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Suarez-Villadat B, Sadarangani K, Corredeira RM, Veiga M, Villagra A. Swim, Strength, or Combined Programs: Effect on Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents With Down Syndrome. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2024; 41:534-554. [PMID: 38754859 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2023-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The adolescent population with Down syndrome (DS) appears to show higher levels of body fat and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness or muscle strength than their peers without disabilities. There is a need to create physical activity programs to improve these data. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of a 16-week swimming program, strength program, and combined program (swimming and strength training) on body composition and health-related physical fitness on adolescents with DS and to assess whether there are differences in the results of the different training programs. Forty-five adolescents (17 female and 28 male; average age 15.5 [1.53] years) with DS were recruited and randomized to three groups (swim [n = 15], strength [n = 15], and combined [n = 15]). Results showed that the swim group had significant improvements in all health-related physical fitness variables and there was an improvement in some body-composition variables (p < .05). The strength and combined groups obtained minor improvements in the variables analyzed. In summary, a 16-week swim program consisting of three sessions of 60 min is able to improve levels of body composition and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with DS. The swim training program seems to be more effective in improving body composition and health-related physical fitness than the strength or combined program. These findings could be useful in different special-education centers due to the predisposition shown by the population with DS to this sport modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Suarez-Villadat
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
- Education Department, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kabir Sadarangani
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health and Dentistry, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rui Manuel Corredeira
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Veiga
- Adapted Physical Education Department, University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Ariel Villagra
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid,Spain
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de Andrade ML, Silva SM, de Moraes JF, de Jesus SC, Dos Santos Pedro E, Corrêa JCF, Corrêa FI. Predictors of the Social Participation of Adults with Down Syndrome: An Analysis Based on the Biopsychosocial Model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:238-244. [PMID: 37752638 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to identify the predictors of social participation in Down syndrome adults from the biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. METHODS An exploratory, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with Down syndrome adults. The social participation was assessed using the Life Habits Assessment. The independent variables were determined using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health biopsychosocial model: body functions were assessed by body mass index, cognition function (Mini-Mental State Examination), and lower limbs muscle strength (Sit-to-Stand Test). Activities were assessed by the 8-Foot Up and Go Test. Environmental factors were assessed by the measure of the quality of the environment, and personal factors were assessed by age, sex, and education level. RESULTS The total Life Habits Assessment score indicates that individuals show moderate restriction in social participation, with major restriction in the education, employment, and responsibilities domains. The 8-Foot Up and Go Test was the best social participation predictor variable, followed by Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Sit-to-Stand Test. Contextual factors were not predictors of participation. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that individuals with Down syndrome present the most restrictions to social participation in activities that involve social roles. The predictors influencing social participation are functional mobility, cognition, and lower limb muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lacerda de Andrade
- From the Doctoral and Master's Rehabilitation Science Programs, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Boer PH. Functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:237-247. [PMID: 37964712 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are born with and develop many health-related complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal functional fitness profile of adults with DS. METHODS The functional fitness of adults with DS was tested twice, 12 years apart. Sixty-six adults with DS were tested for body mass, stature and 10 functional fitness tests. Data were categorised according to gender and age-specific categories. RESULTS Static balance, shoulder flexibility, trunk strength and aerobic capacity deteriorated significantly with medium to large effect sizes for both DS men and women (most age categories). For women, dynamic balance deteriorated significantly, and for men, leg- and upper body-strength deteriorated significantly. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners working in the field of adapted physical activity should take cognisance of the functional fitness ageing profile of adults with DS and timeously develop habitual physical activity interventions to reduce the effect of accelerated ageing experienced by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington, South Africa
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Bahiraei S, Hosseini E, Lou RAJ. The test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15968. [PMID: 37749177 PMCID: PMC10520014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical tests for the assessment of postural balance in people with intellectual disability have been the most commonly used single or multi-item tests, but some tests have been developed, such as the BESTest. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disabilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 65 young people (ages 16-25 years) with intellectual disability. The participants completed the BESTest (27 items) twice. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the test-retest reliability of the BESTest. The BESTest overall scores' test-retest reliability was rated as excellent (≥ 0.75). Stability limits/verticality and reactive are fair to good (≥ 0.40- < 0.75). Biomechanical constraints, transitions and anticipatory movements, sensory orientation, and gait stability were excellent (≥ 0.75). Current evidence shows that young people with intellectual disabilities have impaired postural balance. However, there appears to be a lack of assessment tools that reliably evaluate the postural balance of this population. The results from this investigation show that BESTest provides "excellent reliability" (≥ 0.75) to assess postural balance in young people with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bahiraei
- SciencesDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahman Amiri Jomi Lou
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Yoo HI, Hwang UJ, Jung SH, Weon YS, Kwon OY. Comparison of acromiohumeral distance and glenohumeral internal rotation angle between the empty can test and modified empty can test: "thumb pointing down" versus "elbow pointing laterally". J Orthop Sci 2023; 28:333-338. [PMID: 34969582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the empty can test, the direction of the thumb (downward) has been widely used as an instruction for producing glenohumeral internal rotation. However, the combination of forearm pronation and thumb motion as a compensatory movement could contribute to the lack of glenohumeral internal rotation during the empty can test. This study aimed to compare the glenohumeral internal rotation angle between the conventional empty can (with thumb direction) and modified empty can tests (with elbow direction), as well as the acromiohumeral distance between the full can, conventional empty can, and modified empty can tests. METHODS In this laboratory study, we measured the glenohumeral internal rotation angle using a motion sensor and the acromiohumeral distance using ultrasonography during the following tests: full can test (thumb pointing up), conventional empty can test (thumb pointing down), and modified empty can test (elbow pointing laterally) in 20 healthy subjects. RESULTS Compared with the conventional empty can test, the glenohumeral internal rotation angle was significantly greater during the modified empty can test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the acromiohumeral distance measured in the modified empty can test was significantly less than that in the full can test (p < 0.001) and conventional empty can test (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in the acromiohumeral distance between the full can test and the conventional empty can test (p > 0.017). CONCLUSIONS During the empty can test, the instructions should be given to patients based on the elbow direction (elbow pointing laterally). The modified empty can test can produce full glenohumeral internal rotation, compared with instructions based on the thumb direction (thumb pointing down). Consequently, the modified empty can test can produce a more decreased subacromial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Ik Yoo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ui-Jae Hwang
- Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Weon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh-Yun Kwon
- Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju City 26493, Republic of Korea.
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Guerrero K, Umagat A, Barton M, Martinez A, Ho KY, Mann S, Hilgenkamp T. The effect of a telehealth exercise intervention on balance in adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:385-393. [PMID: 36585748 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome often present with balance deficits, which compromise safety during daily activity. While evidence shows that exercise can improve balance in the Down syndrome population, it is unclear if a telehealth method will elicit similar benefits. We aimed to examine the effects of a virtual exercise program on balance in adults with Down syndrome. METHODS Eighteen low-active participants with Down syndrome completed a 12-week telehealth exercise program based on the Mann Method. Balance testing took place before and after the intervention, which included: TUG, MCTSIB, FICSIT-4, and FRT. This study was registered as a clinical trial on ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04647851. RESULTS Significant improvement was seen in the TUG (p = .043), FICSIT-4 (p = .019) and FRT (p = .019). All participants achieved maximum scores on the MCTSIB in pre- and post-testing. CONCLUSIONS Balance in low-active adults with Down syndrome significantly improved following the telehealth exercise program, which we attribute to the tailored exercises that address visual/vestibular deficits and hip muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Guerrero
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Alexandria Umagat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Mark Barton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Andrew Martinez
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Kai-Yu Ho
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sarah Mann
- Mann Method PT and Fitness, Arvada, Colorado, USA
| | - Thessa Hilgenkamp
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Cai W, Baek S. Effects of 24-week basketball programme on body composition and functional fitness on adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2022; 66:939-951. [PMID: 35642288 PMCID: PMC9796735 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The body index [body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-height ratio] and functional fitness (aerobic capacity, muscular strength, balance, flexibility and functional ability) of people with Down syndrome (DS) are substantially lower than those in the general population, as DS has an overall negative impact on health. AIMS This study explored the effect of a 24-week basketball training programme on the body composition and functional fitness of adults with DS. METHODS AND PROCEDURE OUTCOMES Twenty-two adults with DS (24 ± 6 years; 25 ± 4 kg/m2 ) were randomly allocated to the experimental (n = 11, 67.04 kg) and control groups (n = 11, 69.36 kg). The experimental group performed 24 weeks of basketball programme training (3 times per week, 60 min per session), while the control group maintained their daily activities without any special physical training. Body composition and functional fitness parameters were measured before and after the intervention. To evaluate the differences between groups, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used while controlling for differences at baseline. RESULTS Hip circumference and waist-height ratio were statistically different at baseline between the intervention and control groups. After the 24-week basketball training programme, the results showed significant differences between the exercise and control groups for hip circumference, body mass, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-height ratio, flexibility, aerobic capacity, static and dynamic balance, balance and basketball functional ability (P < 0.05). The exercise group showed significant improvements in all variables of body composition and functional fitness (P < 0.05) except for the waist-hip ratio. There was no statistical significance between all physical composition and functional health variables in the control group except for the standing long jump (P > 0.05), with effect sizes ranging from small to large. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The basketball training programme improved body composition and functional fitness of adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Cai
