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Schumann A, Vatne TM, Fjermestad KW. What challenges do siblings of children with chronic disorders express to their parents? A thematic analysis of 73 sibling-parent dialogues. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 76:91-98. [PMID: 38367476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study explored challenges experienced by siblings of children with chronic disorders, as expressed by siblings in parent-child dialogues. DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-three parent-child dialogues (M duration = 28.6 min) were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The dialogues took place within the SIBS group intervention for siblings and parents of children with chronic disorders. The siblings (aged 8 to 14 years) had brothers and sisters with autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, rare disorders, cerebral palsy, or severe mental health disorders. The data are from session 5 in the SIBS intervention, in which the siblings are to express their wishes about family-related challenges (e.g., desired changes) to their parents. The parents are encouraged to listen, explore, and validate the child's perspective before discussing solutions. RESULTS Most of the family-oriented challenges the siblings expressed were related to the diagnosis of the brother or sister with a disorder. Four main themes were identified: (1) Family life (e.g., limitations in family activities); (2) The diagnosis (e.g., concerns about the future); (3) Violence; and (4) Important relationships. CONCLUSION The siblings experienced challenges and difficult emotions in interactional processes in which the diagnosis affected family life and relationships. The study adds a new dimension to the field by identifying siblings' expressed challenges based on parent-child dialogues. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Identified themes can guide how parents should meet and address siblings' needs, how health care providers inform and support parents in doing so, and emphasize the relevance of interventions targeting family-level risk and resilience factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Schumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Torun M Vatne
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu resource centre for rare disorders, Norway
| | - Krister W Fjermestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu resource centre for rare disorders, Norway
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Rum Y, Golan O, Allison C, Smith P, White SR, Baron-Cohen S. Does Having a Sibling Affect Autistic People's Empathy? J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06153-w. [PMID: 37934396 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether autistic people with siblings score higher on measures of empathy than those without siblings. Cohorts of autistic children (n = 939; mean age = 7.35 years (SD = 2.15)) and autistic adults (n = 736; mean age = 37 years (SD = 12.39)) from the Cambridge Autism Research Database (CARD) were each divided into two groups: with or without siblings. Empathy was measured using the children version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) (parent-report) for children. For adults, the EQ (self-report version) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) were used. Contrary to the hypothesis, autistic children without siblings scored higher on EQ than those with siblings (t(283.70) = 4.20, p < .001; d = 0.50). In adults, there was no difference between autistic adults with and without siblings on both measures, but there was an interaction effect between sex and group on the RMET (f(1732) = 4.10, p = 0.04): whilst autistic males without siblings on average scored lower than females, autistic males with siblings on average performed similarly to females. Future research should investigate the possible effect of siblings on autistic males' empathy performance in a larger cohort of autistic individuals. Children's empathic abilities may be underestimated by their parents when they have siblings due to a contrast effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Rum
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ofer Golan
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Carrie Allison
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Smith
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Qin T, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang S. Selective Attentional Networks Deficits in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From Attention Network Test. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:721-729. [PMID: 37559453 PMCID: PMC10460981 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We primarily aimed to investigate the attention network function among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using the Attention Network Test (ANT). The secondary objective was to observe whether the three attention networks of all participants were related to each other. METHODS We included 28 parents of children with ASD and 28 well-matched parents of typically developing children. All participants underwent the neuropsychological assessment and ANT test. The three distinct attention networks, including alerting, orienting, and executive control, were also measured. RESULTS Compared with controls, parents of children with ASD showed less-efficient alerting and executive control network (all p<0.05), but not orienting network (p=0.74). No significant correlation was found between the alerting, orienting, and executive control network for either group. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that parents of children with ASD had deficits in alerting and executive control attention functions. The deficits are indications of a broad autism phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- School of Medical Imaging, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Computational Medicine and Intelligent Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Computational Medicine and Intelligent Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Computational Medicine and Intelligent Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Computational Medicine and Intelligent Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Veerman LKM, Willemen AM, Derks SDM, Brouwer-van Dijken AAJ, Sterkenburg PS. The effectiveness of the serious game "Broodles" for siblings of children with intellectual disabilities and/or visual impairment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:336. [PMID: 37198687 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siblings of children with disabilities also need support. However, there are only a few evidence-based interventions for these siblings. The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of a newly developed serious game for young siblings of children with intellectual disability (ID) and/or visual impairment (VI). This serious game is hypothesized to improve sibling's quality of life, adjustment to their brother's or sister's disability, and multiple aspects of psychosocial well-being. METHODS The intervention consists of a serious game called "Broodles" (in Dutch: "Broedels") that helps children to recognize and deal with thoughts, feelings, and difficult situations. The game consists of eight 20-minute levels that all have the same structure with eight game elements. Each level addresses a domain of sibling quality of life and combines animations, mini-documentaries, fun mini-games, and multiple-choice questions. In addition to the game, siblings make a worksheet after playing each level. In order to support the child, the parents or caregivers receive a short brochure with information and tips. The effectiveness of the intervention will be investigated among a sample of 154 children aged 6-9 years and their parents or caregivers, using a two-arm parallel RCT design. The experimental group will play the serious game "Broodles" over a period of 4 weeks, whereas the control group will be placed on a waiting list. Assessments will take place at three time points: pre-test (week 1), post-test (week 5), and follow-up (weeks 12-14). At each timepoint, children and parents will complete several questionnaires on quality of life and different aspects of psychosocial well-being. In addition, children will make drawings to assess the sibling relationship. Next to that, parents and children will answer closed and open-ended questions about the sibling adjustment to their brother or sister's disability. Finally, parents and children will evaluate the serious game through closed and open-ended questions. DISCUSSION This study contributes to the knowledge about sibling interventions and serious games. Additionally, if the serious game is proven to be effective, it will be a readily available, easily accessible, and free of charge intervention for siblings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05376007, registered prospectively on April 21, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K M Veerman
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies; LEARN!; Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, the Netherlands.
| | - Agnes M Willemen
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies; LEARN!; Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne D M Derks
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies; LEARN!; Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paula S Sterkenburg
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies; LEARN!; Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, the Netherlands
- Bartiméus, Doorn, Oude Arnhemse Bovenweg 3, 3941 XM, the Netherlands
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A Theory-Generating Qualitative Meta-synthesis to Understand Neurotypical Sibling Perceptions of their Relationship with Siblings with Autism Spectrum Disorders. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-023-00360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Levante A, Martis C, Del Prete CM, Martino P, Pascali F, Primiceri P, Vergari M, Lecciso F. Parentification, distress, and relationship with parents as factors shaping the relationship between adult siblings and their brother/sister with disabilities. Front Psychiatry 2023; 13:1079608. [PMID: 36741565 PMCID: PMC9889978 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1079608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
According to parentification theory, when the siblings of a brother/sister with disabilities assume parent-like duties, this role reversal is known as sibling-focused parentification. It has a significant impact on these siblings' distress and the quality of their family relationships; 605 Italian adult siblings (19-26 years) of people with disabilities completed the online survey. Measures of siblings' parentification, distress, quality of family relationships, social support, and perceived benefits of parentification were used. The hypothesized model aims to test, on the target sample, the distress and the quality of the relationship with parents as mediators on the interplay between the siblings' parentification and their sibling relationship. Additionally, social support and perceived benefits of parentification as protective factors were considered. Results showed that the distress and the low quality of the relationship with parents negatively affected the interplay between the siblings' parentification and the relationship with their own brother/sister with disabilities. Social support and the perceived benefits of parentification decreased the siblings' distress levels; the perceived benefits of parentification served as a protective factor for the quality of the relationship with parents. Current findings extend the knowledge regarding the risk and protective factors of the siblings' mental health when disability occurs in the family. Additionally, they inform family-based intervention programs, which should involve the whole family system for reducing distress and improving the wellbeing of siblings without disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Levante
