1
|
Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Carotid body hypersensitivity in intermittent hypoxia and obtructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2023; 601:5481-5494. [PMID: 37029496 DOI: 10.1113/jp284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid bodies are the principal sensory organs for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen concentration, and the carotid body chemoreflex is a major regulator of the sympathetic tone, blood pressure and breathing. Intermittent hypoxia is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which is a widespread respiratory disorder. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of carotid bodies in heightened sympathetic tone and hypertension in rodents treated with intermittent hypoxia, and the underlying cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms. We also present evidence for hitherto-uncharacterized role of carotid body afferents in triggering cellular and molecular changes induced by intermittent hypoxia. In the second part of the review, we present evidence for a contribution of a hypersensitive carotid body to OSA and potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate OSA in a murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iturriaga R. Carotid body contribution to the physio-pathological consequences of intermittent hypoxia: role of nitro-oxidative stress and inflammation. J Physiol 2023; 601:5495-5507. [PMID: 37119020 DOI: 10.1113/jp284112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), is considered to be an independent risk for hypertension. The pathological cardiorespiratory consequences of OSA have been attributed to systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and sympathetic overflow induced by CIH, but an emerging body of evidence indicates that a nitro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu within the carotid body (CB) is involved in the potentiation of CB chemosensory responses to hypoxia, which contribute to enhance the sympathetic activity. Accordingly, autonomic and cardiovascular alterations induced by CIH are critically dependent on an abnormally heightened CB chemosensory input to the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), where second-order neurons project onto the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), activating pre-sympathetic neurons that control pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. CIH produces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the NTS and RVLM, which may contribute to the long-term irreversibility of the CIH-induced alterations. This brief review is mainly focused on the contribution of nitro-oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory molecules on the hyperactivation of the hypoxic chemoreflex pathway including the CB and the brainstem centres, and whether the persistence of autonomic and cardiorespiratory alterations may depend on the glial-related neuroinflammation induced by the enhanced CB chemosensory afferent input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caballero-Eraso C, Colinas O, Sobrino V, González-Montelongo R, Cabeza JM, Gao L, Pardal R, López-Barneo J, Ortega-Sáenz P. Rearrangement of cell types in the rat carotid body neurogenic niche induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Physiol 2023; 601:1017-1036. [PMID: 36647759 DOI: 10.1113/jp283897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a prototypical acute oxygen (O2 )-sensing organ that mediates reflex hyperventilation and increased cardiac output in response to hypoxaemia. CB overactivation, secondary to the repeated stimulation produced by the recurrent episodes of intermittent hypoxia, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of sympathetic hyperactivity present in sleep apnoea patients. Although CB functional plasticity induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) has been demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that CIH induces a small increase in CB volume and rearrangement of cell types in the CB, characterized by a mobilization of immature quiescent neuroblasts, which enter a process of differentiation into mature, O2 -sensing and neuron-like, chemoreceptor glomus cells. Prospective isolation of individual cell classes has allowed us to show that maturation of CB neuroblasts is paralleled by an upregulation in the expression of specific glomus cell genes involved in acute O2 -sensing. CIH enhances mitochondrial responsiveness to hypoxia in maturing neuroblasts as well as in glomus cells. These data provide novel perspectives on the pathogenesis of CB-mediated sympathetic overflow that may lead to the development of new pharmacological strategies of potential applicability in sleep apnoea patients. KEY POINTS: Obstructive sleep apnoea is a frequent condition in the human population that predisposes to severe cardiovascular and metabolic alterations. Activation of the carotid body, the main arterial oxygen-sensing chemoreceptor, by repeated episodes of hypoxaemia induces exacerbation of the carotid body-mediated chemoreflex and contributes to sympathetic overflow characteristic of sleep apnoea patients. In rats, chronic intermittent hypoxaemia induces fast neurogenesis in the carotid body with rapid activation of neuroblasts, which enter a process of proliferation and maturation into O2 -sensing chemoreceptor glomus cells. Maturing carotid body neuroblasts and glomus cells exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulate genes involved in acute O2 sensing and enhance mitochondrial responsiveness to hypoxia. These findings provide novel perspectives on the pathogenesis of carotid body-mediated sympathetic hyperactivation. Pharmacological modulation of carotid body fast neurogenesis could help to ameliorate the deleterious effects of chronic intermittent hypoxaemia in sleep apnoea patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/IBIS, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica Sobrino
