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Martínez-Ortega JI, Franco González S, Martinez-Jaramillo B, Ramirez Cibrian AG. Microsporum canis-Induced Tinea Capitis: A Rapid Screening Algorithm. Cureus 2024; 16:e55919. [PMID: 38601420 PMCID: PMC11004835 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tinea capitis is a common fungal infection of the scalp, primarily affecting children, and caused by fungi like Trichophyton and Microsporum. Its pathogenesis is influenced by both host-specific and environmental factors, resulting in various clinical presentations including hair loss and scaling of the scalp. We present the case of an eight-year-old male with tinea capitis, characterized by itching and hair loss in the occipital area. Examination revealed characteristic findings on trichoscopy, and direct examination of hair confirmed parasitization. Treatment with terbinafine was initiated, leading to the resolution of symptoms. Epidemiological variations in the etiology of tinea capitis exist globally, with Trichophyton predominating in some regions and Microsporum in others. Trichoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for differentiating fungal infections, guiding treatment decisions. Despite the efficiency of direct skin and hair examination, the common occurrence of tinea and the lack of mycological centers in many clinics pose challenges. To address this, we propose integrating trichoscopy and epidemiological and clinical data for a quick in-office decision tool.
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Haro M, Alemayehu T, Mikiru A. Dermatophytosis and its risk factors among children visiting dermatology clinic in Hawassa Sidama, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8630. [PMID: 37244958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis represents one of the common fungal diseases that attack the skin, hair and nail of human beings worldwide. It causes chronic morbidity in children and the condition is more common, in developing countries. The study aimed to determine dermatophytosis and its associated factors among children in Hawassa Sidama, Ethiopia April 2021-October 2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted on children suspected of cutaneous fungal infections. Data were surveyed based on a semi-structured questionnaire. Standard laboratory methods were used to identify the dermatophytes. The data entry and analysis were conducted with SPSS version 26. The Chi-square test was used to check the predictor and a p-value < 0.05 was taken as a significant value. A total of 83 study subjects included in the study in which all 83 (100%) patients were positive for fungal elements (hyphae/and spores) in microscopy, of this 81 (97.6%) yielded growth on culture. Hair scalps 75 (90.4%) were the dominant among the case. Trichophyton 52 (62.6%) was the dominant aetiology followed by Microsporum 22 (26.6%). Intervention measures to tackle dermatophytosis should emphasis on tinea capitis among 6-10 years old children with history of recent migration by raising awareness of communities through health extension programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Haro
- Department of Biology, Hawassa University College of Computational Sciences, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Alemayehu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box: 1560, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia.
| | - Abraham Mikiru
- Department of Biology, Hawassa University College of Computational Sciences, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
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Correia NS, Balbinot RTS, Bonacorsi C, Donofrio FC. Epidemiology of dermatomycoses in children in Northern Mato Grosso 2015-2020. Mycoses 2022; 65:560-566. [PMID: 35315158 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dermatomycoses, fungal diseases that affect the superficial layers of skin, hair, or nails, are a public health concern due to their high prevalence. In Brazil, dermatomycoses are not notifiable diseases, so only fragmented epidemiological studies have been reported in the national literature. To evaluate the epidemiological profile of dermatomycoses in preschoolers and school children in Sinop, Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. METHODS Classic methods were used to perform 782 mycological examinations to identify dermatophytosis, cutaneous candidosis, and pityriasis versicolor in preschoolers and school children aged between 6 months and 12 years in 11 educational institutions in Sinop - MT. RESULTS Among the evaluated clinical specimens, 5.2% tested positive for dermatophytosis, with 58.45% of these cases corresponding to tinea capitis, followed by skin (tinea corporis and tinea pedis) and toenail (tinea unguium) lesions; zoophilic fungi predominated. Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex were isolated in 53.66% and 24.39% of the cases, respectively. Regarding cutaneous candidosis, 9.1% of the specimens tested positive for this disease, with 59.16% and 12.7% of the cases corresponding to toenails and interdigitoplantar lesions, respectively. Candida albicans caused 70.43% of the lesions. The remaining specimens (85.7%) tested positive for pityriasis versicolor; children aged between 6 and 12 were the most affected (71.79%). CONCLUSION Our results agree with most epidemiological studies carried out in Brazil and demonstrate the high frequency of mycoses in preschoolers and school children, a result of poor personal hygiene and favorable weather conditions in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neocimar Saraiva Correia
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Campus Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Bonacorsi
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Campus Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
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Carrascal-Correa DF, Zuluaga A, González A. Species distribution of the main aetiologic agents causing skin dermatophytosis in Colombian patients: A 23-year experience at a Mycological Reference Center. Mycoses 2020; 63:494-499. [PMID: 32163641 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is one of the most frequent superficial mycoses in the world. MAIN AIM To describe the cases of skin dermatophytosis and its main aetiologic agents in patients referred to a Mycological Reference Laboratory in Medellín, Colombia. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out with records of patients referred between 1994 and 2016 to the Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín-Colombia, because of clinical suspicion of skin dermatophytosis. RESULTS Of a total of 5628 clinical records of patients with suspicion of skin dermatophytosis analysed, 2780 (49.4%) had a proven or probable dermatophytosis diagnosis, 2774 cultures were performed, and aetiologic agents were isolated in 2576 samples (92.9%). The most frequently isolated aetiologic agents were Trichophyton rubrum (44.3%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (33.3%), Epidermophyton floccosum (12.4%), Nannizzia gypseum complex (5.7%, formerly Microsporum gypseum), Microsporum canis (3.5%) and Trichophyton tonsurans (0.8%). The most frequent clinical forms were tinea pedis (72.7%) and tinea corporis (12.7%). In addition, a group of patients (0.9%) developed mixed infections by two dermatophyte agents and another (4.1%) developed infections in more than one anatomical site. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study are coherent with previous reports where T rubrum and T mentagrophytes complex were the main causative agents of dermatophytosis. However, the increased incidence of N gypsea complex over M canis is worth highlighting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Zuluaga
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angel González
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Neves J, Paulino A, Vieira R, Nishida E, Coutinho S. The presence of dermatophytes in infected pets and their household environment. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to diagnose dermatophytosis in pets and investigate the presence of dermatophytes in their home environment. Samples from hair coat were collected from 70 pets: 47 dogs, 19 cats, three guinea pigs and one rabbit. After mycological culture, 188 samples were collected from the household environments in 26 homes: 78 from places were of predominantly used by the tutors, 66 from places used by the animals, 44 from flooring, and 24 samples from contactees. Samples were seeded on Mycosel agar, incubated at 25°C, and the colonies were identified by their macro-and-microscopic characteristics. Dermatophytes were found in 37.1% of the samples originating from the sick animals. Microsporum canis was the most prevalent species, isolated in 12 dogs and eight cats; Trichophyton quinckeanum in three guinea pigs, Microsporum gypseum in two dogs and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in one cat. Dermatophytes were found in 69.2% of the surveyed homes; 29.5% of the places/objects predominantly used by the tutors, 42.4% mainly used by the animals, 31.8% from floors, and 50% from contactees. The meeting of dermatophytes in animals and in the household environment confirms the possibility of transmission by direct or indirect contact and their importance in public health.