- School of Physical EducationAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- Exercise Rehabilitation Research InstituteSangmyung UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - S.‐S. Baek
- Exercise Rehabilitation Research InstituteSangmyung UniversitySeoulKorea
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Kable TJ, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Shields N, Noetel M, Lonsdale C, Hillman CH, Reeves P, Oldmeadow C, Kennedy SG, Boyer J, Stimpson L, Comis P, Roche L, Lubans DR. Time-efficient physical activity intervention for older adolescents with disability: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La) cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065321. [PMID: 35948376 PMCID: PMC9379534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity declines during adolescence, with the lowest levels of activity observed among those with disability. Schools are ideal settings to address this issue; however, few school-based interventions have been specifically designed for older adolescents with disability. Our aim is to investigate the effects of a school-based physical activity programme, involving high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on physical, mental and cognitive health in older adolescents with disability. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will evaluate the Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La) intervention using a two-arm, parallel group, cluster randomised controlled trial with allocation occurring at the school level (treatment or waitlist control). Secondary schools will be recruited in two cohorts from New South Wales, Australia. We will aim to recruit 300 older adolescents (aged 15-19 years) with disability from 30 secondary schools (10 in cohort 1 and 20 in cohort 2). Schools allocated to the intervention group will deliver two HIIT sessions per week during scheduled specialist support classes. The sessions will include foundational aerobic and muscle strengthening exercises tailored to meet student needs. We will provide teachers with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of the B2La programme. Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary endpoint), and 9 months. Our primary outcome is functional capacity assessed using the 6 min walk/push test. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, muscular fitness, body composition, cognitive function, quality of life, physical literacy, and on-task behaviour in the classroom. We will also conduct economic and process evaluations to determine cost-effectiveness, programme acceptability, implementation, adaptability, and sustainability in schools. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle (H-2021-0262) and the New South Wales Department of Education (SERAP: 2021257) human research ethics committees. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, and key stakeholders will be provided with a detailed report following the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number: ACTRN12621000884808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Kable
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angus A Leahy
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University - Brisbane Campus, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University - North Sydney Campus, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Penny Reeves
- Health Research Economics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Clinical Research Design and Statistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Boyer
- School Sport Unit, NSW Department of Education, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leisl Stimpson
- Special Olympics Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre Comis
- Special Olympics Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Roche
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, New South Wales, Finland
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Lotan M, L Weiss P. Improving Balance in Adults With Intellectual Developmental Disorder via Virtual Environments. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2638-2653. [PMID: 34632865 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211049733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Balance problems have been found among 57% of adults with Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD). Moreover, these adults have only partially participated in conventional activity programs. There is a clear need for new interventions that will enhance these individuals' interest and motivation toward improving their balance skills. Virtual gaming training experiences are a promising prospect in that regard. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of virtual reality games on improving balance for adults with IDD. We recruited 31 individuals with mild-moderate IDD who had fallen at least twice in the year prior to initiating this intervention, and we evaluated these participants using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, and only the latter group took part in a series of twelve 30-minute bi-weekly virtual game sessions, designed to improve balance using the SeeMe virtual game system. We found significant (p < .001) pre-post improvements in balance abilities in the experimental group and no significant pre-post change in the control group (p < .77). These data suggest that virtual game technology is a viable tool for improving balance among adults with IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Lotan
- Department of Physical Therapy, 42732Ariel University, Faculty for Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Patrice L Weiss
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 26748University of Haifa, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical therapists (PTs) have a broad range of approaches to the management of Down syndrome (DS). PURPOSE To examine the breadth of physical therapy practice for children with DS. METHODS A survey was distributed to 1000 randomly selected members of the Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy. DATA ANALYSIS Responses were categorized into 13 thematic subcategories and 3 International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) subcategories. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One hundred eight PTs participated. Joint stability and alignment were the most common physical therapy-related problem. Functional movement was the most common physical therapy intervention. Most clinicians identified and treated at the ICF level of body functions and structure. Multiple assessment tools were used and tended to include norm-referenced tests. There was diversity of interventions with varying amounts of supporting evidence. CONCLUSIONS PTs manage children with DS for a wide variety of needs with a variety of interventions.