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafaela González-Montelongo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José María Cabeza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao L, Ortega-Sáenz P, Moreno-Domínguez A, López-Barneo J. Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in O 2-Sensing Chemoreceptor Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:274-289. [PMID: 35044243 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Acute responses to hypoxia are essential for the survival of mammals. The carotid body (CB), the main arterial chemoreceptor, contains glomus cells with oxygen (O2)-sensitive K+ channels, which are inhibited during hypoxia to trigger adaptive cardiorespiratory reflexes. Recent Advances: In this review, recent advances in molecular mechanisms of acute O2 sensing in CB glomus cells are discussed, with a special focus on the signaling role of mitochondria through regulating cellular redox status. These advances have been achieved thanks to the use of genetically engineered redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) probes, which allowed us to monitor rapid changes in ROS production in real time in different subcellular compartments during hypoxia. This methodology was used in combination with conditional knockout mice models, pharmacological approaches, and transcriptomic studies. We have proposed a mitochondria-to-membrane signaling model of acute O2 sensing in which H2O2 released in the mitochondrial intermembrane space serves as a signaling molecule to inhibit K+ channels on the plasma membrane. Critical Issues: Changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during acute hypoxia are highly compartmentalized in the submitochondrial regions. The use of redox-sensitive probes targeted to specific compartments is essential to fully understand the role of mitochondrial ROS in acute O2 sensing. Future Directions: Further studies are needed to specify the ROS and to characterize the target(s) of ROS in chemoreceptor cells during acute hypoxia. These data may also contribute to a more complete understanding of the implication of ROS in acute responses to hypoxia in O2-sensing cells in other organs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 274-289.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matsuoka H, Pokorski M, Takeda K, Okada Y, Harada K, Inoue M. Expression of p11 and TASK1 Channels in Rat Carotid Body Glomus Cells Subjected to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia. J UOEH 2022; 44:249-255. [PMID: 36089342 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.44.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) has been used as a model to mimic nocturnal apnea, which is associated with hypertension. One of the mechanisms for hypertension in patients with nocturnal apnea is an enhancement of the plasma membrane response to acute hypoxia in carotid body glomus cells. Hypoxia is known to induce depolarization via inhibiting TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels, one type of leak K+ channels, in glomus cells. The present experiment was undertaken to immunocytochemically investigate the effects of CIH on the expression and intracellular localization of TASK1 channels and p11 that critically affect the trafficking of TASK1 to the cell surface. The expression levels of TASK1 proteins and p11 and their intracellular localization in rat carotid body glomus cells were not noticeably affected by CIH, suggesting that the enhanced membrane response to acute hypoxia is not due to an increase in surface TASK channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetada Matsuoka
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Mieczyslaw Pokorski
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
- University of Opole, Poland
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Healthcare, Fujita Health University
| | | | - Keita Harada
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Masumi Inoue
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iturriaga R, Alcayaga J, Chapleau MW, Somers VK. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiology, pathology, and implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1177-1235. [PMID: 33570461 PMCID: PMC8526340 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2 and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to maintain homeostasis. This review examines the fundamental biology underlying CB chemoreceptor function, its contribution to integrated physiological responses, and its role in maintaining health and potentiating disease. Emphasis is placed on 1) transduction mechanisms in chemoreceptor (type I) cells, highlighting the role played by the hypoxic inhibition of O2-dependent K+ channels and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, and their modification by intracellular molecules and other ion channels; 2) synaptic mechanisms linking type I cells and petrosal nerve terminals, focusing on the role played by the main proposed transmitters and modulatory gases, and the participation of glial cells in regulation of the chemosensory process; 3) integrated reflex responses to CB activation, emphasizing that the responses differ dramatically depending on the nature of the physiological, pathological, or environmental challenges, and the interactions of the chemoreceptor reflex with other reflexes in optimizing oxygen delivery to the tissues; and 4) the contribution of enhanced CB chemosensory discharge to autonomic and cardiorespiratory pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnea, congestive heart failure, resistant hypertension, and metabolic diseases and how modulation of enhanced CB reactivity in disease conditions may attenuate pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spiller PF, da Silva MP, Moraes DJA. Lactate does not activate the carotid body of Wistar rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 285:103593. [PMID: 33276092 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body's