1
|
Brummer AB, Xella A, Woodall R, Adhikarla V, Cho H, Gutova M, Brown CE, Rockne RC. Data driven model discovery and interpretation for CAR T-cell killing using sparse identification and latent variables. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115536. [PMID: 37256133 PMCID: PMC10226275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the development of cell-based cancer therapies, quantitative mathematical models of cellular interactions are instrumental in understanding treatment efficacy. Efforts to validate and interpret mathematical models of cancer cell growth and death hinge first on proposing a precise mathematical model, then analyzing experimental data in the context of the chosen model. In this work, we present the first application of the sparse identification of non-linear dynamics (SINDy) algorithm to a real biological system in order discover cell-cell interaction dynamics in in vitro experimental data, using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and patient-derived glioblastoma cells. By combining the techniques of latent variable analysis and SINDy, we infer key aspects of the interaction dynamics of CAR T-cell populations and cancer. Importantly, we show how the model terms can be interpreted biologically in relation to different CAR T-cell functional responses, single or double CAR T-cell-cancer cell binding models, and density-dependent growth dynamics in either of the CAR T-cell or cancer cell populations. We show how this data-driven model-discovery based approach provides unique insight into CAR T-cell dynamics when compared to an established model-first approach. These results demonstrate the potential for SINDy to improve the implementation and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in the clinic through an improved understanding of CAR T-cell dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Brummer
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Agata Xella
- Department of Hemtaology and Hematopoietic Cell Translation and Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Woodall
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Vikram Adhikarla
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Heyrim Cho
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Hemtaology and Hematopoietic Cell Translation and Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Russell C. Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Li B. Piecewise Business Bubble System under Classical and Nonsingular Kernel of Mittag-Leffler Law. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:459. [PMID: 36981347 PMCID: PMC10048189 DOI: 10.3390/e25030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the dynamics of three agents in the emerging business bubble model based on the Mittag-Leffler law pertaining to the piecewise classical derivative and non-singular kernel. By generalizing the business bubble dynamics in terms of fractional operators and the piecewise concept, this study presents a new perspective to the field. The entire set of intervals is partitioned into two piecewise intervals to analyse the classical order and conformable order derivatives of an Atangana-Baleanu operator. The subinterval analysis is critical for removing discontinuities in each sub-partition. The existence and uniqueness of the solution based on a piecewise global derivative are tested for the considered model. The approximate root of the system is determined using the piecewise numerically iterative technique of the Newton polynomial. Under the classical order and non-singular law, the approximate root scheme is applied to the piecewise derivative. The curve representation for the piece-wise globalised system is tested by applying the data for the classical and different conformable orders. This establishes the entire density of each compartment and shows a continuous spectrum instead of discrete dynamics. The concept of this study can also be applied to investigate crossover behaviours or abrupt changes in the dynamics of the values of each market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230002, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Finance, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Zhong P, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li N, Li Y, Jin Y, Bibi A, Huang Y, Xu Y. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with SFTS. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:393-398. [PMID: 36706468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high mortality. Early identification of patients who may advance to critical stages is crucial. This investigation aimed to establish models to predict SFTS before it reaches the critical illness stage. METHODS Between January 2016 and September 2022, 278 cases have been included in this study. There were 87 demographic and systemic chosen variables. For selecting the predictive variables from the cohort, the LASSO was utilized, and for identifying independent predictors, multivariate logistic regression was performed. Based on these factors, a nomogram was established for critical illness. Concordance index values, decision curve analysis and the area under the curve (AUC) were also examined. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated the most important differentiating factors as;> 65 years old (P < 0.001, OR 3.388, 95 % CI 1.767-6.696), elevated serum PT (P = 0.011, OR 6.641, 95 % CI 1.584-31.934), elevated serum TT (P = 0.005, OR 3.384, 95 % CI 1.503-8.491), and elevated serum bicarbonate (P = 0.014, OR 0.242, 95 % CI 0.070-0.707). The C-index of the nomogram was 0.812 (95 % CI: 0.754-0.869), representing good discrimination. The model also showed excellent calibration. The AUC of the nomogram established based on four factors, as mentioned earlier, was 0.806. Furthermore, the model had the excellent net benefit, as revealed by the decision curve analysis. CONCLUSION An accurate risk score system built on manifestations noted in patients with SFTS upon admission to hospital, might be advantageous in managing SFTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Rd, Hefei, China
| | - Pei Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Rd, Hefei, China
