1
|
Khalilpour J, Soltani Zangbar H, Alipour MR, Shahabi P. The hypoxic respiratory response of the pre-Bötzinger complex. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34491. [PMID: 39114066 PMCID: PMC11305331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) as a crucial region for generating the main respiratory rhythm, our understanding of its cellular and molecular aspects has rapidly increased within the last few decades. It is now apparent that preBötC is a highly flexible neuronal network that reconfigures state-dependently to produce the most appropriate respiratory output in response to various metabolic challenges, such as hypoxia. However, the responses of the preBötC to hypoxic conditions can be varied based on the intensity, pattern, and duration of the hypoxic challenge. This review discusses the preBötC response to hypoxic challenges at the cellular and network level. Particularly, the involvement of preBötC in the classical biphasic response of the respiratory network to acute hypoxia is illuminated. Furthermore, the article discusses the functional and structural changes of preBötC neurons following intermittent and sustained hypoxic challenges. Accumulating evidence shows that the preBötC neural circuits undergo substantial changes following hypoxia and contribute to several types of the respiratory system's hypoxic ventilatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Khalilpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omorou M, Liu N, Huang Y, Al-Ward H, Gao M, Mu C, Zhang L, Hui X. Cystathionine beta-Synthase in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion: A current overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 718:109149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
3
|
Olson KR. A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111650. [PMID: 34829521 PMCID: PMC8615108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS) as a physiologically relevant O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on observations that H2S and RSS metabolism is inversely correlated with O2 tension, exogenous H2S elicits physiological responses identical to those produced by hypoxia, factors that affect H2S production or catabolism also affect tissue responses to hypoxia, and that RSS efficiently regulate downstream effectors of the hypoxic response in a manner consistent with a decrease in O2. H2S-mediated O2 sensing is then compared to the more generally accepted reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated O2 sensing mechanism and a number of reasons are offered to resolve some of the confusion between the two.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammed RA, Mansour SM. Sodium hydrogen sulfide upregulates cystathionine β-synthase and protects striatum against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:310-321. [PMID: 33793881 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a neuromodulator that plays a protective role in multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD). However, the precise mechanisms underlying its effects against Huntington's disease (HD) are still questioned.This study aimed to examine the neuroprotective effects of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; H2S donor) against 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP)-induced HD like pathology in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups; (1) normal control receiving saline; (2) NaHS control receiving (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days; (3,4) receiving 3NP (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days, with NaHS 30 min later in group 4. KEY FINDINGS NaHS improved cognitive and locomotor deficits induced by 3NP as confirmed by the striatal histopathological findings. These former events were biochemically supported by the increment in cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene expression, reduction of glutamate (Glu), dopamine (DA), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cytochrome-c, cleaved caspase-3 and pc-FOS indicating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-apoptotic effects. Furthermore, NaHS pretreatment improved cholinergic dysfunction and increased brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that appropriate protection with H2S donors might represent a novel approach to slow down HD-like symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suzan M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide maintains eupnea in an in situ arterially perfused preparation of rats. Commun Biol 2020; 3:583. [PMID: 33067579 PMCID: PMC7568547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is constitutively generated in the human body and works as a gasotransmitter in synaptic transmission. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the roles of endogenous H2S in generating eupnea at the respiratory center. We employed an in situ arterially perfused preparation of decerebrated rats and recorded the central respiratory outputs. When the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was inhibited, respiration switched from the 3-phase eupneic pattern, which consists of inspiration, postinspiration, and expiration, to gasping-like respiration, which consists of inspiration only. On the other hand, when H2S synthesis was inhibited via cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) or when H2S synthesis was activated via CBS, eupnea remained unchanged. These results suggest that H2S produced by CBS has crucial roles in maintaining the neuronal network to generate eupnea. The mechanism of respiratory pattern generation might be switched from a network-based system to a pacemaker cell-based system in low H2S conditions. Minako Okazaki et al. show that blockade of cystathionine β-synthase, which produces H2S gas, evoked gasping in an in situ arterially perfused preparation of decerebrated rats, whereas inhibition of cystathionine γ-lyase produced no response. These results highlight the importance of endogenous H2S in maintaining eupnea at the respiratory center.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Lei F, Zhao F, Yan X, Wang W, Zheng Y. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates prenatal cigarette smoke exposure-induced impairment of respiratory responses to hypercapnia in neonatal rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 243:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