glomus cells are the primary sensors of hypoxia in mammals. Previous studies suggested that the glomus cells' hypoxia sensitivity is mediated by lactate in mice. This molecule increases the intracellular [Ca2+] and induces exocytosis in glomus cells, activating the carotid sinus nerve (the axons of chemoreceptive petrosal neurons). On the other hand, how lactate affects the activity of carotid body of rats is still unknown. We hypothesized that lactate activates the carotid body of rats. In Wistar rats, we measured the changes in the electrical properties of isolated glomus cells and petrosal chemoreceptive neurons in in situ preparations in response to different concentrations of lactate. Superfusion of both physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of lactate did not affect the membrane conductance and potential of glomus cells. Moreover, lactate injected into the carotid body did not activate the anatomically and physiologically identified chemoreceptive petrosal neurons. We conclude that the carotid body of Wistar rats is not sensitive to lactate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Spiller
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Melina P da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kato K, Yokoyama T, Kusakabe T, Hata K, Fushuku S, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Differences in the expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes between vesicular monoamine transporter 1- and 2-immunoreactive glomus cells in the rat carotid body. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151507. [PMID: 31955909 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) 1 and 2 are responsible for monoamine transportation into secretary vesicles and are tissue-specifically expressed in central and peripheral monoaminergic tissues, including the carotid body (CB). The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in VMAT1- and VMAT2-immunoreactive glomus cells in the rat CB using multiple immunolabeling. The expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 mRNA in the CB was confirmed by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed that VMAT1 immunoreactivity was predominant in glomus cells rather than VMAT2 immunoreactivity. Glomus cells with VMAT1 immunoreactivity exhibited weak/negative VMAT2 immunoreactivity, and vice versa. Immunoreactivities for VMAT1 and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis, were co-localized in the same glomus cells and a positive correlation was confirmed between the two immunoreactivities (Spearman's coefficient = 0.82; p < 0.05). Although some glomus cells showed co-localization of VMAT2 and dopamine β-hydroxylase immunoreactivity, the biosynthetic enzyme for noradrenaline, VMAT2 immunoreactivity appeared to be less associated with both catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes as indicated by a correlation analysis (TH: Spearman's coefficient = 0.38, DBH: Spearman's coefficient = 0.26). These results indicate that heterogeneity on functional role would exist among glomus cells in terms of VMAT isoform and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kato
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Sport and Medical Science, Kokushikan University, 7-3-1 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-8515, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hata
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Sport and Medical Science, Kokushikan University, 7-3-1 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-8515, Japan
| | - Seigo Fushuku
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pulgar-Sepúlveda R, Varas R, Iturriaga R, Del Rio R, Ortiz FC. Carotid Body Type-I Cells Under Chronic Sustained Hypoxia: Focus on Metabolism and Membrane Excitability. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1282. [PMID: 30283346 PMCID: PMC6157308 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sustained hypoxia (CSH) evokes ventilatory acclimatization characterized by a progressive hyperventilation due to a potentiation of the carotid body (CB) chemosensory response to hypoxia. The transduction of the hypoxic stimulus in the CB begins with the inhibition of K+ currents in the chemosensory (type-I) cells, which in turn leads to membrane depolarization, Ca2+ entry and the subsequent release of one- or more-excitatory neurotransmitters. Several studies have shown that CSH modifies both the level of transmitters and chemoreceptor cell metabolism within the CB. Most of these studies have been focused on the role played by such putative transmitters and modulators of CB chemoreception, but less is known about the effect of CSH on metabolism and membrane excitability of type-I cells. In this mini-review, we will examine the effects of CSH on the ion channels activity and excitability of type-I cell, with a particular focus on the effects of CSH on the TASK-like background K+ channel. We propose that changes on TASK-like channel activity induced by CSH may contribute to explain the potentiation of CB chemosensory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pulgar-Sepúlveda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Varas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Fernando C. Ortiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zajączkowski S, Ziółkowski W, Badtke P, Zajączkowski MA, Flis DJ, Figarski A, Smolińska-Bylańska M, Wierzba TH. Promising effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol on autonomic heart regulation estimated by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in rats exposed to hypoxia and hyperoxia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192781. [PMID: 29432445 PMCID: PMC5809044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in oxygen sensing via peripheral chemoreceptors, which would imply their involvement in chemoreflex activation and autonomic regulation of heart rate. We hypothesize that antioxidant affect neurogenic cardiovascular regulation through activation