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Fujioka H, Romanò F, Muradoglu M, Grotberg JB. Splitting of a three-dimensional liquid plug at an airway bifurcation. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2022; 34:081907. [PMID: 36033359 PMCID: PMC9406020 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Employing the moving particles' semi-implicit (MPS) method, this study presents a numerical framework for solving the Navier-Stokes equations for the propagation and the split of a liquid plug through a three-dimensional air-filled bifurcating tube, where the inner surface is coated by a thin fluid film, and surface tension acts on the air-liquid interface. The detailed derivation of a modified MPS method to handle the air-liquid interface of liquid plugs is presented. When the front air-liquid interface of the plug splits at the bifurcation, the interface deforms quickly and causes large wall shear stress. We observe that the presence of a transverse gravitational force causes asymmetries in plug splitting, which becomes more pronounced as the capillary number decreases or the Bond number increases. We also observe that there exists a critical capillary number below which the plug does not split into two daughter tubes but propagates into the lower daughter tube only. In order to deliver the plug into the upper daughter tube, the driving pressure to push the plug is required to overcome the hydrostatic pressure due to gravity. These tendencies agree with our previous experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujioka
- Center for Computational Science, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Francesco Romanò
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, UMR 9014-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille–Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Metin Muradoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sariyer/Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - James B. Grotberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Leiphrakpam PD, Weber HR, McCain A, Matas RR, Duarte EM, Buesing KL. A novel large animal model of smoke inhalation-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2021; 22:198. [PMID: 34233680 PMCID: PMC8261975 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is multifactorial and can result from sepsis, trauma, or pneumonia, amongst other primary pathologies. It is one of the major causes of death in critically ill patients with a reported mortality rate up to 45%. The present study focuses on the development of a large animal model of smoke inhalation-induced ARDS in an effort to provide the scientific community with a reliable, reproducible large animal model of isolated toxic inhalation injury-induced ARDS. Methods Animals (n = 21) were exposed to smoke under general anesthesia for 1 to 2 h (median smoke exposure = 0.5 to 1 L of oak wood smoke) after the ultrasound-guided placement of carotid, pulmonary, and femoral artery catheters. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), vital signs, and ventilator parameters were monitored throughout the procedure. Chest x-ray, carotid, femoral and pulmonary artery blood samples were collected before, during, and after smoke exposure. Animals were euthanized and lung tissue collected for analysis 48 h after smoke inhalation. Results Animals developed ARDS 48 h after smoke inhalation as reflected by a decrease in SpO2 by approximately 31%, PaO2/FiO2 ratio by approximately 208 (50%), and development of bilateral, diffuse infiltrates on chest x-ray. Study animals also demonstrated a significant increase in IL-6 level, lung tissue injury score and wet/dry ratio, as well as changes in other arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters. Conclusions This study reports, for the first time, a novel large animal model of isolated smoke inhalation-induced ARDS without confounding variables such as cutaneous burn injury. Use of this unique model may be of benefit in studying the pathophysiology of inhalation injury or for development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila D Leiphrakpam
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3280, USA
| | - Hannah R Weber
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3280, USA
| | - Andrea McCain
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Roser Romaguera Matas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ernesto Martinez Duarte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Keely L Buesing
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3280, USA.
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Experimental Evaluation of Perfluorocarbon Aerosol Generation with Two Novel Nebulizer Prototypes. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010019. [PMID: 30621300 PMCID: PMC6358822 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of non-invasive ventilation procedures and new minimally invasive techniques has resulted in the research of alternative approaches as the aerosolization for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The aim of this work was to design two nebulizer prototypes and to evaluate them studying the particle size distribution of the inhaled droplets generated with distilled water and two perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Different experiments were performed with driving pressures of 1–3 bar for each compound. An Aerodynamic Particle Sizer was used to measure the aerodynamic diameter (Da), the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD). The results showed that both prototypes produced heterodisperse aerosols with Da mean values in all cases below 5 µm. The initial experiments with distilled water showed MMAD values lower than 9 µm and up to 15 µm with prototype 1 and prototype 2, respectively. Regarding the PFCs, relatively uniform MMAD values close to 12 µm were achieved. The air delivery with outer lumens of prototype 1 presented more suitable mass distribution for the generation and delivery of a uniform aerosol than the two half-circular ring geometry proposed in the prototype 2.
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Xu X, Jia C, Luo S, Li Y, Xiao F, Dai H, Wang C. Effect of HA330 resin-directed hemoadsorption on a porcine acute respiratory distress syndrome model. Ann Intensive Care 2017; 7:84. [PMID: 28808944 PMCID: PMC5555961 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood purification is an emerging approach to dampening the cytokine storm. This study aims to assess the efficacy of HA330 resin-directed hemoadsorption (HA) on endotoxin-induced porcine acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model.