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Lab of Applied Psychology, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara Martis
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Paola Martino
- Office for Inclusion of People with Disabilities, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Vergari
- District for Rehabilitation, Local Health Service, Lecce, Italy
| | - Flavia Lecciso
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Lab of Applied Psychology, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Quatrosi G, Genovese D, Amodio E, Tripi G. The Quality of Life among Siblings of Autistic Individuals: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030735. [PMID: 36769384 PMCID: PMC9918204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders presenting at a tender age, defined by qualitative deficits in social interactions and communication, thus having a substantial influence on the subject's family unit. Quality of life (QoL) refers to a person's perspective of their life situation, cultural and value background, objectives, expectations, and standards. When focusing on childhood and adolescence, age-related changes should be considered. For this scoping review, the authors used three peer-review literature database sources (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ERIC) to delve deeper into components of the QoL of non-autistic siblings of autistic individuals. At the completion of the eligibility phase, 9 studies were included out of the 96 initial records. A total of 4/9 articles (45%) compared the non-autistic siblings of autistic individuals to the siblings of non-autistic people, while 3/9 articles (33%) compared the first group to the non-autistic siblings of patients with other chronic diseases. A total of 5/9 studies adopted specific questionnaires to evaluate QoL. Results from 6/9 articles revealed that the autism condition has varying effects on non-autistic siblings' QoL. According to the considered research, non-autistic siblings of autistic individuals experienced decreased psychological well-being, less perceived social support, increased aggressiveness and conflict-proneness, and higher levels of anxiety and stress impacting their QoL. The present findings provide important implications for additional and more punctual studies in this sector. Furthermore, as being a non-autistic sibling of an autistic individual is commonly undervalued, this review advocates the need to organize and improve support services for siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Quatrosi
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Genovese
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tripi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- School of Specialization in Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Freitag VL, Motta MDGC, Milbrath VM, Bazzan JS, Debatin G, Gabatz RIB. "He is normal": phenomenological considerations of child/adolescent's perception of the disabled sibling. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2023; 43:e20220129. [PMID: 36888742 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2022.20220129.en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the child/adolescent's perception of the disabled sibling. METHOD Qualitative research, with a phenomenological approach, conducted between 2018 and 2019, in a municipality in the south of Brazil, with 20 children/adolescents who are siblings of people with disabilities, through a phenomenological interview. Respecting ethical precepts, hermeneutics was used for interpretation. RESULTS The child/adolescent perceives his/her disabled sibling as a normal person, given his/her behavior, way of being and intellectual capacity. Still, it understands him as a special being, who has limitations regarding learning, but does not see him as different, thus, unlinks the idea of disability associated with the disease/abnormality. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS The perception of the disabled sibling occurs within the perception of normality. The child identifies his sibling's lower learning capacitor a way that is unique to him, a fact that does not condition him to be seen as abnormal, defining his being-in-the-world as a special way of existing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lucia Freitag
- Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e Agrárias, Departamento de Enfermagem. Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Maria da Graça Corso Motta
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Escola de Enfermagem, Departamento Materno Infantil. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Viviane Marten Milbrath
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Stragliotto Bazzan
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Debatin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Ruth Irmgard Bärtschi Gabatz