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Cabeza-Ruiz R. Considerations for the Design of a Physical Fitness Battery to Assess Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Preliminary Reference Values for the SAMU DIS-FIT Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249280. [PMID: 33322511 PMCID: PMC7763473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the assessment of the health-related physical fitness (PF) of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), tools designed for people without disabilities have generally been used. Also, the results of these assessments have routinely been compared with the scores obtained by people without ID. The objectives of the present study are to present the rationale for the design of an assessment battery for PF, the so-called SAMU DIS-FIT battery, and to present the results obtained by the participants classified according to age, sex, and level of PF (physical fitness). The selection criteria for the tests that would make up the battery were: (i) utility, (ii) psychometric properties, (iii) easiness and diversity, (iv) simplicity of execution, (v) familiarity and motivation, and (vi) economy of resources. A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the PF of 261 individuals with ID. To interpret the results obtained by the participants, each of the quantitative variables of PF was categorized into three levels: lower-fit, mid-fit, and higher-fit. The findings of this study serve as a first step in establishing PF baseline values for individuals with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cabeza-Ruiz
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Boer PH. The effect of 8 weeks of freestyle swim training on the functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:770-781. [PMID: 32808345 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies conducted on adults with Down syndrome have demonstrated the improvement of functional fitness (aerobic capacity, muscular strength, balance, flexibility, functional ability, body mass or body mass index) with varying exercise modalities but often with one or two components in isolation. Such modalities included walking, running, cycling, rowing or resistance training. Freestyle swim training has shown significant improvements of all parameters associated with functional fitness in the general population. Swimming is an aerobic activity where many of the large muscle groups are involved and may provide more functional fitness benefits. As a consequence, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of freestyle swim training on the functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome. METHODS Twenty-six adults with Down syndrome (33 ± 6 years; 34 ± 9 kg/m2 ) were randomly allocated to an exercise (n = 13; 81.3 kg) or control group (n = 13; 81.5 kg). The exercise group performed 8 weeks of freestyle swim training, three times a week, 30 min per session (increased to 40 min after 4 weeks). To evaluate differences between groups, a one-way analysis of variance was used, controlling for differences at baseline. RESULTS After 8 weeks of training, the results showed significant differences between the exercise and control group for body mass, body mass index, aerobic capacity, dynamic balance, muscular strength, 12-m swim time and functional ability (P < 0.05). Effect sizes ranged from small to large. CONCLUSIONS Various components of functional fitness improved significantly after an intervention period of freestyle swim training. The collective improvement of many functional fitness parameters shown by this study may hold benefits for these often-neglected and in many cases functionally impaired individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Education, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington, South Africa
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Zurita-Ortega F, Ubago-Jiménez JL, Puertas-Molero P, Ramírez-Granizo IA, Muros JJ, González-Valero G. Effects of an Alternative Sports Program Using Kin-Ball in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5296. [PMID: 32717831 PMCID: PMC7432726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the present work was to examine the effects of a physical activity sports program, specifically Kin-Ball, within a group of individuals with intellectual disabilities, on decreasing sedentary behavior and improving basic physical skills. The second aim was to evaluate social validity and acceptability of the intervention. In this pre-experimental study, 47 individuals participated (46.8% male and 53.2% female) with an average age of 29.85 (SD = 10.41). All participants were administered an intervention program based on the alternative sport of Kin-Ball. BMI was calculated for body composition and age-related Z-scores were interpreted with the tables provided by the WHO. Endurance was measured through a modified six-minute test, speed was analyzed using a 50 m test, and strength was estimated according to a hand-grip dynamometer. Likewise, balance and coordination were examined in line with adaptations proposed by the scientific literature. Results indicated that all cases experienced statistically significant differences following the intervention program (p = 0.000). Improvement effects were detected in all post-intervention tests (endurance, strength, speed, balance, and coordination). As a main conclusion, it is indicated that an alternative sports-based program improves physical ability and motor skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel González-Valero
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.Z.-O.); (J.L.U.-J.); (P.P.-M.); (I.A.R.-G.); (J.J.M.)