of chemoreflex which results in increased control of sympathetic mechanism regulating heart rhythm. Activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), which is among the major endogenous sources of ROS in the rat has been shown to increase during hypoxia promote oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of how XO inhibition affects neurogenic regulation of heart rhythm is still unclear. Aim The study aimed to evaluate effects of allopurinol-driven inhibition of XO on autonomic heart regulation in rats exposed to hypoxia followed by hyperoxia, using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Material and methods 16 conscious male Wistar rats (350 g): control-untreated (N = 8) and pretreated with Allopurinol-XO inhibitor (5 mg/kg, followed by 50 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally (N = 8), were exposed to controlled hypobaric hypoxia (1h) in order to activate chemoreflex. The treatment was followed by 1h hyperoxia (chemoreflex suppression). Time-series of 1024 RR-intervals were extracted from 4kHz ECG recording for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in order to calculate the following time-domain parameters: mean RR interval (RRi), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal NN intervals), rMSSD (square root of the mean of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals), frequency-domain parameters (FFT method): TSP (total spectral power) as well as low and high frequency band powers (LF and HF). At the end of experiment we used rat plasma to evaluate enzymatic activity of XO and markers of oxidative stress: protein carbonyl group and 8-isoprostane concentrations. Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measures in erythrocyte lysates. Results Allopurinol reduced oxidative stress which was the result of hypoxia/hyperoxia, as shown by decreased 8-isoprostane plasma concentration. XO inhibition did not markedly influence HRV parameters in standard normoxia. However, during hypoxia, as well as hyperoxia, allopurinol administration resulted in a significant increase of autonomic control upon the heart as shown by increased SDNN and TSP, with an increased vagal contribution (increased rMSSD and HF), whereas sympathovagal indexes (LF/HF, SDNN/rMSSD) remained unchanged. Conclusions Observed regulatory effects of XO inhibition did not confirm preliminary hypothesis which suggested that an antioxidant such as allopurinol might activate chemoreflex resulting in augmented sympathetic discharge to the heart. The HRV regulatory profile of XO inhibition observed during hypoxia as well as post-hypoxic hyperoxia corresponds to reported reduced risk of sudden cardiovascular events. Therefore our data provide a new argument for therapeutical use of allopurinol in hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiesław Ziółkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Badtke
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Damian J. Flis
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Figarski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz H. Wierzba
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Oxygen-sensing by arterial chemoreceptors: Mechanisms and medical translation. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 47-48:90-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
13
|
López-Barneo J, González-Rodríguez P, Gao L, Fernández-Agüera MC, Pardal R, Ortega-Sáenz P. Oxygen sensing by the carotid body: mechanisms and role in adaptation to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C629-42. [PMID: 26764048 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00265.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is fundamental for cell and whole-body homeostasis. Our understanding of the adaptive processes that take place in response to a lack of O2(hypoxia) has progressed significantly in recent years. The carotid body (CB) is the main arterial chemoreceptor that mediates the acute cardiorespiratory reflexes (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation) triggered by hypoxia. The CB is composed of clusters of cells (glomeruli) in close contact with blood vessels and nerve fibers. Glomus cells, the O2-sensitive elements in the CB, are neuron-like cells that contain O2-sensitive K(+)channels, which are inhibited by hypoxia. This leads to cell depolarization, Ca(2+)entry, and the release of transmitters to activate sensory fibers terminating at the respiratory center. The mechanism whereby O2modulates K(+)channels has remained elusive, although several appealing hypotheses have been postulated. Recent data suggest that mitochondria complex I signaling to membrane K(+)channels plays a fundamental role in acute O2sensing. CB activation during exposure to low Po2is also necessary for acclimatization to chronic hypoxia. CB growth during sustained hypoxia depends on the activation of a resident population of stem cells, which are also activated by transmitters released from the O2-sensitive glomus cells. These advances should foster further studies on the role of CB dysfunction in the pathogenesis of highly prevalent human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Fernández-Agüera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makarenko VV, Ahmmed GU, Peng YJ, Khan SA, Nanduri J, Kumar GK, Fox AP, Prabhakar NR. CaV3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels mediate the augmented calcium influx in carotid body glomus cells by chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:345-54. [PMID: 26561606 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00775.