da Silva GSF, Sabino JPJ, Rajani V, Alvares TS, Pagliardini S, Branco LGS, Funk GD. Excitatory Modulation of the preBötzinger Complex Inspiratory Rhythm Generating Network by Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide. Front Physiol 2017; 8:452. [PMID: 28713283 PMCID: PMC5492353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is one of three gasotransmitters that modulate excitability in the CNS. Global application of H2S donors or inhibitors of H2S synthesis to the respiratory network has suggested that inspiratory rhythm is modulated by exogenous and endogenous H2S. However, effects have been variable, which may reflect that the RTN/pFRG (retrotrapezoid nucleus, parafacial respiratory group) and the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC, critical for inspiratory rhythm generation) are differentially modulated by exogenous H2S. Importantly, site-specific modulation of respiratory nuclei by H2S means that targeted, rather than global, manipulation of respiratory nuclei is required to understand the role of H2S signaling in respiratory control. Thus, our aim was to test whether endogenous H2S, which is produced by cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in the CNS, acts specifically within the preBötC to modulate inspiratory activity under basal (in vitro/in vivo) and hypoxic conditions (in vivo). Inhibition of endogenous H2S production by bath application of the CBS inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, 0.1-1.0 mM) to rhythmic brainstem spinal cord (BSSC) and medullary slice preparations from newborn rats, or local application of AOAA into the preBötC (slices only) caused a dose-dependent decrease in burst frequency. Unilateral injection of AOAA into the preBötC of anesthetized, paralyzed adult rats decreased basal inspiratory burst frequency, amplitude and ventilatory output. AOAA in vivo did not affect the initial hypoxia-induced (10% O2, 5 min) increase in ventilatory output, but enhanced the secondary hypoxic respiratory depression. These data suggest that the preBötC inspiratory network receives tonic excitatory modulation from the CBS-H2S system, and that endogenous H2S attenuates the secondary hypoxic respiratory depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Sao Paulo State UniversityJaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João P. J. Sabino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of PiauiTeresina, Brazil
| | - Vishaal Rajani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tucaauê S. Alvares
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Zhao T, Xu H, Zhang Z, Liu H, Zou Y, Wu X, Yang L. Modulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDAR), Bcl-2 and C-Fos Gene Expressions on Exposure to Individual and Mixtures of Low Concentration Metals in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:418-427. [PMID: 28255683 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is limited information on the toxicity of low concentration of metal mixtures in the environment. Of particular interest is the effect of low levels of metal mixtures on neurodevelopment of aquatic organisms. This study reports the neurological gene expressions after exposing zebrafish embryos to low concentration toxic heavy metals, 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Embryos were exposed to low concentration individual and mixtures of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess gene expressions. The findings of this study confirmed that exposure to low concentration heavy metals upregulated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NMDAR2A (NR2A), NMDAR2B (NR2B), and NMDAR2D (NR2D) and B cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) genes. NR2A genes were significantly upregulated by 90 and 74%, respectively, on exposure to Pb + As and Pb + Cd. NR2B genes were upregulated by 85.3, 68.6, 62.7, and 62.7% on exposure to As, Pb + Hg, Pb + As, and Pb + Cd, respectively. Exposure to As, Pb + Cd, and Pb + Hg + As significantly upregulated Bcl-2 genes by 2.01-, 1.84-, and 1.80-fold, respectively. NR1A and C-fos gene expressions were not significantly different from control. Upregulation of NMDAR subunits and Bcl-2 genes in this study was largely a counter measure against insults from exposure to low concentration heavy metals. Principal component analysis confirmed the influence of low concentration individual and mixtures of Pb, Hg, As, and Cd on gene expression of NMDAR subunits and Bcl-2. These data suggest that altered expression of NMDA receptor subunits and Bcl-2 genes may explain toxicity of low concentration individual and mixtures of Pb, Hg, As, and Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Chen L, Hou X, Zhou H, Zheng Y. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates hypoxia-induced respiratory suppression in anesthetized adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 220:1-9. [PMID: 26365007 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study in vitro showed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) could protect the medullary respiratory centers from injury induced by acute hypoxia in brainstem slices of neonatal rats. The present study was carried out to determine if H2S could exhibit similar protective effects in adult rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms of its protection. It was observed that hypoxia induced a diphasic respiratory response, an excitatory phase followed by an inhibitory one, as indicated by an increase followed by a decrease in frequency of rhythmic discharge of the diaphragm. Nissl staining revealed that some of the neurons in the medullary respiratory related nuclei were impaired in hypoxia rats. Hypoxia led to increases in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as a decrease in the level of Bcl-2 mRNA of the medulla oblongata. Intracerebroventricular injection of 2.5mM NaHS (a donor of H2S) or L-cysteine (L-Cys, a substrate for H2S) could prevent inhibitory respiratory effect occurred in the rats with hypoxia. Exogenous application of NaHS and L-Cys could also reduce the content of MDA and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and increase the level of Bcl-2 mRNA expression of medulla oblongata caused by hypoxia. These results indicate that H2S could protect the medullary respiratory centers against injury induced by acute hypoxia in adult rats partly due to its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; College of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xuefei Hou
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Although oxygen (O2)-sensing cells and tissues have been known for decades, the identity of the O2-sensing mechanism has remained elusive. Evidence is accumulating that O2-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is this enigmatic O2 sensor. RECENT ADVANCES The elucidation of biochemical pathways involved in H2S synthesis and metabolism have shown that reciprocal H2S/O2 interactions have been inexorably linked throughout eukaryotic evolution; there are multiple foci by which O2 controls H2S inactivation, and the effects of H2S on downstream signaling events are consistent with those activated by hypoxia. H2S-mediated O2 sensing has been demonstrated in a variety of O2-sensing tissues in vertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including smooth muscle in systemic and respiratory blood vessels and airways, carotid body, adrenal medulla, and other peripheral as well as central chemoreceptors. CRITICAL ISSUES Information is now needed on the intracellular location and stoichometry of these signaling processes and how and which downstream effectors are activated by H2S and its metabolites. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Development of specific inhibitors of H2S metabolism and effector activation as well as cellular organelle-targeted compounds that release H2S in a time- or environmentally controlled way will not only enhance our understanding of this signaling process but also provide direction for future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend , South Bend, India na
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li M, Nie L, Hu Y, Yan X, Xue L, Chen L, Zhou H, Zheng Y. Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes expression of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in adult rat medulla oblongata. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:84-9. [PMID: 24051007 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments were carried out to investigate the expression of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) in medulla oblongata of rats and effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on its expression. Sprague Dawley adult rats were randomly divided into two groups, including control (Con) group and CIH group. The endogenous production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in medulla oblongata tissue homogenates was measured using the methylene blue assay method, 3MST mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, and the expression of 3MST in the neurons of respiratory-related nuclei in medulla oblongata of rats was investigated with immunohistochemical technique. CIH elevated the endogenous H2S production in rat medulla oblongata (P<0.01). The RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses showed that 3MST mRNA and protein were expressed in the medulla oblongata of rats and CIH promoted their expression (P<0.01). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that 3MST existed in the neurons of pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), hypoglossal nucleus (12N), ambiguous nucleus (Amb), facial nucleus (FN) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the animals and the mean optical densities of 3MST-positive neurons in the pre-BötC, 12N and Amb, but not in FN and NTS, were significantly increased in CIH group (P<0.05). In conclusion, 3MST exists in the neurons of medullary respiratory nuclei and its expression can be up-regulated by CIH in adult rat, suggesting that 3MST-H2S pathway may be involved in regulation of respiration and protection on medullary respiratory centers from injury induced by CIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Li
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The anti-apoptotic effect of hydrogen sulfide attenuates injuries to the medullary respiratory centers of neonatal rats subjected to in utero cigarette smoke exposure. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 188:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|