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Glial Cell- Derived Neurotrophic Factor Functions as a Potential Candidate Gene in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Based on a Combination of Bioinformatics and Targeted Capture Sequencing Analyses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6656943. [PMID: 33688499 PMCID: PMC7911711 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6656943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent chronic disease that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden. The present study was aimed at identifying potential key genes influencing the mechanisms and consequences of OSA. Methods Gene expression profiles associated with OSA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in subcutaneous adipose tissues from patients with OSA and normal tissues were screened using R software, followed by gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and hub genes were extracted using Cytoscape plugins. The intersected core genes derived from different topological algorithms were considered hub genes, and the potential candidate gene was selected from them for further analyses of expression variations using another GEO dataset and targeted capture sequencing in 100 subjects (50 with severe OSA and 50 without OSA). Results A total of 373 DEGs were identified in OSA samples relative to normal controls, which were primarily associated with olfactory transduction and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Upon analyses of nine topological algorithms and available literature, we finally focused on glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as the candidate gene and validated its low expression in OSA samples. Two rare nonsynonymous variants (p.D56N and p.R93Q) were identified among the 100 cases through targeted sequencing of GDNF, which could be potentially deleterious based on pathogenicity prediction programs; however, no significant association was detected in single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusion The present study identified GDNF as a promising candidate gene for OSA and its two rare and potentially deleterious mutations through a combination of bioinformatics and targeted capture sequencing analyses.
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Cao Y, Cai X, Zhu Q, Li N. Screening and identification of potential biomarkers for obstructive sleep apnea via microarray analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24435. [PMID: 33530245 PMCID: PMC7850694 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common chronic disease and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden. This study aimed to identify potential key genes influence the mechanisms and consequences of OSA.Gene expression profiles related to OSA were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in subcutaneous adipose tissues from OSA compared with normal tissues were screened using R software, followed by gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for these DEGs was constructed by STRING, and key hub genes were extracted from the network with plugins in Cytoscape. The hub genes were further validated in another GEO dataset and assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Pearson correlation analysis.There were 373 DEGs in OSA samples in relative to normal controls, which were mainly associated with olfactory receptor activity and olfactory transduction. Upon analyses of the PPI network, GDNF, SLC2A2, PRL, and SST were identified as key hub genes. Decreased expression of the hub genes was association with OSA occurrence, and exhibited good performance in distinguishing OSA from normal samples based on ROC analysis. Besides, the Pearson method revealed a strong correlation between hub genes, which indicates that they may act in synergy, contributing to OSA and related disorders.This bioinformatics research identified 4 hub genes, including GDNF, SLC2A2, PRL, and SST which may be new potential biomarkers for OSA and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xintian Cai
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Xinjiang Medical University
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Zhou P, Guan J, Xu P, Zhao J, Zhang C, Zhang B, Mao Y, Cui W. Cell Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:585-605. [PMID: 31637103 PMCID: PMC6798812 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that resulted from destroyed long axis of spinal cord, affecting thousands of people every year. With the occurrence of SCI, the lesions can form cystic cavities and produce glial scar, myelin inhibitor, and inflammation that negatively impact repair of spinal cord. Therefore, SCI remains a difficult problem to overcome with present therapeutics. This review of cell therapeutics in SCI provides a systematic review of combinatory therapeutics of SCI and helps the realization of regeneration of spinal cord in the future. Recent Advances: With major breakthroughs in neurobiology in recent years, present therapeutic strategies for SCI mainly aim at nerve regeneration or neuroprotection. For nerve regeneration, the application approaches are tissue engineering and cell transplantation, while drug therapeutics is applied for neuroprotection. Cell therapeutics is a new approach that treats SCI by cell transplantation. Cell therapeutics possesses advantages of neuroprotection, immune regulation, axonal regeneration, neuron relay formation, and remyelination. Critical Issues: Neurons cannot regenerate at the site of injury. Therefore, it is essential to find a repair strategy for remyelination, axon regeneration, and functional recovery. Cell therapeutics is emerging as the most promising approach for treating SCI. Future Directions: The future application of SCI therapy in clinical practice may require a combination of multiple strategies. A comprehensive treatment of injury of spinal cord is the focus of the present research. With the combination of different cell therapy strategies, future experiments will achieve more dramatic success in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Sinomenine Attenuates Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Nrf2 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:763-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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History of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) and Its Use for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060109. [PMID: 29899247 PMCID: PMC6025482 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an initial mechanical insult, traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a secondary wave of injury, resulting in a toxic lesion environment inhibitory to axonal regeneration. This review focuses on the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its application, in combination with other factors and cell transplantations, for repairing the injured spinal cord. As studies of recent decades strongly suggest that combinational treatment approaches hold the greatest therapeutic potential for the central nervous system (CNS) trauma, future directions of combinational therapies will also be discussed.