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Kirchhofer SM, Orm S, Haukeland YB, Fredriksen T, Wakefield CE, Fjermestad KW. A systematic review of social support for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 126:104234. [PMID: 35468570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social support is a protective factor for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. AIMS We reviewed studies on social support received by siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (CRD42020207686), searching PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Fifteen articles were eligible for the review, 13 of which used cross-sectional designs. Two studies investigated sibling social support after an intervention. Multiple variables were negatively related to social support (e.g., sibling depression, loneliness, stress). Variables that were positively related to social support included prosocial behavior, competence (academic, social, and activity-related), problem-focused coping, and family quality of life. Potential moderators of the relationship between social support and psychosocial adjustment included the type of disorder of the affected sibling and the type of social support provider. We conclude with an overview of the reliability and validity of the seven social support measurements used across the studies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lower levels of social support are associated with more negative psychosocial adjustment among siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. We encourage future researchers to further investigate ways to increase social support for siblings to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig M Kirchhofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Nic Waals Institutt, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Lovisenberg Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stian Orm
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Trude Fredriksen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Claire E Wakefield
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Krister W Fjermestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Nordre Follo, Norway
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Rum Y, Genzer S, Markovitch N, Jenkins J, Perry A, Knafo-Noam A. Are there positive effects of having a sibling with special needs? Empathy and prosociality of twins of children with non-typical development. Child Dev 2022; 93:1121-1128. [PMID: 35194782 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether typically developing (TD) twins of non-TD children demonstrate enhanced empathy and prosociality. Of 778 Hebrew-speaking Israeli families who participated in a twin study, 63 were identified to have a non-TD child with a TD twin, and 404 as having both twins TD. TD twins of non-TD children (27% males) were compared to the rest of the cohort of TD children (46% males) on measures of empathy and prosociality. Participants were 11 years old. TD twins of non-TD children scored significantly higher than TD twins of TD children in a measure of cognitive empathy (d = .43). No differences were found in emotional empathy and prosociality. The specificity of the positive effect on cognitive empathy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Rum
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shir Genzer
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Anat Perry
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Freitag VL, Motta MDGC, Milbrath VM, Bazzan JS, Debatin G, Gabatz RIB. “Ele é normal”: considerações fenomenológicas da percepção da criança/adolescente do irmão com deficiência. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2022.20220129.pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a percepção da criança/adolescente sobre o irmão com deficiência. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica, desenvolvida entre 2018 e 2019,em um município ao sul do Brasil, com 20crianças/adolescentes irmãos de pessoas com deficiência, mediante entrevista fenomenológica.Respeitados os preceitos éticos, utilizou-se a hermenêutica para interpretação. Resultados: A criança/adolescente percebe seu irmão com deficiência como uma pessoa normal, diante de seu comportamento, modo de ser e capacidade intelectual. Ainda, o entende como um ser especial, que possui limitações em relação à aprendizagem, porém não o vê como diferente, desvinculando a ideia da deficiência associada à doença/anormalidade. Considerações finais: A percepção sobre o irmão com deficiência ocorre dentro da perceptiva de normalidade. A criança identifica a menor capacidade de aprendizagem do irmão ou um jeito que é só dele, fato que não o condiciona a ser visto como anormal, definindo seu ser-no-mundo como um modo especial de existir.
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Family Impact During the Time Between Autism Screening and Definitive Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:4908-4920. [PMID: 34797470 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk has dramatically increased due to the wide-spread implementation of screening programs; yet, there is limited understanding about parent perceptions and experiences during the time period when risk is identified, but prior to receiving a formal diagnosis-a period that can last months to years given the long wait-lists for formal ASD evaluations. The current study aimed to examine parent perceptions of family impact (i.e., the impact their child's behaviors have on the family) between the time of risk-identification and formal diagnosis among 277 children identified as at-risk for ASD through screening positive in primary care. We aimed to compare family impact among those whose child met diagnostic criteria for ASD and those who did not. Parents of children who received a non-ASD diagnosis reported a higher baseline level of family impact (F[1, 274] = 5.82, p = .017); however, perceived difficult child behavior was a stronger predictor of family impact (t[6] = 13.11, p < .001) than later diagnostic group (t[6] = - 2.10, p = .037), and child functioning did not predict family impact (t[6] = -0.31, p = .76). These results suggest that in this population, perceived difficult child behavior is a stronger predictor of family impact than later diagnostic category and should be considered an important factor in family support.