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Gravel J, Schmitzer AR. Imidazolium and benzimidazolium-containing compounds: from simple toxic salts to highly bioactive drugs. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1051-1071. [PMID: 28045182 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of simple imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts started to be more and more investigated in the last few years and was taken in consideration in the context of microorganisms, plants and more evolved organisms' exposure. However, the toxicity of these salts can be exploited in the development of different biological applications by incorporating them in the structure of compounds that specifically target microorganisms and cancer cells. We highlight in this minireview the way researchers became aware of the inherent problem of the stability and bioaccumulation of imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts and how they found inspiration to exploit their toxicity by incorporating them into new highly potent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gravel
- Département de Chimie- Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit CP 6128 Succursalle Centre Ville Montréal Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
| | - A R Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie- Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit CP 6128 Succursalle Centre Ville Montréal Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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Ansari S, Hedayati MT, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Jannesar R, Mohammadi H, Fazli Y, Ilkit M, Seyedmousavi S. A 9-Month-Old Girl from Iran with Extensive Erythematous Plaques Due to Trichophyton simii, a Zoophilic Dermatophyte. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:451-5. [PMID: 26767834 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton simii is generally considered to be limited to endemic areas, particularly one area of India. However, the high similarity between the morphological features of atypical T. simii isolates and those of other dermatophytes such as Trichophyton interdigitale and Arthroderma benhamiae may lead to misidentification of the cause of dermatophytosis in many instances. We investigated a rare case of tinea corporis in a 9-month-old female with extensive erythematous lesions. Morphological features of the recovered isolate from the culture resulted in the identification of Trichophyton interdigitale. For accurate identification, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene were sequenced and the isolate was ultimately identified as T. simii. In conclusion, T. simii, which has been formerly known to be restricted to specific endemic regions, appears to be not infrequent in non-endemic areas but instead simply less well-known and consequently underestimated. To determine its actual prevalence of infection, the application of DNA-based molecular methodologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saham Ansari
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Nouripour-Sisakht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ramin Jannesar
- Department of Medical Pathology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Yousef Fazli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC)/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Km 18 Khazarabad Road, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Dalla Lana DF, Donato RK, Bündchen C, Guez CM, Bergamo VZ, de Oliveira LFS, Machado MM, Schrekker HS, Fuentefria AM. Imidazolium salts with antifungal potential against multidrug-resistant dermatophytes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:377-88. [PMID: 26043668 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antidermatophytic action of a complementary set imidazolium salts (IMS), determining structure-activity relationships and characterizing the IMS toxicological profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS The susceptibility evaluation of 45 dermatophytic clinical isolates, treated in vitro with eleven different IMS (ionic compounds) and commercial antifungals (nonionic compounds), was performed by broth microdilution, following the standard norm of CLSI M38-A2. All dermatophytes were inhibited by IMS, where the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were observed for salts with n-hexadecyl segment in the cation side chain, containing either the chloride or methanesulfonate anion. 1-n-Hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16 MImCl) and 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (C16 MImMeS) acted as fungicides, even in extremely low concentrations, wherein C16 MImMeS exerted this effect on 100% of the tested dermatophytes. Some of these IMS provoked evident alterations on the fungi cell morphology, causing a total cell damage of ≥ 70%. Importantly, none of the screened IMS were cytotoxic, mutagenic or genotoxic to human leucocyte cells. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates for the first time the strong antifungal potential of IMS against multidrug-resistant dermatophytes, without presenting toxicity to human leucocyte cells at MIC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The expressive antifungal activity of IMS, combined with the in vitro nontoxicity, makes them promising compounds for the safe and effective treatment of dermatophytoses, mainly when this skin mycosis is unresponsive to conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Dalla Lana
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R K Donato
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C Bündchen
- Laboratory for Product and Process Optimization, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C M Guez
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - V Z Bergamo
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L F S de Oliveira
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - M M Machado
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - H S Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Fuentefria
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Pires CAA, Cruz NFSD, Lobato AM, Sousa POD, Carneiro FRO, Mendes AMD. Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:259-64. [PMID: 24770502 PMCID: PMC4008056 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cutaneous mycoses, mainly caused by dermatophyte fungi, are among the most
common fungal infections worldwide. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of the
population will be infected by a dermatophyte at some point in their lives, thus
making this a group of diseases with great public health importance. OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of
dermatophytosis in patients enrolled at the Dermatology service of Universidade do
Estado do Pará, Brazil, from July 2010 to September 2012. METHOD A total of 145 medical records of patients diagnosed with dermatophytosis were
surveyed. Data were collected and subsequently recorded according to a protocol
developed by the researchers. This protocol consisted of information regarding
epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease and the therapy employed. RESULTS The main clinical form of dermatophyte infection was onychomycosis, followed by
tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea capitis. Furthermore, the female population
and the age group of 51 to 60 years were the most affected. Regarding therapy,
there was a preference for treatments that combine topical and systemic drugs, and
the most widely used drugs were fluconazole (systemic) and ciclopirox olamine
(topical). CONCLUSION This study showed the importance of recurrent analysis of the epidemiological
profile of dermatophytosis to enable correct therapeutic and preventive management
of these conditions, which have significant clinical consequences, with chronic,
difficult-totreat lesions that can decrease patient quality of life and cause
disfigurement.
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