Methods Twenty-four Chinese domestic pigs were allocated into saline group receiving intravenous infusion of saline (N = 6) and endotoxin group receiving intravenous infusion of LPS (N = 18). When ALI model was initially diagnosed, six pigs in the LPS and saline group were killed for BALF and histopathological analysis. The remaining 12 pigs in LPS group received 3-h HA (N = 6) or HA-sham (N = 6) treatment, respectively. Following another 5-h observation, animals were killed. Variables on hemodynamics, blood gases and lung mechanics were recorded at a series of time points. Differentially expressed cytokines and proteins were determined by ELISA and proteomics.
Results HA treatment significantly improved injured oxygenation induced by LPS. HA also partially improved the barrier permeability and reduced lung edema and inflammation/injury induced by LPS infusion. Proteomic analysis showed the differentially expressed proteins between HA- and HA-sham-treated groups mostly belonged to the categories of acute inflammation/immune response, and proteolysis. Conclusions Hemoadsorption improved ARDS possibly by blunting the cytokine storm and by restoring homeostasis of the disordered proteome milieu in the exudative phase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13613-017-0287-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Rd., Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chune Jia
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sa Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanming Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.,Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Aerosolized perfluorocarbon improves gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in preterm lambs with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:393-9. [PMID: 22797142 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerosolized perfluorocarbon (PFC) has been proposed as an alternative method of PFC administration; however, the efficacy of aerosolized PFC in a preterm animal model has not yet been demonstrated. METHODS Twelve preterm lambs were randomized to two groups: a perfluorodecalin (PFD) aerosol group (n = 6) receiving 10 ml/kg/h of PFD delivered by an intratracheal inhalation catheter followed by 4 h of mechanical ventilation (MV) or the control group, in which animals (n = 6) were managed for 6 h with MV. Gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, cardiovascular parameters, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured. RESULTS Both groups developed hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis at baseline. Aerosolized PFD improved oxygenation (P < 0.0001) and pulmonary mechanics (P < 0.0001) and changed carbon dioxide values to normal physiological levels, unlike the treatment given to the controls (P < 0.0003). The time course of mean arterial blood pressure and CBF were significantly affected by PFD aerosolization, especially during the first hour of life. CBF gradually decreased during the first hour in the PFD aerosol group and remained stable until the end of the follow-up, whereas CBF remained higher in the control group (P < 0.0028). CONCLUSION Aerosolized PFD improves pulmonary function in preterm lambs and should be further investigated as an alternative mode of PFC administration.
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Large-animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:1331-9. [PMID: 22244649 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by an acute inflammatory response that compromises alveolar-capillary membrane integrity. Clinical symptoms include refractory hypoxemia, noncardiogenic edema, and decreased lung compliance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the different ARDS large-animal models in terms of similarity to the clinical disease and underlying pathophysiology. The repeated lavage, oleic acid, endotoxin, and smoke/burn ARDS models will be discussed in this review. While each model has significant benefits, none is without weaknesses. Thus, the choice of large-animal ARDS model must be carefully considered based upon the study focus and investigative team experience.
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Murgia X, Gastiasoro E, Mielgo V, Ruiz-Del-Yerro E, Alvarez-Diaz FJ, Lafuente H, Valls-I-Soler A, Gomez-Solaetxe MA, Rey-Santano C. Surfactant and perfluorocarbon aerosolization during different mechanical ventilation strategies by means of inhalation catheters: an in vitro study. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2011; 25:23-31. [PMID: 22044251 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2011.0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerosol delivery of surfactant and perfluorocarbon (PFC) is a desirable therapeutic approach for the treatment of various lung diseases in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. However, the behavior of these substances during aerosolization differs significantly from that of aqueous solutions. In particular, the high vapor pressure of many PFCs tends to result in greater evaporation during mechanical ventilation. METHODS Three PFCs and surfactant were aerosolized during mechanical ventilation by means of three intratracheal inhalation catheters (IC) with different air flow rates (IC-1.23, IC-1.1, and IC-1.4), with their aerosol generating tip placed at the distal end of the endotracheal tube (i.d. 4 mm). The influence of four different ventilation strategies on aerosol production rate and PFC and surfactant recovery was studied. The changes in intrapulmonary pressure produced by the air jets of each IC were measured. RESULTS With IC-1.23 and IC-1.1, the highest rates of aerosol production were achieved using FC75 (2.27±0.18 and 0.76±0.01, respectively) followed by PFOB (1.74±0.06 and 0.56±0.04), PFD (0.82±0.01 and 0.21±0.01), and surfactant (0.42±0.05 and 0.092±0.01). With IC-1.4 modest aerosol production was obtained