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Karatrantou K, Xagorari A, Vasilopoulou T, Gerodimos V. Does the number of trials affect the reliability of handgrip strength measurement in individuals with intellectual disabilities? HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2020; 39:223-228. [PMID: 32070795 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to examine which testing protocol (one/two/three trials) and method (best/average value) used for determining maximal handgrip strength is more reliable for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to compare the reliability and variability of maximal handgrip strength measurement between individuals with ID and healthy individuals. Twenty individuals with ID (18.7±3.3 years) and 20 healthy individuals (18.5±3.4 years) performed six separate sessions. During these sessions, the participants' maximal handgrip strength was evaluated using three protocols with different number of trials (one/two/three). In individuals with ID, the protocols with one and two trials were less reliable (ICC=0.78-0.95; SEM%=9-21) than the protocol with three trials (ICC=0.94-0.96; SEM%=8-10) whereas in healthy individuals all protocols were equally reliable (ICC=0.95-0.99; SEM%=1.9-4.9). In individuals with ID, the mean of three trials (ICC=0.96, SEM=1.19-1.35kg, SEM%=8.2-8.7) had slightly higher reliability than the best of three trials (ICC=0.94, SEM=1.47-1.75kg, SEM%=9.2-10.1). Furthermore, the variability of maximal handgrip strength measurement was about twofold higher in individuals with ID (CV=37-45%) vs. healthy individuals (CV=21-23%). Maximal handgrip strength can be measured reliably in young individuals with ID using the mean of three trials as the most reliable approach for the determination of maximal handgrip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karatrantou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
| | - A Xagorari
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
| | - T Vasilopoulou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
| | - V Gerodimos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
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Feasibility and reliability of a physical fitness tests battery for adults with intellectual disabilities: The SAMU DIS-FIT battery. Disabil Health J 2020; 13:100886. [PMID: 31937435 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) have lower performances in physical fitness (PF) tests than people without ID, a situation that exists during all the life stages. However, the assessment of the FP of persons with ID often uses instruments that were designed for non-disabled people. AIM To check the reliability and feasibility of 8 PF tests in adults with mild to moderate ID. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with a test-retest design in a maximum interval of 2 weeks with 240 adults (160 men and 80 women) with mild to moderate ID in order to assess the feasibility and reliability of the following 8 tests: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), the timed up & go test (TUG), the deep trunk flexion test (DTF), the hand grip test (HG), the timed stand test (TST), the 30-s sit-up (SUP) test, and the 6-min walk test (6MWT). The complete battery was called the SAMU-Disability Fitness Battery (SAMU-DISFIT). The psychometric properties of the battery, feasibility, reliability, the standard error of the measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. RESULTS The TUG, DTF, HG, TST, and 6MWT showed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) from fair to high reliability. Only the SUP test in men had an ICC lower than 0.7 and high SEM values. CONCLUSION The psychometric properties provide robust data on the use of the SAMU-DISFIT battery in people with ID and can be considered a useful tool for assessing PF in adults with mild to moderate ID in future research.
