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Filogonio R, Gargaglioni LH, Santin J. Evaluation of sex-based differences in central control of breathing in American bullfrogs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 326:104269. [PMID: 38688432 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The neural control of breathing exhibits sex differences. There is now a large effort to account for biological sex in mammalian research, but the degree to which ectothermic vertebrates exhibit sex differences in the central control of breathing is not well-established. Therefore, we compared respiratory-related neural activity in brainstem-spinal cord preparations from female and male bullfrogs to determine if important aspects of the central control of breathing vary with sex. We found that the breathing pattern was similar across males and females, but baseline frequency of the respiratory network was faster in females. The magnitude of the central response to hypercapnia was similar across sexes, but the time to reach maximum burst rate occurred more slowly in females. These results suggest that sex differences may account for variation in traits associated with the control of breathing and that future work should carefully account for sex of the animal in analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Filogonio
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, FCAVJ-UNESP-São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Joseph Santin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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2
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Blackburn J, Chapur VF, Stephens JA, Zhao J, Shepler A, Pierson CR, Otero JJ. Revisiting the Neuropathology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Front Neurol 2020; 11:594550. [PMID: 33391159 PMCID: PMC7773837 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.594550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the leading causes of infant mortality in the United States (US). The extent to which SIDS manifests with an underlying neuropathological mechanism is highly controversial. SIDS correlates with markers of poor prenatal and postnatal care, generally rooted in the lack of access and quality of healthcare endemic to select racial and ethnic groups, and thus can be viewed in the context of health disparities. However, some evidence suggests that at least a subset of SIDS cases may result from a neuropathological mechanism. To explain these issues, a triple-risk hypothesis has been proposed, whereby an underlying biological abnormality in an infant facing an extrinsic risk during a critical developmental period SIDS is hypothesized to occur. Each SIDS decedent is thus thought to have a unique combination of these risk factors leading to their death. This article reviews the neuropathological literature of SIDS and uses machine learning tools to identify distinct subtypes of SIDS decedents based on epidemiological data. Methods: We analyzed US Period Linked Birth/Infant Mortality Files from 1990 to 2017 (excluding 1992–1994). Using t-SNE, an unsupervised machine learning dimensionality reduction algorithm, we identified clusters of SIDS decedents. Following identification of these groups, we identified changes in the rates of SIDS at the state level and across three countries. Results: Through t-SNE and distance based statistical analysis, we identified three groups of SIDS decedents, each with a unique peak age of death. Within the US, SIDS is geographically heterogeneous. Following this, we found low birth weight and normal birth weight SIDS rates have not been equally impacted by implementation of clinical guidelines. We show that across countries with different levels of cultural heterogeneity, reduction in SIDS rates has also been distinct between decedents with low vs. normal birth weight. Conclusions: Different epidemiological and extrinsic risk factors exist based on the three unique SIDS groups we identified with t-SNE and distance based statistical measurements. Clinical guidelines have not equally impacted the groups, and normal birth weight infants comprise more of the cases of SIDS even though low birth weight infants have a higher SIDS rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blackburn
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Education & Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valeria F Chapur
- Instituto de Ecoregiones Andinas (INECOA)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología de la Altura (INBIAL)/Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJU), San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Julie A Stephens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anne Shepler
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Franklin County Forensic Science Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Education & Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - José Javier Otero
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Morash AJ, Lyle JM, Currie S, Bell JD, Stehfest KM, Semmens JM. The endemic and endangered Maugean Skate ( Zearaja maugeana) exhibits short-term severe hypoxia tolerance. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coz105. [PMID: 31976076 PMCID: PMC6969080 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endangered and range-restricted Maugean skate (Zearaja maugeana) is subjected to large environmental variability coupled with anthropogenic stressors in its endemic habitat, Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. However, little is known about the basic biology/physiology of this skate, or how it may respond to future environmental challenges predicted from climate change and/or increases in human activities such as aquaculture. These skate live at a preferred depth of 5-15 m where the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are moderate (~55% air saturation), but can be found in areas of the Harbour where DO can range from 100% saturation to anoxia. Given that the water at their preferred depth is already hypoxic, we sought to investigate their response to further decreases in DO that may arise from potential increases in anthropogenic stress. We measured oxygen consumption, haematological parameters, tissue-enzyme capacity and heat shock protein (HSP) levels in skate exposed to 55% dissolved O2 saturation (control) and 20% dissolved O2 saturation (hypoxic) for 48 h. We conclude that the Maugean skate appears to be an oxyconformer, with a decrease in the rate of O2 consumption with increasing hypoxia. Increases in blood glucose and lactate at 20% O2 suggest that skate are relying more on anaerobic metabolism to tolerate periods of very low oxygen. Despite these metabolic shifts, there was no difference in HSP70 levels between groups, suggesting this short-term exposure did not elicit a cellular stress response. The metabolic state of the skate suggests that low oxygen stress for longer periods of time (i.e. >48 h) may not be tolerable and could potentially result in loss of habitat or shifts in their preferred habitat. Given its endemic distribution and limited life-history information, it will be critical to understand its tolerance to environmental challenges to create robust conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Morash
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7053, Australia
| | - Jeremy M Lyle
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7053, Australia
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 15 University Avenue PO Box 107 Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Justin D Bell
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7053, Australia
| | - Kilian M Stehfest
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7053, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7053, Australia
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Janes TA, Rousseau JP, Fournier S, Kiernan EA, Harris MB, Taylor BE, Kinkead R. Development of central respiratory control in anurans: The role of neurochemicals in the emergence of air-breathing and the hypoxic response. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 270:103266. [PMID: 31408738 PMCID: PMC7476778 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and environmental factors impacting respiratory homeostasis vary throughout the course of an animal's lifespan from embryo to adult and can shape respiratory development. The developmental emergence of complex neural networks for aerial breathing dates back to ancestral vertebrates, and represents the most important process for respiratory development in extant taxa ranging from fish to mammals. While substantial progress has been made towards elucidating the anatomical and physiological underpinnings of functional respiratory control networks for air-breathing, much less is known about the mechanisms establishing these networks during early neurodevelopment. This is especially true of the complex neurochemical ensembles key to the development of air-breathing. One approach to this issue has been to utilize comparative models such as anuran amphibians, which offer a unique perspective into early neurodevelopment. Here, we review the developmental emergence of respiratory behaviours in anuran amphibians with emphasis on contributions of neurochemicals to this process and highlight opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Janes
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Rousseau
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Kiernan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael B Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
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5
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Sex differences in breathing. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 238:110543. [PMID: 31445081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.