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13
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Yaldız AH, Solak N, Ikizer G. Negative emotions in siblings of individuals with developmental disabilities: The roles of early maladaptive schemas and system justification. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 117:104046. [PMID: 34388576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental disabilities (DD) in close family members have profound effects on psychological adjustment of siblings of individuals with DD. One factor that influences the psychological adjustment of siblings is emotions. However, little is known about emotions among siblings of individuals with DD. AIMS This study sought to examine negative emotions of adolescent siblings of individuals with DD and focus on the roles of individual- and system-related factors, namely early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and system justification. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A cross-sectional study including adolescent 72 siblings of individuals with DD and 109 adolescent siblings of individuals without DD was conducted. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The siblings of individuals with DD had higher scores on the Other-Directedness schema domain and system justification than the siblings of individuals without DD. However, the frequency of negative emotions did not differ between groups. Lower scores on EMS and higher scores on system justification were associated with less frequent negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Negative emotions seem to be common in adolescents regardless of having a sibling with DD or not. Nevertheless, EMS and system justification tendencies in siblings of individuals with DD may act as vulnerability factors for negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybüke Halime Yaldız
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Street, No: 47-48, 06420, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nevin Solak
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Street, No: 47-48, 06420, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gözde Ikizer
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Street, No: 43, 06510, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Aschersleben G, Hoffmann K, Henn W. General Cognitive Abilities and Psychosocial Development in Children and Adolescents Having a Co-Twin with Down Syndrome. J Pediatr 2021; 232:214-219. [PMID: 33450221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the general cognitive and psychosocial development in children and adolescents having a co-twin with Down syndrome. STUDY DESIGN A case control study with an individually matched control group was conducted. Participants included families with twins discordant for Down syndrome as well as with typically developing twins. The group of unaffected co-twins aged 4-16 years was compared with a control group of typically developing twins in terms of general cognitive abilities, behavioral problems, and prosocial behavior. The age and sex and the sex composition of the twins were individually matched. The Sijnders-Oomen nonverbal intelligence test was applied to assess children's IQ, and parents completed the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS The unaffected co-twins did not differ from typically developing twins with respect to their IQ. Concerning the psychosocial development, significantly heightened values in unaffected co-twins twins were only obtained for the conduct problems scale (P = .01; r = 0.45), neither for the total difficulties score nor for the other behavioral problem scales significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS The general cognitive development of the unaffected co-twin of children with Down syndrome is not affected by the presence of their Down syndrome twin. Unaffected co-twins showed increased conduct problems, which is most pronounced in the younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Aschersleben
- Developmental Psychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Katarzyna Hoffmann
- Developmental Psychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Wolfram Henn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg-Saar, Germany
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Orm S, Vatne T, Tomeny TS, Fjermestad K. Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSiblings of children with ASD have, as a group, more autistic traits than typically developing individuals. A high prevalence of autistic traits may (or may not) include lower scores on measures of empathy and prosocial behavior compared with typically developing individuals. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies of empathy and prosocial behavior in siblings of individuals with ASD. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of studies published until March 2020. We identified 16 studies with a total of 1066 siblings that met inclusion criteria. Based on the review, we conclude that the current literature suggests that siblings of individuals with ASD exhibit normative empathic abilities and prosocial behavior.
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Meltzer A, Muir K. An ecological and systems thinking approach for support to siblings with and without disabilities. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1057/s41285-020-00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang T, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li H, Ji GJ, Yang Z, Zhang L, Zhu C, Wang K. Eye Avoidance of Threatening Facial Expressions in Parents of Children with ASD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1869-1879. [PMID: 34140771 PMCID: PMC8203098 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s300491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research found that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was characterized by eye avoidance of threatening facial expressions. However, it still remains unclear as to whether these abnormalities are present in parents of children with ASD. Our study aimed to investigate the gaze patterns of parents of children with ASD in the threatening facial expressions. METHODS Thirty-four parents of children with ASD and 35 parents of typically developing (TD) children participated in our study. We investigated the total fixation time of participants when they viewed different facial expression (eg, happy, fearful, angry, sad) videos and examined changes in the fixation duration over time. RESULTS We observed the following: a) the total fixation time of the parents of children with ASD on the eyes of fearful faces was significantly shorter than that of the normal group, and the difference lasted for five seconds (four to six seconds, eight to nine seconds) throughout the process; and b) The parents of children with ASD avoided the eyes of angry expression faces at around five seconds after the stimulus onset. CONCLUSION We concluded that parents of children with ASD tended to avoid the eyes of threatening expression faces while viewing the dynamic emotions video.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation of Children, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation therapy, The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230022, People's Republic of China
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Cebula K, Kovshoff H. Editorial - Understanding sibling relationships in developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 99:103607. [PMID: 32078913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Cebula
- School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Hanna Kovshoff
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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