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Boer PH, de Beer Z. The effect of aquatic exercises on the physical and functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: A non-randomised controlled trial. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2019; 63:1453-1463. [PMID: 31468607 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of exercise for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has been well documented. The use of aquatic exercises may be an attractive alternative to land-based exercises for individuals with musculoskeletal conditions such as low muscle tone and excess adiposity as found in adults with DS. As a result, the purpose of the current study was to study the effect of an aquatic training intervention on the functional fitness for adults with DS. METHODS Participants were recruited from two intellectually disabled care centres in the Western Cape of South Africa. Twenty-three adults with DS (13 men and 10 women) (31.4 ± 7.4 years) were allocated to an aquatic training group or a control group. The exercise group performed 35 min of aquatic training, three times a week for 6 weeks, with an increase duration of 45 min after 3 weeks. Outcome measures assessed were aerobic capacity, muscular strength, functional ability and balance. RESULTS The aerobic capacity and functional ability of the participants in the aquatic group improved significantly than in the control group with strong to medium effect sizes. Two out of the three strength parameters also improved significantly than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The functional fitness of adults with DS improved with an aquatic intervention but was insufficient to improve balance and upper body strength. The improvement of various parameters associated with functional fitness is important in this population who age prematurely, suffer from the early onset of age-related conditions, are vulnerable to falls and susceptible to chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Education, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington, South Africa
| | - Zelda de Beer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Education, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington, South Africa
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Feasibility and Reliability of a Physical Fitness Test Battery in Individuals with Down Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152685. [PMID: 31357594 PMCID: PMC6696516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that occurs because of an abnormal division between cells that results in an extra copy of chromosome 21. Some studies show that physical exercise in people with DS increases some cognitive capacities, such as memory, and improves the quality of life. Aim: The main aim of this study was to perform an analysis of the reliability and feasibility of the SAMU-Disability Fitness (DISFIT) battery in adults with DS. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a test–retest design was performed in a maximum interval of 2 weeks in 37 subjects (11 women and 26 men) aged between 21 and 58 years old with DS. Eight field-based fitness tests were proposed to assess the physical fitness (PF) of adults with DS: Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the Deep Trunk Flexibility test (DTF), the Hand Grip test (HG), the Timed Stand Test (TST), the 30-s Sit-Up (SUP) and the 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT). Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in all the tests was good and high (>0.80), except for the 6MWT, whose reliability was fair. Conclusion: The SAMU-DISFIT battery is a reliable and feasible physical fitness battery which has been created with the purpose of establishing tests which measure the four basic components of PF (flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness and motor fitness) in adults with DS.
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Guarnieri R, Crocetta TB, Massetti T, Barbosa RTDA, Antão JYFDL, Antunes TPC, Hounsell MDS, Monteiro CBDM, Oliveira ASB, Abreu LCD. Test-Retest Reliability and Clinical Feasibility of a Motion-Controlled Game to Enhance the Literacy and Numeracy Skills of Young Individuals with Intellectual Disability. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2018; 22:111-121. [PMID: 30346804 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Games using motion capture from web cameras have become increasingly popular. However, there are no games specifically designed to teach literacy to individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of introducing young individuals with ID to a new augmented reality game, the MoviLetrando, and establish its test-retest reliability to determine its usefulness in teaching the alphabet and motor control skills. The performance of a sample of 88 ID participants (52 males, 36 females, mean ± standard deviation age, 11.2 ± 2.6 years) was measured on two different testing sessions. Five dependent variables (total points, number of correct vowels/numbers, number of mistakes, number of omissions, and average time to reach symbols) were used for data analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), Cronbach's alpha, and Bland-Altman plots were used to estimate the test-retest reliability and measurement precision. Feasibility was assessed by examining recruitment, adherence, and acceptability in both phases of the game. The dependent variables identified in the MoviLetrando demonstrated an ICC of 0.44 to 0.82, suggesting acceptable/good test-retest reliability, respectively. The internal consistency was satisfactory. The small SEM, as well as the narrow width of the 95 percent limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman plots, implied that measurements of these dependent variables were precise and accurate on both the occasions. Excellent test-retest reliability for performance measurement was demonstrated in the ID participants, indicating that the MoviLetrando could be used as an outcome measure for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiani Guarnieri
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tânia Brusque Crocetta
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thaís Massetti
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo da Silva Hounsell
- 3 Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina-UDESC, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Joinville, Brasil
| | - Carlos Bandeira de Mello Monteiro