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Rosich K, Hanna BF, Ibrahim RK, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3311-3325. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rosich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bishoy F. Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica, West Indies
| | - Rami K. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Exercise Training Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4039580. [PMID: 28050288 PMCID: PMC5168470 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4039580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exercise training is an effective therapy for spinal cord injury which has been applied to clinic. Traditionally, the exercise training has been considered to improve spinal cord function only through enhancement, compensation, and replacement of the remaining function of nerve and muscle. Recently, accumulating evidences indicated that exercise training can improve the function in different levels from end-effector organ such as skeletal muscle to cerebral cortex through reshaping skeletal muscle structure and muscle fiber type, regulating physiological and metabolic function of motor neurons in the spinal cord and remodeling function of the cerebral cortex. We compiled published data collected in different animal models and clinical studies into a succinct review of the current state of knowledge.
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Functional Recovery from Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30898. [PMID: 27485458 PMCID: PMC4971501 DOI: 10.1038/srep30898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies targeting chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have concluded that neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) transplantation exerts only a subclinical recovery; this in contrast to its remarkable effect on acute and subacute SCI. To determine whether the addition of rehabilitative intervention enhances the effect of NS/PC transplantation for chronic SCI, we used thoracic SCI mouse models to compare manifestations secondary to both transplantation and treadmill training, and the two therapies combined, with a control group. Significant locomotor recovery in comparison with the control group was only achieved in the combined therapy group. Further investigation revealed that NS/PC transplantation improved spinal conductivity and central pattern generator activity, and that treadmill training promoted the appropriate inhibitory motor control. The combined therapy enhanced these independent effects of each single therapy, and facilitated neuronal differentiation of transplanted cells and maturation of central pattern generator activity synergistically. Our data suggest that rehabilitative treatment represents a therapeutic option for locomotor recovery after NS/PC transplantation, even in chronic SCI.
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Lin R, Ding Z, Ma H, Shi H, Gao Y, Qian W, Shi W, Sun Z, Hou X, Li X. In Vitro Conditioned Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote De Novo Functional Enteric Nerve Regeneration, but Not Through Direct-Transdifferentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3545-57. [PMID: 26302722 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Injury or neurodegenerative disorders of the enteric nervous system (ENS) cause gastrointestinal dysfunctions for which there is no effective therapy. This study, using the benzalkonium chloride-induced rat gastric denervation model, aimed to determine whether transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) could promote ENS neuron regeneration and if so, to elucidate the mechanism. Fluorescently labeled BMSC, isolated from either WT (BMSC labeled with bis-benzimide [BBM]) or green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic rats, were preconditioned in vitro using fetal gut culture media containing glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and transplanted subserosally into the denervated area of rat pylorus. In the nerve-ablated pylorus, grafted BMSC survived and migrated from the subserosa to the submucosa 28 days after transplantation, without apparent dedifferentiation. A massive number of PGP9.5/NSE/HuC/D/Tuj1-positive (but GFP- and BBM-negative) neurons were effectively regenerated in denervated pylorus grafted with preconditioned BMSC, suggesting that they were regenerated de novo, not originating from trans-differentiation of the transplanted BMSC. BMSC transplantation restored both basal pyloric contractility and electric field stimulation-induced relaxation. High levels of GDNF were induced in both in vitro-preconditioned BMSC as well as the previously denervated pylorus after transplantation of preconditioned BMSC. Thus, a BMSC-initiated GDNF-positive feedback mechanism is suggested to promote neuron regeneration and growth. In summary, we have demonstrated that allogeneically transplanted preconditioned BMSC initiate de novo regeneration of gastric neuronal cells/structures that in turn restore gastric contractility in pylorus-denervated rats. These neuronal structures did not originate from the grafted BMSC. Our data suggest that preconditioned allogeneic BMSC may have therapeutic value in treating enteric nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine/GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Ding
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine/GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huan Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Division of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhang Li
