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Dashnau JL, Xue Q, Nelson M, Law E, Cao L, Hei D. A risk-based approach for cell line development, manufacturing and characterization of genetically engineered, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived allogeneic cell therapies. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1-13. [PMID: 36109321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cellular reprogramming and gene-editing approaches have opened up the potential for a new class of ex vivo cell therapies based on genetically engineered, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived allogeneic cells. While these new therapies share some similarities with their primary cell-derived autologous and allogeneic cell therapy predecessors, key differences exist in the processes used for generating genetically engineered, iPSC-derived allogeneic therapies. Specifically, in iPSC-derived allogeneic therapies, donor selection and gene-editing are performed once over the lifetime of the product as opposed to as part of the manufacturing of each product batch. The introduction of a well-characterized, fully modified, clonally derived master cell bank reduces risks that have been inherent to primary-cell derived autologous and allogeneic therapies. Current regulatory guidance, which was largely developed based on the learnings gained from earlier generation therapies, leaves open questions around considerations for donor eligibility, starting materials and critical components, cell banking and genetic stability. Here, a risk-based approach is proposed to address these considerations, while regulatory guidance continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Xue
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Nelson
- Century Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Law
- Century Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Cao
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Hei
- Clade Therapeutics, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Tsujimoto H, Osafune K. Current status and future directions of clinical applications using iPS cells-focus on Japan. FEBS J 2022; 289:7274-7291. [PMID: 34407307 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using iPS cell technologies has progressed remarkably in recent years. In this review, we summarize these technologies and their clinical application. First, we discuss progress in the establishment of iPS cells, including the HLA-homo iPS cell stock project in Japan and the advancement of low antigenic iPS cells using genome-editing technology. Then, we describe iPS cell-based therapies in or approaching clinical application, including those for ophthalmological, neurological, cardiac, hematological, cartilage, and metabolic diseases. Next, we introduce disease models generated from patient iPS cells and successfully used to identify therapeutic agents for intractable diseases. Clinical medicine using iPS cells has advanced safely and effectively by making full use of current scientific standards, but tests on cell safety need to be further developed and validated. The next decades will see the further spread of iPS cell technology-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,RegeNephro Co., Ltd., MIC bldg. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hirai T, Kono K, Kusakawa S, Yasuda S, Sawada R, Morishita A, Hata S, Wakita A, Kageyama T, Takahashi R, Watanabe S, Shiraishi N, Sato Y. Evaluation of the reproducibility and positive controls of cellular immortality test for the detection of immortalized cellular impurities in human cell-processed therapeutic products. Regen Ther 2022; 21:540-546. [PMID: 36382135 PMCID: PMC9634468 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contamination of human cell-processed therapeutic products (hCTPs) with tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities is a major concern in the manufacturing and quality control of hCTPs. The cellular immortality test based on cell growth analysis is a method for detecting tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities in hCTPs. However, the performance of the cellular immortality test has not yet been well characterized. In this study, we examined the reproducibility of the cellular immortality test in detecting HeLa cells as a model of tumorigenic cellular impurities, as well as the applicability of other models of cellular impurities with different tumorigenicity to the cellular immortality test. METHODS Using HeLa cells as a model for cellular impurities, we measured the growth rate of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) supplemented with HeLa cells at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.0001% at each passage in three laboratories and evaluated the reproducibility of the detection of immortalized cellular impurities. In addition, HEK293 cells (another immortalized cell line) and MRC-5 cells (a non-immortalized cell line) were employed as cellular impurity models that exhibit different growth characteristics from HeLa cells, and the ability of the cellular immortality test to detect these different impurities when mixed with hMSCs was examined. RESULTS In the multisite study, the growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with 1 and 10 HeLa cells (0.0001% and 0.001%) significantly increased and reached a plateau in all three laboratories, whereas those of hMSCs alone eventually decreased. Moreover, when hMSCs were supplemented with 10 and 100 HEK293 and MRC-5 cells (0.001% and 0.01%), the growth rate significantly increased. The growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with HEK293 cells increased with passage and remained high, whereas that of hMSCs supplemented with MRC-5 cells eventually decreased, as in the case of hMSCs alone. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the cellular immortality test is reproducible and can detect immortalized (i.e., potentially tumorigenic) cells such as HEK293 cells with a lower growth rate than HeLa cells by discriminating against normal cells, which could contribute to ensuring the safety and quality of hCTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Hirai
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kono
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakawa
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan,Department of Quality Assurance Science for Pharmaceuticals, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rumi Sawada
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Wakita
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kageyama
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Clinical Pathology Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, BoZo Research Center Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sono Watanabe
- Analytical Research Group, Research Division, HEALIOS K.K., Hyogo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Shiraishi
- New Healthcare Solutions, Corporate Strategy Department, Strategy Division, Kyowakirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan,Next Generation Life Science Technology Development Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan,Department of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Corresponding author. Division of Cell-Based Therapeutic Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki Ward, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan. Fax: +81-44-270-6526.