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil.,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil.,4 Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo (EACH-USP), Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
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Boer PH. Effects of detraining on anthropometry, aerobic capacity and functional ability in adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31 Suppl 1:144-150. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PH Boer
- Physical Activity; Sport and Recreation (PhASRec); Potchefstroom South Africa
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20
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Ayán-Pérez C, Martínez-Lemos RI, Cancela-Carral JM. Reliability and convergent validity of the 6-min run test in young adults with Down syndrome. Disabil Health J 2016; 10:105-113. [PMID: 27622675 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence about the psychometric properties of field tests to measure cardiorespiratory fitness in people with Down syndrome. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at analyzing the reliability and convergent validity of the 6-min run test when performed by young adults with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS In a cross-sectional design fifty-one young adults with DS (mean age 26.20 ± 7.14 years; 54% women) performed the 6-min run test and the 16-min shuttle run test twice with a one week-interval between test and retest. RESULTS The 6-min run test offered high reliability for the distances covered (ICC: 0.974; 95% CI: 0.955-0.985) and good reliability when comparing peak heart rate values obtained in the test and retest (ICC: 0.870; 95% CI: 0.772-0.926). A significant correlation between the 6-min run test and the 16-min shuttle run test was observed for the test (r = 0.705; Sig = 0.001), and retest phases (r = 0.651; Sig = 0.001). The relationship between the estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) peak after the performance of the 16-min shuttle run test and the distance covered by the 6-min run test was statistically significant (r > 0.7). No significant differences were found between the equations that estimate VO2 peak for both tests. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the 6-min run test shows high test/retest reliability and moderate to moderately high convergent validity when performed by adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayán-Pérez
- University of Vigo, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sports Science, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Iván Martínez-Lemos
- University of Vigo, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sports Science, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - José M Cancela-Carral
- University of Vigo, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sports Science, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
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Boer PH, Moss SJ. Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2016; 60:322-334. [PMID: 26805768 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large percentage of adults with Down syndrome (DS) are overweight and have extremely low aerobic capacities compared with the general population and persons with intellectual disability without DS. Previous aerobic training intervention studies showed limited potential to significantly ameliorate anthropometrical and cardiovascular variables. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of continuous aerobic training (CAT) vs. interval training (IT) on selected anthropometrical, health, physical and functional parameters of adults with DS. METHODS Forty-two adults with DS (25 men and 17 women) and a mean age of 33.8 (±8.6) years were randomly allocated to one of three groups (IT, CAT and control). Training was performed for 12 weeks. The IT group performed 10-30 s all out sprints with 90 s (1:3 work-rest ratio) of low cadence, low intensity cycling or walking. The CAT group performed continuous cycling and walking at an intensity of 70-80% of VO2 peak. Heart rate monitors were used for monitoring training intensities. After 6 weeks of training, the intensity of the CAT was increased to 85% of VO2 peak, whilst the intensity of the IT group remained 'all out'. An increase of 5 min in duration was implemented after 6 weeks for both training groups. To evaluate pre-post differences between groups, a repeated analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test was performed RESULTS: After 12 weeks of training, body weight and body mass index decreased significantly more in the IT group compared with control and CAT (P < 0.05). Participants in the IT group decreased their body weight from 71.4 ± 8 to 69.4 ± 8 kg and their body mass index from 29.3 ± 4 to 28.5 ± 4 kg/m2 . Significant ameliorations for functional parameters and leg strength were shown for CAT compared with control (P < 0.05). Participants in the CAT group improved their performance in the 6 minute walk distance (499 ± 78 to 563 ± 75 m), 8-ft up-and-go (5.9 ± 1.2 to 4.8 ± 0.9) and leg strength (13.1 ± 2 to 15.2 ± 2). VO2 peak and time to exhaustion significantly improved in both the IT and CAT group compared with control (P < 0.01). Moreover, a significant improvement for relative VO2 peak was also determined for IT compared with CAT (P < 0.05). Participants in the IT group increased their VO2 peak from 32 ± 8 to 37 ± 8 mL/min/kg. Submaximal heart rate and VO2 values improved significantly within both exercise groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Interval training and CAT can both be pursued by adults with DS to positively impact on various parameters of anthropometry, fitness and functional ability, with IT more appropriate for improving body weight and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Boer
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - S J Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Boer PH, Moss SJ. Validity of the 16-metre PACER and six-minute walk test in adults with Down syndrome. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 38:2575-83. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1137982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Henk Boer
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhaSRec) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Sarah Johanna Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhaSRec) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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