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Trask WM, Baghdadwala MI, Wilson RJA. Developmental Maturation of Functional Coupling Between Ventilatory Oscillators in the American Bullfrog. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1218-1230. [PMID: 30354024 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many vital motor behaviors - including locomotion, swallowing, and breathing - appear to be dependent upon the activity of and coordination between multiple endogenously rhythmogenic nuclei, or neural oscillators. Much as the functional development of sensory circuits is shaped during maturation, we hypothesized that coordination of oscillators involved in motor control may likewise be maturation-dependent, i.e., coupling and coordination between oscillators change over development. We tested this hypothesis using the bullfrog isolated brainstem preparation to study the metamorphic transition of ventilatory motor patterns from early rhythmic buccal (water) ventilation in the tadpole to the mature pattern of rhythmic buccal and lung (air) ventilation in the adult. Spatially distinct oscillators drive buccal and lung bursts in the isolated brainstem; we found these oscillators to be active but functionally uncoupled in the tadpole. Over the course of metamorphosis, the rhythms produced by the buccal and lung oscillators become increasingly tightly coordinated. These changes parallel the progression of structural and behavioral changes in the animal, with adult levels of coupling arising by the metamorphic stage (forelimb eruption). These findings suggest that oscillator coupling undergoes a maturation process similar to the refinement of sensory circuits over development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Trask
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mufaddal I Baghdadwala
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bartman ME, Johnson SM. Isolated adult turtle brainstems exhibit central hypoxic chemosensitivity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 225:65-73. [PMID: 30003967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During hypoxia, red-eared slider turtles increase ventilation and decrease episodic breathing, but whether these responses are due to central mechanisms is not known. To test this question, isolated adult turtle brainstems were exposed to 240 min of hypoxic solution (bath PO2 = 32.6 ± 1.2 mmHg) and spontaneous respiratory-related motor bursts (respiratory event) were recorded on hypoglossal nerve roots. During hypoxia, burst frequency increased during the first 15 min, and then decreased during the remaining 35-240 min of hypoxia. Burst amplitude was maintained for 120 min, but then decreased during the last 120 min. The number of bursts/respiratory event decreased within 30 min and remained decreased. Pretreatment with either prazosin (α1-adrenergic antagonist) or MDL7222 (5-HT3 antagonist) blocked the hypoxia-induced short-term increase and the longer duration decrease in burst frequency. MDL7222, but not prazosin, blocked the hypoxia-induced decrease in bursts/respiratory event. Thus, during bath hypoxia, isolated turtle brainstems continued to produce respiratory motor output, but the frequency and pattern were altered in a manner that required endogenous α1-adrenergic and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor activation. This is the first example of isolated reptile brainstems exhibiting central hypoxic chemosensitivity similar to other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Bartman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stephen M Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Boswell WT, Boswell M, Walter DJ, Navarro KL, Chang J, Lu Y, Savage MG, Shen J, Walter RB. Exposure to 4100K fluorescent light elicits sex specific transcriptional responses in Xiphophorus maculatus skin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 208:96-104. [PMID: 28965926 PMCID: PMC5876067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that exposure to artificial light may affect oxygen intake, heart rate, absorption of vitamins and minerals, and behavioral responses in humans. We have reported specific gene expression responses in the skin of Xiphophorus fish after exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), as well as, both broad spectrum and narrow waveband visible light. In regard to fluorescent light (FL), we have shown that male X. maculatus exposed to 4100K FL (i.e. "cool white") rapidly suppress transcription of many genes involved with DNA replication and repair, chromosomal segregation, and cell cycle progression in skin. We have also detailed sex specific transcriptional responses of Xiphophorus skin after exposure to UVB. However, investigation of gender differences in global gene expression response after exposure to 4100K FL has not been reported, despite common use of this FL source for residential, commercial, and animal facility illumination. Here, we compare RNA-Seq results analyzed to assess changes in the global transcription profiles of female and male X. maculatus skin in response to 4100K FL exposure. Our results suggest 4100K FL exposure incites a sex-biased genetic response including up-modulation of inflammation in females and down modulation of DNA repair/replication in males. In addition, we identify clusters of genes that become oppositely modulated in males and females after FL exposure that are principally involved in cell death and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Boswell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Dylan J Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Kaela L Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Jordan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Markita G Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| | - Ronald B Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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Wilson RJA. Prelude Special Issue: Control of breathing in non-mammalian vertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 224:1. [PMID: 26972021 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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