| | - Lianzi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Rd, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Asma Bibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Rd, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Rd, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Shorbagy MA, Rahman MU, Alyami MA. On the analysis of the fractional model of COVID-19 under the piecewise global operators. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:6134-6173. [PMID: 37161101 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An expanding field of study that offers fresh and intriguing approaches to both mathematicians and biologists is the symbolic representation of mathematics. In relation to COVID-19, such a method might provide information to humanity for halting the spread of this epidemic, which has severely impacted people's quality of life. In this study, we examine a crucial COVID-19 model under a globalized piecewise fractional derivative in the context of Caputo and Atangana Baleanu fractional operators. The said model has been constructed in the format of two fractional operators, having a non-linear time-varying spreading rate, and composed of ten compartmental individuals: Susceptible, Infectious, Diagnosed, Ailing, Recognized, Infectious Real, Threatened, Recovered Diagnosed, Healed and Extinct populations. The qualitative analysis is developed for the proposed model along with the discussion of their dynamical behaviors. The stability of the approximate solution is tested by using the Ulam-Hyers stability approach. For the implementation of the given model in the sense of an approximate piecewise solution, the Newton Polynomial approximate solution technique is applied. The graphing results are with different additional fractional orders connected to COVID-19 disease, and the graphical representation is established for other piecewise fractional orders. By using comparisons of this nature between the graphed and analytical data, we are able to calculate the best-fit parameters for any arbitrary orders with a very low error rate. Additionally, many parameters' effects on the transmission of viral infections are examined and analyzed. Such a discussion will be more informative as it demonstrates the dynamics on various piecewise intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A El-Shorbagy
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- School of Mathematical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Maryam Ahmed Alyami
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang F, Tang Q, Chen J, Han N. China public emotion analysis under normalization of COVID-19 epidemic: Using Sina Weibo. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1066628. [PMID: 36698592 PMCID: PMC9870544 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China has entered a phase of normalization. The basis for evaluating and improving public health strategies is understanding the emotions and concerns of the public. This study establishes a fine-grained emotion-classification model to annotate the emotions of 32,698 Sina Weibo posts related to COVID-19 prevention and control from July 2022 to August 2022. The Dalian University of Technology (DLUT) emotion-classification system was adjusted to form four pairs (eight categories) of bidirectional emotions: good-disgust, joy-sadness, anger-fear, and surprise-anticipation. A lexicon-based method was proposed to classify the emotions of Weibo posts. Based on the selected Weibo posts, the present study analyzed the Chinese public's sentiments and emotions. The results showed that positive sentiment accounted for 51%, negative sentiment accounted for 24%, and neutral sentiment accounted for 25%. Positive sentiments were dominated by good and joy emotions, and negative sentiments were dominated by fear and disgust emotions. The proportion of positive sentiments on official Weibo (accounts belonging to government departments and official media) is significantly higher than that on personal Weibo. Official Weibo users displayed a weak guiding effect on personal users in terms of positive sentiment and the two groups of users were almost completely synchronized in terms of negative sentiment. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed on the two negative emotions of fear and disgust in the personal posts. The present study found that the emotion of fear was mainly related to COVID-19 infection and death, control of people with positive nucleic acid tests, and the outbreak of local epidemic, while the emotion of disgust was mainly related to the long-term existence of the epidemic, the cost of nucleic acid tests, non-implementation of prevention and control measures, and the occurrence of foreign epidemics. These findings suggest that Chinese attitudes toward epidemic prevention and control are positive and optimistic; however, there is also a notable proportion of fear and disgust. It is expected that this study will help public health administrators to evaluate the effectiveness of possible countermeasures and work toward precise prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa Zhang
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Business School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, China,Research Base of Cross-Border Flow Risk and Governance, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Fa Zhang ✉
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Business School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Business School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Business School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed HF, Hashem WA. A novel spectral technique for 2D fractional telegraph equation models with spatial variable coefficients. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda F. Ahmed
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - W. A. Hashem
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sohail A, Ashiq U. Quantum inspired improved AI computing for the sensors of cardiac mechano-biology. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
8
|
Orthonormal piecewise Vieta-Lucas functions for the numerical solution of the one- and two-dimensional piecewise fractional Galilei invariant advection-diffusion equations. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00217-X. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
9
|
