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Burggren WW, Andrewartha SJ, Mueller CA, Dubansky B, Tazawa H. Acid-base and hematological regulation in chicken embryos during internal progressive hypercapnic hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 308:103996. [PMID: 36402363 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of the capacity to mitigate potential disturbances to blood physiology in bird embryos is incompletely understood. We investigated regulation of acid-base and hematology in day 15 chicken embryos exposed to graded intrinsic hypercapnic hypoxia created by varying degrees of water submersion. Metabolic acidosis with additional respiratory or metabolic acidosis occurred at 2 h according to magnitude of submersion. Acid-base disturbance was partially compensated by metabolic alkalosis at 6 h, but compensatory metabolic alkalosis was absent at 24 h. Following submersion with only air cell exposed to air, both hypercapnic respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis occurred within 10 min. Subsequently, both forms of acidosis created lethal levels of [HCO3-] at ∼120 min. Blood hematology showed small but significant effects associated with induced acid-base disturbance. Increased Hct occurring during partial egg submersion lasting 24 h was attributed to an increase in MCV. By day 15 of development chicken embryos are able to partially compensate for and withstand all but severe induced internal hypoxic hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Sarah J Andrewartha
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA; CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research, Food Futures Flagship, CPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Casey A Mueller
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E. B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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van den Brand H, Meijerhof R, Heetkamp MJW, van den Anker I, Ooms M, Kemp B, Molenaar R. Interaction between eggshell temperature and carbon dioxide concentration after day 8 of incubation on broiler chicken embryo development. Animal 2021; 15:100223. [PMID: 34030030 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered to be an important factor during incubation of eggs. Effects attributed to higher CO2 concentrations during experiment might be due to confounding effects of other environmental conditions, such as incubation temperature. To disentangle effects of eggshell temperature (EST) and CO2 concentration, an experiment was conducted. A total of 630 Cobb 500 hatching eggs from 37 to 45 wk commercial breeder flocks were collected and incubated according to treatments. The experiment was setup as a complete randomized 2 × 3 factorial design, resulting in 6 treatments. From day 8 of incubation onward, broiler eggs were exposed to one of two EST (37.8 or 38.9 °C) and one of three CO2 concentrations (0.1, 0.4 or 0.8%). Eggs were incubated in climate-respiration chambers and metabolic heat production was determined continuously. At day 18 of incubation and at 6 h after hatching, embryo and chicken quality were determined by evaluation of organ weights, navel condition, blood metabolites and hepatic glycogen. Hatching time and chicken length at 6 h after hatching showed an interaction between EST and CO2 concentration (both P = 0.001). Furthermore, no effect of CO2 concentration was found on embryo development or chicken quality. Metabolic heat production between day 8 and 18 of incubation was not affected by either EST or CO2. At day 18 of incubation, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher egg weight loss, longer embryos, higher yolk free body mass (YFBM) and lower heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.008). At 6 h after hatching, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher residual yolk weight and lower YFBM, liver weight and heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.003). Lactate, uric acid and hepatic glycogen were not affected by EST at either day 18 of incubation or at hatch. Glucose was not affected by EST at day 18 of incubation, but at hatch, it was higher at an EST of 37.8 °C than at an EST of 38.9 °C (P = 0.02). It can be concluded that effects of CO2 concentration (at concentrations ≤0.8%) on embryonic development and chicken quality appear to be limited when EST is maintained at a constant level. Moreover, a higher EST from day 8 of incubation onward appears to negatively affect chicken quality at hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Meijerhof
- Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Ooms
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Baker BI, Torrey S, Widowski TM, Turner PV, Knezacek TD, Nicholds J, Crowe TG, Schwean-Lardner K. Evaluation of carbon dioxide induction methods for the euthanasia of day-old cull broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2043-2053. [PMID: 30624707 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 5 different CO2 euthanasia induction techniques for day-old cull chicks in minimizing distress and inducing a rapid loss of sensibility and death. Each induction treatment was characterized for concentration change over time, maximum concentration, and time to reach maximum. Sixteen chicks were euthanized with the gradual treatments to establish validity of treatment. Then, all 5 treatments were evaluated for effect on distress, insensibility, and death. Day-of-hatch cull chicks (n = 110) were euthanized in pairs by either immersion into 100% CO2 or gradual induction to 100% CO2 at displacement rates of 7, 14, 21, or 28% of chamber volume added per min (% vol/min). CO2 concentration was measured at chick level. Live focal observations and video recordings were used to assess latency to behavioral responses: head shaking (HS) and gasping (GS) as indicators of distress; loss of posture (LOP) as an indicator of insensibility; and cessation of rhythmic breathing (CRB) and movement (COM), indicating death. All behaviors occurred at the earliest with immersion compared to gradual treatments, and time between first signs of distress and LOP was shorter for immersion than gradual treatments. Gradual treatments showed a linear decrease in latency to HS, GS, and LOP as displacement rate increased. Latency to CRB decreased quadratically with increasing displacement rate, while COM decreased linearly. Within gradual treatments, HS and GS occurred at CO2 concentrations between 0.43 and 1.14%, LOP between 11.1 and 17.5%, while CRB and COM occurred between 61.8 and 78.4%. Overall, immersion induced distress, insensibility, and death significantly faster and with the shortest interval between distress and insensibility. For gradual treatment, insensibility and death occurred faster with increasing displacement rates. Behavioral signs of distress were observed with all treatments, and occurred at concentrations lower than those causing insensibility. In conclusion, immersion into 100% CO2 environment resulted in the shortest time of distress and fastest time to death compared to gradual displacement rates of any speed measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Baker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - S Torrey
- Campbell Centre for Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - T M Widowski
- Campbell Centre for Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - P V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - T D Knezacek
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - J Nicholds
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - T G Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Hematology from embryo to adult in the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus): Differential effects in the adult of clutch, sex and hypoxic incubation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dynamics of acid-base and hematological regulation in day 15 chicken embryos ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) exposed to graded hypercapnia and hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 239:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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