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Multiple schedules with response interruption and redirection to reduce stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder: Generalization and social validity. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Contreras BP, Tate SA, Morris SL, Kahng S. A systematic review of the correspondence between descriptive assessment and functional analysis. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:146-165. [PMID: 36409837 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians report that they often rely on descriptive assessments when developing behavior-reduction plans despite literature suggesting that functional analysis is the most rigorous assessment method. Further, research comparing the outcomes of descriptive assessments and functional analyses is mixed, with some studies showing low correspondence and others showing high correspondence. Such persistent use of descriptive assessments suggests that they may yield useful information despite inconsistent correspondence with functional analyses. A more fine-grained analysis of the relation between descriptive assessments and functional analyses may elucidate variables affecting their utility. We conducted a review of 48 studies that included descriptive assessments and functional analyses and evaluated several measures of correspondence between each pair of assessments. Results indicated that descriptive assessments had exact correspondence with functional analyses in 50% of comparisons. Results also suggested that descriptive assessments were more likely to accurately identify and predict the absence of a function relative to the presence of a function and that structured descriptive assessments were more likely to accurately predict functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - SungWoo Kahng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Rutgers University
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Virues‐Ortega J, Clayton K, Pérez‐Bustamante A, Gaerlan BFS, Fahmie TA. Functional analysis patterns of automatic reinforcement: A review and component analysis of treatment effects. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:481-512. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Virues‐Ortega
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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Gossou KM, Lanovaz MJ, Giannakakos‐Ferman AR. Concurrent validity of Open‐Ended Functional Assessment Interviews with functional analysis. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc J. Lanovaz
- École de psychoéducation Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
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Bailey JD, Baker JC, Rzeszutek MJ, Lanovaz MJ. Machine Learning for Supplementing Behavioral Assessment. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 44:605-619. [PMID: 35098027 PMCID: PMC8738819 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) has a high degree of convergent validity, but there is still a lack of agreement between the results of the assessment and the results of experimental function analysis. Machine learning (ML) may improve the validity of assessments by using data to build a mathematical model for more accurate predictions. We used published QABF and subsequent functional analyses to train ML models to identify the function of behavior. With ML models, predictions can be made from indirect assessment results based on learning from results of past experimental functional analyses. In Experiment 1, we compared the results of five algorithms to the QABF criteria using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. All five outperformed the QABF assessment on multilabel accuracy (i.e., percentage of predictions with the presence or absence of each function indicated correctly), but false negatives remained an issue. In Experiment 2, we augmented the data with 1,000 artificial samples to train and test an artificial neural network. The artificial network outperformed other models on all measures of accuracy. The results indicated that ML could be used to inform conditions that should be present in a functional analysis. Therefore, this study represents a proof-of-concept for the application of machine learning to functional assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA
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Zhou Z, McAdam DB, Napolitano DA, Douthit K. Shining a Light on the Challenging Behaviors of Adolescents with Comorbid Diagnoses: Use of Pictorial Concurrent Operant Preference Assessment. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8080683. [PMID: 34438574 PMCID: PMC8393387 DOI: 10.3390/children8080683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no published studies that have used the concurrent operant preference assessment procedure to identify functions of challenging behaviors displayed by individuals with comorbid diagnoses. Four participants (aged 11–16 years) with comorbid diagnoses who displayed multiple challenging behaviors were referred to this study. We modified the standard concurrent operant preference assessment and used the new modified version, the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment, to identify the functions of the challenging behaviors. Utilizing the triangulation mixed-methods design, we compared the indirect functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and the direct FBA with the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment. The results obtained successfully demonstrated the concordance among these assessments in identifying the behavioral function for each participant. The results further showed that (1) the preferences served the same functional effects on both the challenging behaviors and the adaptive behaviors and (2) the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment can be used independently to identify potential behavioral function and to specify the reinforcing potency of each behavioral function. The significance of the study results, limitations of this study, and directions for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Zhou
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (D.B.M.); (K.D.)
- School of Education, Webster University, Webster Groves, MO 63119, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-246-7638
| | - David Burrell McAdam
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (D.B.M.); (K.D.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah Ann Napolitano
- Department of Applied Behavior Analysis, Daemen College, Amherst, NY 14226, USA;
- Golisano Institute for Developmental Disability Nursing, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
| | - Kathryn Douthit
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (D.B.M.); (K.D.)
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Mushtaq I, Khan W. Decreasing Target Behavior in a Child Using Functional Behavior Assessment and Differential Reinforcement. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:457-459. [PMID: 32008223 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Techniques of behavior modification were employed to address the target behavior of functional excessive coughing-psychogenic cough in a 12-y-old boy referred by a pediatrician who found no identifiable medical reasons. To identify the purpose that maintains the behavior, functional behavior assessment was carried out and in order to reduce the frequency of target behavior, extinction and differential reinforcement of behavior analysis was incorporated. The management resulted in significant decrease of the target behavior of coughing without any medical intervention. Behavior modification is the most empirically supported intervention not only for children with developmental delays but for typical individuals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mushtaq
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, India.
| | - Waheeda Khan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, India
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Niedfeld A, Rapp JT, Coon JC, Cook JL. Using a Multiple-Schedule Procedure to Signal the Availability of Attention: Three Demonstrations. Behav Modif 2019; 44:496-517. [PMID: 30841704 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519834640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adjudicated adolescents detained in residential facilities for illegal sexual behavior, as well as adolescents living at home, may engage in problem behaviors such as excessive vocalizations. In residential detention facilities, these excessive vocalizations may result in disciplinary action and loss of privileges. Moreover, excessive vocalizations may also reduce the amount of positive social interactions that staff members and caregivers have with the adolescents. The current study evaluated a multiple-schedule procedure for reducing excessive vocalizations displayed by three adolescents. The procedure involved (a) a red card to signal that attention was not available and (b) either a green card or no card to signal that attention was available. Results show that the participants learned to abstain from vocalizing for up to 30 min when a caregiver presented the red card. In addition, the treatment effects persisted during generalization assessment sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Cook
- Monarch House, Oakville, ON, Canada.,University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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Watkins N, Sparling E. The Effectiveness of the Snug Vest on Stereotypic Behaviors in Children Diagnosed With an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Modif 2014; 38:412-27. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445514532128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various reviews of the effects of sensory integration therapy (SIT) have concluded that such interventions fail to reduce stereotypy. However, a new, and as yet untested, SIT iteration, an inflatable wearable vest known as the Snug Vest purports to decrease such repetitive behavior. In the current study, three children who emitted different forms of stereotypy participated in an alternating treatments design in which each participant wore a fully inflated vest and either a fully deflated vest or no vest. The results of the study show that the Snug Vest failed to reduce any participants’ stereotypy. We highlight our findings in the context of professional practice and discuss several potential limitations.
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