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a hallmark manifestation of sleep apnea. A heightened carotid body activity and the resulting chemosensory reflex mediate increased sympathetic nerve activity by CIH. However, the mechanisms underlying heightened carotid body activity by CIH are not known. An elevation of intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) in glomus cells, the primary oxygen-sensing cells, is an essential step for carotid body activation by hypoxia. In the present study, we examined the effects of CIH on the glomus cell [Ca(2+)]i response to hypoxia and assessed the underlying mechanisms. Glomus cells were harvested from adult rats or wild-type mice treated with 10 days of either room air (control) or CIH (alternating cycles of 15 s of hypoxia and 5 min of room air; 9 episodes/h; 8 h/day). CIH-treated glomus cells exhibited an enhanced [Ca(2+)]i response to hypoxia, and this effect was absent in the presence of 2-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-N-((1R)-1-[5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxo]-pyridin-2-yl]ethyl)acetamide (TTA-A2), a specific inhibitor of T-type Ca(2+) channels, and in voltage-gated calcium channel, type 3.2 (CaV3.2), null glomus cells. CaV3.2 knockout mice exhibited an absence of CIH-induced hypersensitivity of the carotid body. CIH increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in glomus cells. A ROS scavenger prevented the exaggerated TTA-A2-sensitive [Ca(2+)]i response to hypoxia. CIH had no effect on CaV3.2 mRNA levels. CIH augmented Ca(2+) currents and increased CaV3.2 protein in plasma membrane fractions of human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably expressing CaV3.2, and either a ROS scavenger or brefeldin-A, an inhibitor of protein trafficking, prevented these effects. These findings suggest that CIH leads to an augmented Ca(2+) influx via ROS-dependent facilitation of CaV3.2 protein trafficking to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V Makarenko
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gias U Ahmmed
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shakil A Khan
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ganesh K Kumar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aaron P Fox
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carotid body oxygen sensing and adaptation to hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:59-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Iturriaga R, Andrade DC, Del Rio R. Enhanced carotid body chemosensory activity and the cardiovascular alterations induced by intermittent hypoxia. Front Physiol 2014; 5:468. [PMID: 25520668 PMCID: PMC4251310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) plays a main role in the maintenance of the oxygen homeostasis. The hypoxic stimulation of the CB increases the chemosensory discharge, which in turn elicits reflex sympathetic, cardiovascular, and ventilatory adjustments. An exacerbate carotid chemosensory activity has been associated with human sympathetic-mediated diseases such as hypertension, insulin resistance, heart failure, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Indeed, the CB chemosensory discharge becomes tonically hypereactive in experimental models of OSA and heart failure. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a main feature of OSA, enhances CB chemosensory baseline discharges in normoxia and in response to hypoxia, inducing sympathetic overactivity and hypertension. Oxidative stress, increased levels of ET-1, Angiotensin II and pro-inflammatory cytokines, along with a reduced production of NO in the CB, have been associated with the enhanced carotid chemosensory activity. In this review, we will discuss new evidence supporting a main role for the CB chemoreceptor in the autonomic and cardiorespiratory alterations induced by intermittent hypoxia, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the CB chemosensory potentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Center of Biomedical Research, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao L, Ortega-Sáenz P, García-Fernández M, González-Rodríguez P, Caballero-Eraso C, López-Barneo J. Glucose sensing by carotid body glomus cells: potential implications in disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:398. [PMID: 25360117 PMCID: PMC4197775 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a key chemoreceptor organ in which glomus cells sense changes in blood O2, CO2, and pH levels. CB glomus cells have also been found to detect hypoglycemia in both non-primate mammals and humans. O2 and low-glucose responses share a common final pathway involving membrane depolarization, extracellular calcium influx, increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, and neurotransmitter secretion, which stimulates afferent sensory fibers to evoke sympathoadrenal activation. On the other hand, hypoxia and low glucose induce separate signal transduction pathways. Unlike O2 sensing, the response of the CB to low glucose is not altered by rotenone, with the low glucose-activated background cationic current unaffected by hypoxia. Responses of the CB to hypoglycemia and hypoxia can be potentiated by each other. The counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia by the CB is essential for the brain, an organ that is particularly sensitive to low glucose. CB glucose sensing could be altered in diabetic patients, particularly those under insulin treatment, as well as in other medical conditions such as sleep apnea or obstructive pulmonary diseases, where chronic hypoxemia presents with plastic modifications in CB structure and function. The current review will focus on the following main aspects: (1) the CB as a low glucose sensor in both in vitro and in vivo models; (2) molecular and ionic mechanisms of low glucose sensing by glomus cells, (3) the interplay between low glucose and O2 sensing in CB, and (4) the role of CB low glucose sensing in the pathophysiology of cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases, and how this may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain ; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
| | - María García-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain
| | - Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Seville, Spain ; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|