Arterial blood gas analysis was unremarkable for all dogs. CONCLUSIONS TBFVL is a non-invasive technique that is easy to perform and well tolerated by dogs. In the absence of abnormalities detected by routine diagnostic evaluations and arterial blood gas analysis in dogs with intratracheal masses, the TBFVL contributes to the definition of the physiologic status of the airways at the time of testing, and results suggests that these dogs breathe quite normally when they are calm and non-dyspnoeic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kk Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 St Voutyra str, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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14
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Bernaerts F, Talavera J, Leemans J, Hamaide A, Claeys S, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome. Vet J 2008; 183:95-102. [PMID: 18952471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical features of brachycephalic airway obstructive disease in 11 brachycephalic dogs are described in this study. The respiratory strategy was assessed before (n=11) and after (n=6) surgery using barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP), with the relationship between BWBP variables and the severity of the clinical signs assessed by the use of a respiratory score based on clinical, radiographic and endoscopic findings. Partial collapse of the left main bronchus was a common finding not previously described as part of the brachycephalic airway obstructive disease syndrome. Epiglottic cysts, laryngeal granulomas and nasopharyngeal turbinates in English Bulldogs were other previously unreported findings. No significant correlation between the respiratory score and any of the BWBP variables was detected. Compared to healthy dogs, brachycephalic dogs had a significantly lower Te/Ti ratio (expiratory time over inspiratory time), peak inspiratory flow (PIF) per kg bodyweight (BW), significantly higher peak expiratory flow (PEF) per kgBW, PEF/PIF, and enhanced pause. These variations are compatible with upper airway obstructions primarily in the extrathoracic airways. Following surgery, a significant decrease in PEF/PIF was detected. The study showed that BWBP could be used to characterise the respiratory strategy in brachycephalic dogs before and after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bernaerts
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jesús Talavera
- Department for Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Jérôme Leemans
- Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Department for Functional Sciences B41, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Hamaide
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Claeys
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department for Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
The advent of pulmonary function testing in small animals has opened the door to new interpretations of old diseases. This article reviews the salient features of airway pathophysiology in dogs and cats that relate to the interpretation of newly developed airway function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Lung Foundation Testing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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16
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Greenberg MJ, Bureau S, Monnet E. Effects of suture tension during unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization on canine laryngeal resistance in vitro. Vet Surg 2007; 36:526-32. [PMID: 17686125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of abduction suture tension for unilateral arytenoid lateralization on laryngeal resistance. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Canine cadaver larynges (n=16). METHODS Laryngeal resistance was calculated in all specimens with the epiglottis in open and closed positions. Left cricoarytenoid lateralization was performed under low or high suture tension, and laryngeal resistance was re-calculated. The effects of suture tension on laryngeal resistance were evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Cricoarytenoid lateralization under low or high suture tension significantly reduced laryngeal resistance with the epiglottis in an open or closed position. There was no difference in laryngeal resistance with an open epiglottis between the low-tension (1.00+/-0.0001 cm H(2)O/L/s) and high-tension (1.10+/-0.35 cm H(2)O/L/s) groups (P=.33). The low-tension group (22.80+/-14.20 cm H(2)O/L/s) had significantly greater laryngeal resistance than the high-tension group (8.45+/-4.00 cm H(2)O/L/s) with a closed epiglottis (P=.016). There was no difference in laryngeal resistance with a closed epiglottis for the low-tension group before (34.30+/-36.50 cm H(2)O/L/s) and after (22.80+/-14.20 cm H(2)O/L/s; P=.42) arytenoid lateralization. CONCLUSIONS Cricoarytenoid lateralization under low suture tension significantly reduced laryngeal resistance with an open epiglottis, but resulted in a significantly greater resistance with a closed epiglottis than cricoarytenoid lateralization under high suture tension. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinically, use of a low-tension suture for cricoarytenoid lateralization may provide an adequate decrease in open-epiglottis laryngeal resistance to alleviate clinical signs, while maintaining enough closed-epiglottis laryngeal resistance to reduce the risk of postoperative aspiration pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Greenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Bach JF, Rozanski EA, Bedenice D, Chan DL, Freeman LM, Lofgren JLS, Oura TJ, Hoffman AM. Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:670-5. [PMID: 17542702 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of obesity on pulmonary function in healthy adult dogs. ANIMALS 36 Retrievers without cardiopulmonary disease. PROCEDURES Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of body condition score (1 through 9): nonobese (score, 4.5 to 5.5), moderately obese (score, 6.0 to 6.5), and markedly obese (score, 7.0 to 9.0). Pulmonary function tests performed in conscious dogs included spirometry and measurement of inspiratory and expiratory airway resistance (R(aw)) and specific R(aw) (sR(aw)) during normal breathing and during hyperpnea via head-out whole-body plethysmography. Functional residual capacity (FRC; measured by use of helium dilution), diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and arterial blood gas variables (PaO(2), PaCO(2), and alveolar-arterial gradient) were assessed. RESULTS During normal breathing, body condition score did not influence airway function, DLCO, or arterial blood gas variables. During hyperpnea, expiratory sR(aw) was significantly greater in markedly obese dogs than nonobese dogs and R(aw) was significantly greater in markedly obese dogs, compared with nonobese and moderately obese dogs. Although not significantly different, markedly obese dogs had a somewhat lower FRC, compared with other dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, obesity appeared to cause airflow limitation during the expiratory phase of breathing, but this was only evident during hyperpnea. This suggests that flow limitation is dynamic and likely occurs in the distal (rather than proximal) portions of the airways. Further studies are warranted to localize the flow-limited segment and understand whether obesity is linked to exercise intolerance via airway dysfunction in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Lofgren JLS, Mazan MR, Ingenito EP, Lascola K, Seavey M, Walsh A, Hoffman AM. Restrained whole body plethysmography for measure of strain-specific and allergen-induced airway responsiveness in conscious mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1495-505. [PMID: 16857859 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00464.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse is the most extensively studied animal species in respiratory research, yet the technologies available to assess airway function in conscious mice are not universally accepted. We hypothesized that whole body plethysmography employing noninvasive restraint (RWBP) could be used to quantify specific airway resistance (sRaw-RWBP) and airway responsiveness in conscious mice. Methacholine responses were compared using sRaw-RWBP vs. airway resistance by the forced oscillation technique (Raw-FOT) in groups of C57, A/J, and BALB/c mice. sRaw-RWBP was also compared with sRaw derived from double chamber plethysmography (sRaw-DCP) in BALB/c. Finally, airway responsiveness following allergen challenge in BALB/c was measured using RWBP. sRaw-RWBP in C57, A/J, and BALB/c mice was 0.51 +/- 0.03, 0.68 +/- 0.03, and 0.63 +/- 0.05 cm/s, respectively. sRaw derived from Raw-FOT and functional residual capacity (Raw*functional residual capacity) was 0.095 cm/s, approximately one-fifth of sRaw-RWBP in C57 mice. The intra- and interanimal coefficients of variations were similar between sRaw-RWBP (6.8 and 20.1%) and Raw-FOT (3.4 and 20.1%, respectively). The order of airway responsiveness employing sRaw-RWBP was AJ > BALBc > C57 and for Raw-FOT was AJ > BALB/c = C57. There was no difference between the airway responsiveness assessed by RWBP vs. DCP; however, baseline sRaw-RWBP was significantly lower than sRaw-DCP. Allergen challenge caused a progressive decrease in the provocative concentration of methacholine that increased sRaw to 175% postsaline values based on sRaw-RWBP. In conclusion, the technique of RWBP was rapid, reproducible, and easy to perform. Airway responsiveness measured using RWBP, DCP, and FOT was equivalent. Allergen responses could be followed longitudinally, which may provide greater insight into the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L S Lofgren
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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