- Department of Medicine/GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Huang SM, Chen TS, Chiu CM, Chang LK, Liao KF, Tan HM, Yeh WL, Chang GRL, Wang MY, Lu DY. GDNF increases cell motility in human colon cancer through VEGF-VEGFR1 interaction. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:73-84. [PMID: 24165321 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent neurotrophic factor, has been shown to affect cancer cell metastasis and invasion. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GDNF-induced colon cancer cell migration remain unclear. GDNF is found to be positively correlated with malignancy in human colon cancer patients. The migratory activities of two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and SW480, were found to be enhanced in the presence of human GDNF. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was also increased in response to GDNF stimulation, along with VEGF mRNA expression and transcriptional activity. The enhancement of GDNF-induced cancer cell migration was antagonized by a VEGF-neutralizing antibody. Our results also showed that the expression of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) was increased in response to GDNF stimulation, whereas GDNF-induced cancer cell migration was reduced by a VEGFR inhibitor. The GDNF-induced VEGF expression was regulated by the p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Treatment with GDNF increased nuclear hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α) accumulation and its transcriptional activity in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, GDNF increased hypoxia responsive element (HRE)-containing VEGF promoter transcriptional activity but not that of the HRE-deletion VEGF promoter construct. Inhibition of HIF1α by a pharmacological inhibitor or dominant-negative mutant reduced the GDNF-induced migratory activity in human colon cancer cells. These results indicate that GDNF enhances the migration of colon cancer cells by increasing VEGF-VEGFR interaction, which is mainly regulated by the p38, PI3K/Akt, and HIF1α signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Preventive Medicine Center, Department of Community Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan Departments of Pathology Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Medical Research, Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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A new in vitro injury model of mouse neurons induced by mechanical scratching. Neurosci Lett 2012; 510:14-9. [PMID: 22245654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mixed culture of neurons and glial cells has been widely used as a mechanical insult model for the study of neuron injury in vitro. However, a better model is desirable to eliminate the interference of glial cells during the study. Here we report a new model with exclusive cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), which can be used for the study of in vitro neuron injury without involvement of glial cells. We found that after scratching insult, there was a decrease in both the survival rate and vitality of injured CGNs. Meanwhile, pathological changes were observed by electron microscopy. With this new model, we also tested the effects of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on neuroprotection. The result showed that the vitality of injured CGNs was enhanced by the administration of NT-3. These findings demonstrate that this new model is useful for investigation of the precise effect of mechanical damage on neurons excluding other factors, and to detect the neuroprotective effect of certain factors on mechanically injured neurons.
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Agmatine-promoted angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inhibition of gliosis-reduced traumatic brain injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:E87-93. [PMID: 21427621 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31820932e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of agmatine-induced neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. This study was to test whether inhibition of gliosis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis attenuating TBI could be agmatine stimulated. METHODS Anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to sham-operated group, TBI rats treated with saline (1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally), or TBI rats treated with agmatine (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Saline or agmatine was injected 5 minutes after TBI and again once daily for the next 3 postoperative days. RESULTS Agmatine therapy in rats significantly attenuated TBI-induced motor function deficits (62° vs. 52° maximal angle) and cerebral infarction (88 mm vs. 216 mm), significantly reduced TBI-induced neuronal (9 NeuN-TUNEL double positive cells vs. 60 NeuN-TUNEL double positive cells) and glial (2 GFAP-TUNEL double positive cells vs. 20 GFAP-TUNEL double positive cells) apoptosis (increased TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells), neuronal loss (82 NeuN-positive cells vs. 60 NeuN-positive cells), gliosis (35 GFAP-positive cells vs. 72 GFAP-positive cells; 60 Iba1-positive cells vs. 90 Iba1-positive cells), and neurotoxicity (30 n-NOS-positive cells vs. 90 n-NOS-positive cells; 35 3-NT-positive cells vs. 90 3-NT-positive cells), and significantly promoted angiogenesis (3 BrdU/endothelial cells vs. 0.5 BrdU/endothelial cells; 50 vascular endothelial growth factor positive cells vs. 20 vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cells) and neurogenesis (27 BrdU/NeuN positive cells vs. 15 BrdU/NeuN positive cells). CONCLUSIONS Resultantly, agmatine therapy may attenuate TBI in rats via promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inhibition of gliosis.
