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Hamburger FG, Gales AC, Colombo AL. Systematic Review of Candidemia in Brazil: Unlocking Historical Trends and Challenges in Conducting Surveys in Middle-Income Countries. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:60. [PMID: 38940953 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candidemia, a bloodstream infection predominantly affecting critically ill patients, poses a significant global health threat especially with the emergence of non-albicans Candida species, including drug-resistant strains. In Brazil, limited access to advanced diagnostic tools and trained microbiologists hampers accurate identification of Candida species and susceptibility to antifungals testing hindering surveillance efforts. METHODS We conducted a systematic review spanning publications from 2017 to 2023 addressing Candida species distribution and antifungal susceptibility among Brazilian patients with candidemia. RESULTS Despite initially identifying 7075 records, only 16 met inclusion criteria providing accurate information of 2305 episodes of candidemia. The predominant species were C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis, followed by notable proportions of Nakaseomyces glabratus. Limited access to diagnostic tests was evident as only 5 out of 16 studies on candidemia were able to report antifungal susceptibility testing results. In vitro resistance to echinocandins was rare (only 6/396 isolates, 1,5%). In counterpart, fluconazole exhibited resistance rates ranging from 0 to 43%, with great heterogeneity among different studies and species of Candida considered. CONCLUSION Our review underscores the critical need for enhanced surveillance and research efforts to address the evolving landscape of candidemia and antifungal resistance in Brazil. Despite some limitations, available data suggest that while resistance to echinocandins and amphotericin B remains rare, there is a growing concern regarding resistance to fluconazole among Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Guinsburg Hamburger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo (Aries), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo (Aries), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yamin D, Akanmu MH, Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, Rabaan AA, Hajissa K. Global Prevalence of Antifungal-Resistant Candida parapsilosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080188. [PMID: 36006280 PMCID: PMC9416642 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable estimate of Candida parapsilosis antifungal susceptibility in candidemia patients is increasingly important to track the spread of C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections and define the true burden of the ongoing antifungal resistance. A systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) were conducted aiming to estimate the global prevalence and identify patterns of antifungal resistance. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted on published studies that employed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) on clinical C. parapsilosis isolates globally. Seventy-nine eligible studies were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the overall pooled prevalence of three most important antifungal drugs; Fluconazole, Amphotericin B and Voriconazole resistant C. parapsilosis were calculated as 15.2% (95% CI: 9.2–21.2), 1.3% (95% CI: 0.0–2.9) and 4.7% (95% CI: 2.2–7.3), respectively. Based on study enrolment time, country/continent and AFST method, subgroup analyses were conducted for the three studied antifungals to determine sources of heterogeneity. Timeline and regional differences in C. parapsilosis prevalence of antifungal resistance were identified with the same patterns among the three antifungal drugs. These findings highlight the need to conduct further studies to assess and monitor the growing burden of antifungal resistance, to revise treatment guidelines and to implement regional surveillance to prevent further increase in C. parapsilosis drug resistance emerging recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Yamin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mutiat Hammed Akanmu
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
- Correspondence:
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Cupozak-Pinheiro WJ, Araújo de Almeida-Apolonio A, Sasaki MH, Maran NH, Pires de Araújo R, Silva DBDS, Víctor de Andrade Dos Santos J, Barufatti A, Chang MR, Pires de Oliveira KM. Candida species contamination in drinking groundwater from residence wells in three municipalities of midwestern Brazil and the potential human health risks. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105660. [PMID: 35764189 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater represents one of the largest safe drinking water sources worldwide; however, it has been threatened by increased human activities in recent years. Candida species express virulence factors that contribute to the establishment and worsening of infections, although little is known about the virulence profiles of these species in potable groundwater. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of yeasts in groundwater from residential wells and to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility profile, hydrolytic enzyme production, adhesion capacity, and biofilm formation of Candida spp. Fifty yeasts representing nine genera were isolated: Candida (48%), Meyerozyma (20%), Pichia (8%), Exophiala (8%), Clavispora (4%), Kodamaea (4%), Rhodotorula (4%), Hanseniaspora (2%), and Kazachstania (2%). Candida parapsilosis was the most commonly isolated species, and approximately 29% of the Candida isolates were resistant to at least one azole. All Candida isolates were able to produce hydrolytic enzymes and adhere to polystyrene, and most were classified as hydrophobic. Candida spp. can establish and form biofilms when cultivated in different media such as Sabouraud broth, water, and calcium hypochlorite. The use of contaminated groundwater for human consumption represents a possible route for the transmission of clinically relevant yeasts that can cause fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and establish effective measures for groundwater treatment to ensure the quality and safety for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melina Hatsue Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Nayara Halimy Maran
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Renata Pires de Araújo
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexeia Barufatti
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Marilene Rodrigues Chang
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil.