Yu Z, Sohail A, Arif R, Nutini A, Nofal TA, Tunc S. Modeling the crossover behavior of the bacterial infection with the COVID-19 epidemics. RESULTS IN PHYSICS 2022; 39:105774. [PMID: 35812469 PMCID: PMC9254571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To explore the crossover linkage of the bacterial infections resulting from the viral infection, within the host body, a computational framework is developed. It analyzes the additional pathogenic effect of Streptococcus pneumonia, one of the bacteria that can trigger the super-infection mechanism in the COVID-19 syndrome and the physiological effects of innate immunity for the control or eradication of this bacterial infection. The computational framework, in a novel manner, takes into account the action of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to the function of macrophages. A hypothetical model is created and is transformed to a system of non-dimensional mathematical equations. The dynamics of three main parameters (macrophages sensitivity κ , sensitivity to cytokines η and bacterial sensitivity ϵ ), analyzes a "threshold value" termed as the basic reproduction numberR 0 which is based on a sub-model of the inflammatory state. Piece-wise differentiation approach is used and dynamical analysis for the inflammatory response of macrophages is studied in detail. The results shows that the inflamatory response, with high probability in bacterial super-infection, is concomitant with the COVID-19 infection. The mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory cytokines is discussed during this research and it is observed that these cytokines do not prevent inflammation chronic, but only reduce its level while increasing the activation threshold of macrophages. The results of the model quantifies the probable deficit of the biological mechanisms linked with the anti-inflammatory cytokines. The numerical results shows that for such mechanisms, a minimal action of the pathogens is strongly amplified, resulting in the "chronicity" of the inflammatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yu
- Institute of Systems Security and Control, College of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Robia Arif
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Alessandro Nutini
- Centro Studi Attività Motore - Biology and Biomechanics Dept., Via di tiglio 94 Lucca, Italy
| | - Taher A Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sümeyye Tunc
- Medipol University, Vocational School of Sciences, Physiotherapy Programme, Unkapanı, Atatürk Bulvarı, No:27, 34083, Halic Campus, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chikileva I, Shubina I, Burtseva AM, Kirgizov K, Stepanyan N, Varfolomeeva S, Kiselevskiy M. Antiviral Cell Products against COVID-19: Learning Lessons from Previous Research in Anti-Infective Cell-Based Agents. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040868. [PMID: 35453618 PMCID: PMC9027720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a real challenge for the protective immunity. Some people do not respond to vaccination by acquiring an appropriate immunological memory. The risk groups for this particular infection such as the elderly and people with compromised immunity (cancer patients, pregnant women, etc.) have the most serious problems in developing an adequate immune response. Therefore, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines that are loaded ex vivo with SARS-CoV-2 antigens in the optimal conditions are promising for immunization. Lymphocyte effector cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR lymphocytes) are currently used mainly as anti-tumor treatment. Before 2020, few studies on the antiviral CAR lymphocytes were reported, but since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 the number of such studies has increased. The basis for CARs against SARS-CoV-2 were several virus-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. We propose a similar, but basically novel and more universal approach. The extracellular domain of the immunoglobulin G receptors will be used as the CAR receptor domain. The specificity of the CAR will be determined by the antibodies, which it has bound. Therefore, such CAR lymphocytes are highly universal and have functional activity against any infectious agents that have protective antibodies binding to a foreign surface antigen on the infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chikileva
- Research Institute of Experimental Therapy and Diagnostics of Tumor, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina Shubina
- Research Institute of Experimental Therapy and Diagnostics of Tumor, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Anzhelika-Mariia Burtseva
- College of New Materials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Kirill Kirgizov
- Research Institute of Children Oncology and Hematology, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Nara Stepanyan
- Research Institute of Children Oncology and Hematology, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Svetlana Varfolomeeva
- Research Institute of Children Oncology and Hematology, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Mikhail Kiselevskiy
- Research Institute of Experimental Therapy and Diagnostics of Tumor, NN Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nutini A, Zhang J, Sohail A, Arif R, Nofal TA. Forecasting of the efficiency of monoclonal therapy in the treatment of CoViD-19 induced by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV2. RESULTS IN PHYSICS 2022; 35:105300. [PMID: 35251917 PMCID: PMC8881325 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a new variant of concern of SARS-CoV2 called Omicron. This variant has biological-functional characteristics such as to make it much faster in the infectious process so as to show an even more intense spread. Although many data are currently incomplete, it is possible to identify, based on the viral biochemical characteristics, a possible therapy consisting of a monoclonal antibody called Sotrovimab. The model proposed here is based on the mathematical analysis of the dynamics of action of this monoclonal antibody and two cell populations: the immune memory cells and the infected cells. Indeed, a delay exists during the physiological immune response and the response induced by administration of Sotrovimab. This manuscript presents that delay in a novel manner. The model is developed with the aid of information based on the chemical kinetics. The machine learning tools have been used to satisfy the criteria designed by the dynamical analysis. Regression learner tools of Python are used as the reverse engineering tools for the understanding of the balance in the mathematical model, maintained by the parameters and their corresponding intervals and thresholds set by the dynamical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nutini
- Biology and Biomechanics division., Centro Studi Attività Motorie via di Tiglio 94 Lucca, Italy
| | - Juan Zhang
- Guangdong ATV Academy for Performing Arts, Dongguan 523710, China
- School of Computer Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan
| | - Robia Arif
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan
| | - Taher A Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|