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Body cooling ameliorating spinal cord injury may be neurogenesis-, anti-inflammation- and angiogenesis-associated in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:885-93. [PMID: 20693909 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181e7456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body cooling (BC) or mild hypothermia therapy (about 33°C) is reportedly effective for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of BC remain unclear, so does BC ameliorating SCI via promoting neurogenesis, anti-inflammation, and angiogenesis. METHODS The standard rat compression SCI model was tested hypothetically in two groups: one receiving BC (33°C) and the other, normothermia (37°C). Afterward, the effects of BC therapy on the hind limb locomotion, spinal cord infarction and apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inflammation in these two groups of SCI were assessed. The other group of sham SCI was used as controls. RESULTS Apoptosis (evidenced by higher numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl- transferase-mediated and duDP-biotin nick end-labeling-positive cells), infarct, activated inflammation (evidenced by higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and myeloperoxidase), and hind limb locomotor dysfunction were inspected in the untreated (37°C) SCI rats 4 days after SCI. When compared with those of untreated SCI rats, SCI rats receiving BC (33°C) displayed lower levels of apoptosis, infarct volume, activated inflammation, and hind limb locomotor dysfunction. In addition, that BC promoted both angiogenesis (evidenced by increased numbers of both vascular endothelial growth factors and bromodeoxyuridine-positive endothelial cells) and neurogenesis (evidenced by increased numbers of both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic growth factors and bromodeoxyuridine-neuronal-specific nuclear protein double positive cells) in the injured spinal cord was evaluated 4 days after SCI. CONCLUSION BC (33°C) improved SCI outcomes by promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and anti-inflammation in a rat SCI model.
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Yung MC, Hsu CC, Kang CY, Lin CL, Chang SL, Wang JJ, Lin MT, Chen PJ, Chen SH. A potential for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for use as a prophylactic agent for heatstroke in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 661:109-17. [PMID: 21545796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heatstroke is a form of excessive hyperthermia associated with a systemic inflammatory response that leads to multi-organ dysfunction in which central nervous system disorders predominate. Herein we determined to ascertain whether heat-induced multi-organ dysfunction in rats could be attenuated by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) preconditioning. Anesthetized rats were divided into 2 major groups and given vehicle solution (isotonic saline, 0.3 ml, subcutaneously) or G-CSF (50-200 μg/kg body weight in 0.3 ml normal saline, subcutaneously) daily and consecutively for 5 days before the start of thermal experiments. They were exposed to an ambient temperature of 43°C for 68 min to induce heatstroke. G-CSF preconditioning significantly prolonged the survival time in heatstroke rats in a dose-related way (82-98 min vs 127-243 min). The non-preconditioning heatstroke animals showed hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, increased serum levels of systemic inflammatory response molecules, increased hypothalamic apoptotic cell numbers as well as neuronal damage scores, and increased serum levels of renal and hepatic dysfunction indicators. These heatstroke syndromes could be significantly reduced by G-CSF preconditioning. Thus our results revealed a potential for G-CSF used as a prophylactic agent for heatstroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Yung
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Premarin improves outcomes of spinal cord injury in male rats through stimulating both angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:2043-51. [PMID: 20657272 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181ef44dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether Premarin improves spinal cord injury outcomes in male rats by stimulating both angiogenesis and neurogenesis. DESIGN Chi Mei Medical Center research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats 240-258 g. INTERVENTIONS Anesthetized rats, after the onset of spinal cord injury, were divided into two groups and given the vehicle solution (1 mL/kg of body weight) or Premarin (1 mg/kg of body weight). Saline or Premarin solutions were administered intravenously and immediately after spinal cord injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Premarin (an estrogen sulfate) causes attenuation of spinal cord injury-induced spinal cord infarction and hind limb locomotor dysfunction. Spinal cord injury-induced apoptosis as well as activated inflammation was also significantly Premarin-reduced. In injured spinal cord, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and production of an antiinflammatory cytokine were all Premarin therapy-promoted. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Premarin therapy may protect against spinal cord apoptosis after spinal cord injury through mechanisms stimulating both angiogenesis and neurogenesis in male rats.