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Arastehfar A, Khodavaisy S, Daneshnia F, Najafzadeh MJ, Mahmoudi S, Charsizadeh A, Salehi MR, Zarrinfar H, Raeisabadi A, Dolatabadi S, Zare Shahrabadi Z, Zomorodian K, Pan W, Hagen F, Boekhout T. Molecular Identification, Genotypic Diversity, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Clinical Outcomes of Infections Caused by Clinically Underrated Yeasts, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis: An Iranian Multicenter Study (2014-2019). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:264. [PMID: 31417877 PMCID: PMC6682699 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing occurrence of Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in clinical settings, little is known about their microbiological and clinical properties. Herein, we conducted a national retrospective study (2014–2019) from multiple centers in Iran. Among the 1,770 Candida isolates collected, we identified 600 Candida parapsilosis species complex isolates. Isolate identification was performed by 9-plex PCR, matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and rDNA sequencing, and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) followed CLSI M27-A3/S4; genotyping was performed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis; and clinical information was mined. Thirty-one isolates of C. orthopsilosis from various clinical sources, one mixed sample (blood) concurrently containing C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis and one isolate of C. metapsilosis from a nail sample were identified. Although both 9-plex PCR and MALDI-TOF successfully identified all isolates, only 9-plex PCR could identify the agents in a mixed sample. For the C. orthopsilosis isolates, resistance (non-wild type) was noted only for itraconazole (n = 4; 12.5%). Anidulafungin and fluconazole showed the highest and voriconazole had the lowest geometric mean values. AFLP analysis showed three main and four minor genotypes. Interestingly, 90% of nail isolates clustered with 80% of the blood isolates within two clusters, and four blood isolates recovered from four patients admitted to a hospital clustered into two genotypes and showed a high degree of similarity (>99.2%), which suggests that C. orthopsilosis disseminates horizontally. Supported by our data and published case studies, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis can be linked to challenging clinical failures, and successful outcomes are not always mirrored by in vitro susceptibility. Accordingly, conducting nationwide studies may provide more comprehensive data, which is required for a better prognosis and clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Arastehfar
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Daneshnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad-Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Charsizadeh
- Immunology, Asthma, and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Salehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Raeisabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Dolatabadi
- Faculty of Engineering, Sabzevar University of New Technology, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Zare Shahrabadi
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Weihua Pan
- Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Thomaz DY, de Almeida JN, Lima GME, Nunes MDO, Camargo CH, Grenfell RDC, Benard G, Del Negro GMB. An Azole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis Outbreak: Clonal Persistence in the Intensive Care Unit of a Brazilian Teaching Hospital. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2997. [PMID: 30568646 PMCID: PMC6290035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of candidemia by the Candida parapsilosis complex has increased considerably in recent decades, frequently related to use of indwelling intravascular catheters. The ability of this pathogen to colonize healthcare workers (HCW)' hands, and to form biofilm on medical devices has been associated with the occurrence of nosocomial outbreaks and high mortality rates. Fluconazole has been the leading antifungal drug for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in developing countries. However, azole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates are emerging worldwide, including in Brazil. Few studies have correlated outbreak infections due to C. parapsilosis with virulence factors, such as biofilm production. We thus conducted a microbiological investigation of C. parapsilosis complex isolates from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Additionally, we identified a previously unrecognized outbreak caused by a persistent azole-resistant C. parapsilosis (sensu stricto) clone in the intensive care unit (ICU), correlating it with the main clinical data from the patients with invasive candidiasis. The molecular identification of the isolates was carried out by PCR-RFLP assay; antifungal susceptibility and biofilm formation were also evaluated. The genotyping of all C. parapsilosis (sensu stricto) was performed by microsatellite analysis and the presence of ERG11 mutations was assessed in the azole non-susceptible isolates. Fourteen C. parapsilosis (sensu stricto) isolates were recovered from patients with invasive candidiasis, eight being fluconazole and voriconazole-resistant, and two intermediate only to fluconazole (FLC). All non-susceptible isolates showed a similar pattern of biofilm formation with low biomass and metabolic activity. The A395T