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Hatou S, Sayano T, Higa K, Inagaki E, Okano Y, Sato Y, Okano H, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. Transplantation of iPSC-derived corneal endothelial substitutes in a monkey corneal edema model. Stem Cell Res 2021; 55:102497. [PMID: 34411973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to provide regenerative therapy for millions of patients suffering from corneal blindness globally, we derived corneal endothelial cell substitute (CECSi) cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to treat corneal edema due to endothelial dysfunction (bullous keratopathy). METHODS AND RESULTS We developed an efficient xeno-free protocol to produce CECSi cells from both research grade (Ff-MH09s01 and Ff-I01s04) and clinical grade (QHJI01s04) iPSCs. CECSi cells formed a hexagonal confluent monolayer with Na, K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit expression (ATP1A1), tight junctions, N-cadherin adherence junction formation, and nuclear PITX2 expression, which are all characteristics of corneal endothelial cells. CECSi cells can be cryopreserved, and thawed CECSi cell suspensions also expressed N-cadherin and ATP1A1. Residual undifferentiated iPSCs in QHJI01s04-derived CECSi cells was below 0.01%. Frozen stocks of Ff-I01s04- and QHJI01s04-derived CECSi cells were transported, thawed and transplanted into a monkey corneal edema model. CECSi-transplanted eyes significantly reduced corneal edema compared to control group. CONCLUSION Our results show a promising approach to provide bullous keratopathy patients with an iPS-cell-based cell therapy to recover useful vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Cellusion Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sayano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Cellusion Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Emi Inagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fan BS, Liu Y, Zhang JY, Chen YR, Yang M, Yu JK. Principles for establishment of the stem cell bank and its applications on management of sports injuries. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:307. [PMID: 34051865 PMCID: PMC8164236 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stem cells of the stem cell banks have prominent problems for insufficient sources, easy contamination, unstable biological characteristics after serial subcultivations, and high cost. METHODS After collecting the construction processes of the existing stem cell banks and suggestions from authoritative experts in the past 10 years, 230 reference principles were obtained, and finally, the principles of "5C" for the establishment of modern standardized stem cell banks were summarized, and their related applications on the management of sports injuries were reviewed as well. RESULTS The basic principles of "5C" for the establishment of modern standardized stem cell banks include (1) principle of informed consent, (2) confidentiality principle, (3) conformity principle, (4) contamination-free principle, and (5) commonweal principle. The applications of stem cells on repairs, reconstructions, and regenerations of sports injuries were also reviewed, especially in tissue-engineered cartilage, tissue-engineered meniscus, and tissue-engineered ligament. CONCLUSIONS The proposal of the basic principles of "5C" is conducive to relevant stem cell researchers and clinical medical experts to build modern stem cell banks in a more standardized and efficient manner while avoiding some major mistakes or problems that may occur in the future. On this basis, stem cells from stem cell banks would be increasingly used in the management of sports injuries. More importantly, these days, getting stem cell samples are difficult in a short time, and such banks with proper legal consent may help the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Shi Fan
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 West, Baotong Road, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ji-Ying Zhang
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - You-Rong Chen
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No.7166 West, Baotong Road, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Sports Medicine Department of the Institution of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Wang Z, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Ultrasensitive Detection and Depletion of Rare Leukemic B Cells in T Cell Populations via Immunomagnetic Cell Ranking. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2327-2335. [PMID: 33432815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare CD19+ leukemic B cells present in purified T cell populations can cause disease relapse and even the failure of CD19-targeting CAR-T therapy as these rare cells have the ability to self-mask their surface CD19 and escape from the recognition of T cells. It is therefore critical to efficiently detect and robustly deplete rare leukemic B cells in samples of therapeutic T cells. Here, we present a novel microfluidic approach to address the challenges specific to quality control of therapeutic T cells - CAR-QC. CAR-QC utilizes immunomagnetic labeling with a highly selective microfluidic device to rank and isolate rare leukemic B cells in T cell populations. CAR-QC offers ultrasensitive detection of leukemic B cells at single-cell resolution and robust depletion efficiency up to 99.985%. We demonstrate that CAR-QC outperforms flow cytometry and magnetic-activated cell sorting for detecting or purifying spiked samples. In addition, we prove that the improved performance of CAR-QC helps to avoid the occurrence and possibly relapse of rare leukemic B cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada.,Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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Quality assessment tests for tumorigenicity of human iPS cell-derived cartilage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12794. [PMID: 32732907 PMCID: PMC7393378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage does not heal spontaneously and causes joint dysfunction. The implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cartilage (iPS-Cart) is one candidate treatment to regenerate the damaged cartilage. However, concerns of tumorigenicity are associated with iPS-Cart, because the iPSC reprogramming process and long culture time for cartilage induction could increase the chance of malignancy. We evaluated the tumorigenic risks of iPS-Cart using HeLa cells as the reference. Spike tests revealed that contamination with 100 HeLa cells in 150 mg of iPS-Cart accelerated the cell growth rate. On the other hand, 150 mg of iPS-Cart without HeLa cells reached growth arrest and senescence after culture, suggesting less than 100 tumorigenic cells, assuming they behave like HeLa cells, contaminated iPS-Cart. The implantation of 10,000 or fewer HeLa cells into joint surface defects in the knee joint of nude rat did not cause tumor formation. These in vitro and in vivo studies collectively suggest that the implantation of 15 g or less iPS-Cart in the knee joint does not risk tumor formation if assuming that the tumorigenic cells in iPS-Cart are equivalent to HeLa cells and that nude rat knee joints are comparable to human knee joints in terms of tumorigenicity. However, considering the limited immunodeficiency of nude rats, the clinical amount of iPS-Cart for implantation needs to be determined cautiously.
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Tumorigenicity assessment of cell therapy products: The need for global consensus and points to consider. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:1095-1111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shigeto J, Ichiki T, Nii T, Konno K, Nakanishi Y, Sugiyama D. Preclinical Toxicity Studies for Regenerative Medicine in Japan. Clin Ther 2018; 40:1813-1822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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