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Han X, Yang N, Xu Y, Zhu J, Chen Z, Liu Z, Dang G, Song C. Simvastatin treatment improves functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury by upregulating the expression of BDNF and GDNF. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:255-9. [PMID: 20851742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of simvastatin treatment starting 1 day after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rat and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Spinal cord injury was induced in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats after laminectomy at T9-T10. Then additionally with sham group (laminectomy only) the SCI animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: vehicle-treated group; 5-mg/kg simvastatin-treated group; and 10-mg/kg simvastatin-treated group. Simvastatin or vehicle was administered orally at 1 day after SCI and then daily for 5 weeks. Locomotor functional recovery was assessed during 8 weeks postoperation by performing open-field locomotor test and inclined-plane test. At the end of study, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were assessed to evaluate the integrity of spinal cord pathways. Then, the animals were killed, and 1-cm segments of spinal cord encompassing the injury site were removed for histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the spinal cord. Results show that the simvastatin-treated animals showed significantly better locomotor function recovery, better electrophysiological outcome, less myelin loss, and higher expression of BDNF and GDNF. These findings suggest that simvastatin treatment starting 1 day after SCI can significantly improve locomotor recovery, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of BDNF and GDNF. Therefore, simvastatin may be useful as a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Ahn M, Jin JK, Moon C, Matsumoto Y, Koh CS, Shin T. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is expressed by inflammatory cells in the sciatic nerves of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010; 15:104-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tai PA, Chang CK, Niu KC, Lin MT, Chiu WT, Lin CM. Attenuating Experimental Spinal Cord Injury by Hyperbaric Oxygen: Stimulating Production of Vasculoendothelial and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Growth Factors and Interleukin-10. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1121-7. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Tai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Kuei Chang
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University and Municipal Wan-Fan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chi Niu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University and Municipal Wan-Fan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University and Municipal Wan-Fan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ba YC, Dai P, Zhou HL, Liu J, Wang TH. Spatiotemporal changes of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 in the developing spinal cords of embryonic chicken. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:273-8. [PMID: 19851867 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal changes of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the spinal cords of chick embryonic stage day 7 (E7) and day 14 (E14) were examined by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Intensive NGF immunoreaction (IR) was detected in the white matter of the spinal cords, while BDNF-IR in perikaryon and neurite, and NT-3-IR in the nucleus and cytoplasm were seen in the neurons of the ventral horn in the gray matter. Comparatively, the expressions for three growth factors have expanded largely into the dorsal horn at E14, and the level of proteins for these growth factors increased significantly in the spinal cords from E7 to E14. Morphological observation showed that the lumbar spinal cords of E7 appeared rectangular, whereas it gave a butterfly shape in the gray matter consisting of the typical ventral horn, dorsal horn and intermediate zone at E14. The present findings indicated that the spatiotemporal changes of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 could be associated to the morphological changes of developing spinal cords, suggesting the possible roles of three growth factors in the development of spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Ba
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, No 191 Renming West Road, 650031 Kunming, China
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Chen CT, Foo NH, Liu WS, Chen SH. Infusion of human umbilical cord blood cells ameliorates hind limb dysfunction in experimental spinal cord injury through anti-inflammatory, vasculogenic and neurotrophic mechanisms. Pediatr Neonatol 2008; 49:77-83. [PMID: 18947003 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-9572(08)60017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of cord blood cells in spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: (1) sham operation (laminectomy only); (2) Laminectomy+SCI+human adult peripheral blood mononucleocytes (PBMCs) (5 x 10(6)/0.3 mL); and (3) Laminectomy+SCi+HUCBCs (5 x 10(6)/0.3 mL). SCI was induced by compressing the spinal cord for 1 minute with an aneurysm clip calibrated to 55 g closing pressure. HUCBCs were infused immediately after SCI via the tail vein. Behavioral function tests measuring the maximal angle at which an animal could hold onto the inclined plane were conducted on days 1, 4 and 7 after SCI. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10, were assayed. Furthermore, to determine if glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could be detected in the spinal cord injured area after systemic HUCBC infusion, analysis of these two molecules was conducted by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Systemic HUCBC infusion significantly attenuated SCI-induced hind limb dysfunction. The serum IL-10 levels were increased, but TNF-alpha levels were decreased after HUCBC infusion. Both VEGF and GDNF could be detected in the injured spinal cord after transplantation of HUCBC, but not PBMC, cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that HUCBC therapy may be beneficial for the recovery of SCI-induced hind limb dysfunction by increasing serum levels of IL-10, VEGF and GDNF in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ta Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Stem Cell Lab, Chi Mei Medical Center, Yung Kung City, Tainan, Taiwan
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