mutation in ERG11 was detected exclusively among the azole-resistant isolates. According to the microsatellite analysis, all azole non-susceptible isolates from the adult ICU were clustered together indicating the occurrence of an outbreak. Regarding clinical data, all patients infected by the clonal non-susceptible isolates and none of the patients infected by the susceptible isolates had been previously exposed to corticosteroids (p = 0.001), while the remaining characteristics showed no statistical significance. The current study revealed the persistence of an azole non-susceptible C. parapsilosis clone with low capacity to form biofilm over two years in the adult ICU. These results reinforce the need of epidemiological surveillance and monitoring antifungal susceptibility of C. parapsilosis isolates in hospital wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Yamamoto Thomaz
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Nobrega de Almeida
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Central Laboratory Division-LIM-03, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Moreira Espindola Lima
- Laboratory of Clinical Analyzes, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Maína de Oliveira Nunes
- Laboratory of Clinical Analyzes, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilda M B Del Negro
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Cordeiro RA, Sales JA, Ponte YBD, Mendes PBL, Serpa R, Evangelista AJ, Alencar LPD, Pereira-Neto WDA, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Rocha MFG. Phenotype-driven strategies for screening Candida parapsilosis complex for molecular identification. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:193-198. [PMID: 29548715 PMCID: PMC6328843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, phenotypic methods presented >80% agreement with the molecular identification of 59 Candida parapsilosis complex. Growth at 15% NaCl or pH 7.0 significantly reduced cfu-counts of Candida orthopsilosis, suggesting these conditions may support the development of phenotypic methods for the differentiation of the cryptic species of C. parapsilosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana A Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jamille A Sales
- Universidade Estatual do Ceará, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yago B de Ponte
- Universidade Estatual do Ceará, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia B L Mendes
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio J Evangelista
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas P de Alencar
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de A Pereira-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raimunda S N Brilhante
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - José J C Sidrim
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Débora S C M Castelo-Branco
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos F G Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departmento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Centro Médico Especializado em Micologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Universidade Estatual do Ceará, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Salci TP, Negri M, R Abadio AK, Bonfim-Mendonça P, Capoci I, Caparroz-Assef SM, Donatti L, S Felipe MS, Kioshima ES, Svidzinski TIE. A new small-molecule KRE2 inhibitor against invasive Candida parapsilosis infection. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1283-1295. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antifungal activity of MOL3, a small molecule that was selected by virtual screening, against Candida spp. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of MOL3 was evaluated using standard strains and clinical isolates. Activity was evaluated in both in vitro tests and animal models. Results: The minimum fungicidal concentration of MOL3 against Candida spp. ranged from 16 to 128 mg/l. MOL3 at the sub-minimum fungicidal concentration inhibited hyphal elongation. The remaining yeast cells presented morphological changes and were metabolically inactive. MOL3 was toxicologically inert both in vitro and in the animal model. MOL3 also reduced experimental systemic infection by C. parapsilosis in mice. Conclusion: The selection of MOL3 by virtual screening was successful, revealing a promising antifungal candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia P Salci
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
- Faculdade Integrado, Department of Pharmacy – Campo Mourão, Av José C de Oliveira, 1325 – Centro, Campo Mourão, PR 87300-020, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina R Abadio
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Department of Biology, Av dos Ingás, 3001 – Jardim Imperial, Sinop – MT 78555-000, Brazil
| | - P Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Isis Capoci
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana M Caparroz-Assef
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Cellular Biology, Rua XV de Novembro, 1299 – Centro, Curitiba – PR 80060-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli S Felipe
- Universidade de Brasília, Department of Cellular Biology, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília – DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Erika S Kioshima
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha IE Svidzinski
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
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