irrespective of the aerosolized compound. Mechanical ventilation influenced aerosol recovery, with the trend being toward recovering higher percentages of the compounds with lower peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and lower respiratory rate (RR) settings. The highest percentages of the initial volume were recovered with IC-1.23 (between 65.43%±4.2 FC75 and 90.21%±4.71 surfactant) followed by IC-1.1 (between 46.48%±4.46 FC75 and 73.19%±2.82 PFOB) and IC-1.4 (between 4.65%±4.36 FC75 and 63.24%±9.71 surfactant). Each of three of the ICs were found to increase the intrapulmonary pressure by about 2-3 cmH₂O during mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS Despite of mechanical ventilation, IC-1.23 and IC-1.1 were able to deliver significant amounts of surfactant and perfluorocarbon to the lung model. Changes in PIP and RR directly influence the percentage of surfactant and perfluorocarbon recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Murgia
- Experimental Neonatal Respiratory Physiology Research Unit, Hospital de Cruces, Plaza de Cruces, Barakaldo E-48903, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Murgia X, Gastiasoro E, Mielgo V, Alvarez-Diaz F, Lafuente H, Valls-i-Soler A, Gomez-Solaetxe MA, Larrabe JL, Rey-Santano C. Surfactant and perfluorocarbon aerosolization by means of inhalation catheters for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome: an in vitro study. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2011; 24:81-7. [PMID: 21410324 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2010.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aerosolization of perfluorocarbons or surfactant has emerged as a feasible alternative to instillation, for the treatment of experimental respiratory distress syndrome. However, the biophysical properties that make these compounds useful in such therapies, significantly affect the performance of nebulizers. Therefore, in vitro studies are required to assess the suitability of new aerosolization technologies for use with these compounds. METHODS The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate the influence of the biophysical properties of perfluorocarbons (PFD, FC75, and PFOB) and a natural porcine surfactant, Curosurf®; on aerosolization and to assess the suitability of three intratracheal inhalation catheters (IC) with different air flow rates (IC-1.23, IC-1.1, IC-1.4) coupled to a jet nebulizer, for aerosol delivery of these compounds. RESULTS With IC-1.23 significantly higher aerosol production rates were achieved (p < 0.0001), ranging between 6.05 ± 0.17 mL/min (FC75) and 1.94 ± 0.09 mL/min (Curosurf®), and lower percentage losses of the compound (5-21%), compared to IC-1.1 and IC-1.4 catheters. The lowest aerosolization rates were produced with IC-1.4 ranging from 0.58 ± 0.02 mL/min (FC75) to 0.14 ± 0.01 mL/min (Curosurf®), and this catheter also resulted in the highest percentage losses (25-60%). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) ranged between 0.77 μm (PFD) and 8.29 μm (Curosurf®) with IC-1.1, whereas higher MMAD values, of between 4.84 μm (FC75) and 13.42 μm (PFOB), were observed with IC-1.23. Regardless of the catheter used during aerosolization, the perfluorocarbon with the highest kinematic viscosity showed the lowest aerosolization and emission rates and vice versa, which reveals the substantial contribution of this parameter that should accordingly be considered in the design of perfluorocarbon aerosol drug delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS Jet aerosolization of perfluorocarbons or surfactant with the intratracheal inhalation catheters seems to be a suitable method for treating experimental respiratory distress syndrome, because it delivers relatively high doses of perfluorocarbons and surfactant to the lungs in a respirable size droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Murgia
- Research Unit for Experimental Neonatal Respiratory Physiology, Cruces Hospital, Plaza de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Guo ZL, Liang YJ, Lu GP, Wang JC, Ren T, Zheng YH, Gong JY, Yu J. Tracheal gas insufflation with partial liquid ventilation to treat LPS-induced acute lung injury in juvenile piglets. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:700-7. [PMID: 20672361 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbons (PFC) seems not superior to conventional ventilation clinically. We hypothesized that a combination of continuous tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) with protective strategy of PLV (low dose of PFC, low inflation pressure, moderate inhalation of oxygen and moderate anesthesia) would improve cardiopulmonary function in acute lung injury. METHODS Twenty-four healthy juvenile piglets were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated at PEEP of 2 cmH(2)O with a peak inspiratory pressure of 10 cmH(2)O and FIO(2) of 0.4. The piglets were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 each): (1) mechanical ventilation alone (MV); (2) PLV with perfluorodecalin (10 ml/kg); (3) TGI with continuous airway flow 2 L/min; and (4) combination of PLV and TGI. The outcome was assessed functionally and histologically. RESULTS All treatments except MV improved pH, PaO(2)/FIO(2), PaCO(2), ventilation efficacy index (VEI) and tidal volume. Both PLV-associated treatments also improved heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse contour cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, dynamic lung compliance, mean airway resistance and mean airway pressure. The combination group resulted in higher PaO(2)/FIO(2), VEI and a better lung histology score than any other treatments. CONCLUSIONS The new protective strategy may provide a better treatment for sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Liang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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