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Guo P, Luo D, Wu Y, He S, Deng J, Yao H, Sun W, Zhang J. Coverage Planning for UVC Irradiation: Robot Surface Disinfection Based on Swarm Intelligence Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3418. [PMID: 38894209 PMCID: PMC11174843 DOI: 10.3390/s24113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been widely utilized as a disinfection strategy to effectively eliminate various pathogens. The disinfection task achieves complete coverage of object surfaces by planning the motion trajectory of autonomous mobile robots and the UVC irradiation strategy. This introduces an additional layer of complexity to path planning, as every point on the surface of the object must receive a certain dose of irradiation. Nevertheless, the considerable dosage required for virus inactivation often leads to substantial energy consumption and dose redundancy in disinfection tasks, presenting challenges for the implementation of robots in large-scale environments. Optimizing energy consumption of light sources has become a primary concern in disinfection planning, particularly in large-scale settings. Addressing the inefficiencies associated with dosage redundancy, this study proposes a dose coverage planning framework, utilizing MOPSO to solve the multi-objective optimization model for planning UVC dose coverage. Diverging from conventional path planning methodologies, our approach prioritizes the intrinsic characteristics of dose accumulation, integrating a UVC light efficiency factor to mitigate dose redundancy with the aim of reducing energy expenditure and enhancing the efficiency of robotic disinfection. Empirical trials conducted with autonomous disinfecting robots in real-world settings have corroborated the efficacy of this model in deactivating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Guo
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Dekun Luo
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Yizhen Wu
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Sheng He
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Jianyu Deng
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Huilu Yao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Wenhong Sun
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (P.G.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (J.D.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Nanning 530004, China
- Third Generation Semiconductor Industry Research Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
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Ashique S, Mishra N, Mohanto S, Garg A, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Gowda BJ, Chellappan DK. Application of artificial intelligence (AI) to control COVID-19 pandemic: Current status and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25754. [PMID: 38370192 PMCID: PMC10869876 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the everyday livelihood of people has been monumental and unparalleled. Although the pandemic has vastly affected the global healthcare system, it has also been a platform to promote and develop pioneering applications based on autonomic artificial intelligence (AI) technology with therapeutic significance in combating the pandemic. Artificial intelligence has successfully demonstrated that it can reduce the probability of human-to-human infectivity of the virus through evaluation, analysis, and triangulation of existing data on the infectivity and spread of the virus. This review talks about the applications and significance of modern robotic and automated systems that may assist in spreading a pandemic. In addition, this study discusses intelligent wearable devices and how they could be helpful throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science and Technology, Pharmacy, Jabalpur, M.P, 483001, India
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B.H. Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Sickbert-Bennett EE. ..úNo touch..Ñ methods for health care room disinfection: Focus on clinical trials. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A134-A143. [PMID: 37890944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital patient room surfaces are frequently contaminated with multidrug-resistant organisms. Since studies have demonstrated that inadequate terminal room disinfection commonly occurs, ..úno touch..Ñ methods of terminal room disinfection have been developed such as ultraviolet light (UV) devices and hydrogen peroxide (HP) systems. METHODS This paper reviews published clinical trials of ..úno touch..Ñ methods and ..úself-disinfecting..Ñ surfaces. RESULTS Multiple papers were identified including clinical trials of UV room disinfection devices (N.ß=.ß20), HP room disinfection systems (N.ß=.ß8), handheld UV devices (N.ß=.ß1), and copper-impregnated or coated surfaces (N.ß=.ß5). Most but not all clinical trials of UV devices and HP systems for terminal disinfection demonstrated a reduction of colonization/infection in patients subsequently housed in the room. Copper-coated surfaces were the only ..úself-disinfecting..Ñ technology evaluated by clinical trials. Results of these clinical trials were mixed. DISCUSSION Almost all clinical trials reviewed used a ..úweak..Ñ design (eg, before-after) and failed to assess potential confounders (eg, compliance with hand hygiene and environmental cleaning). CONCLUSIONS The evidence is strong enough to recommend the use of a ..úno-touch..Ñ method as an adjunct for outbreak control, mitigation strategy for high-consequence pathogens (eg, Candida auris or Ebola), or when there are an excessive endemic rates of multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Emily E Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC
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Derossi A, Di Palma E, Moses JA, Santhoshkumar P, Caporizzi R, Severini C. Avenues for non-conventional robotics technology applications in the food industry. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113265. [PMID: 37803578 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Robots in manufacturing alleviate hazardous environmental conditions, reduce the physical/mental stress of the workers, maintain high precision for repetitive movements, reduce errors, speed up production, and minimize production costs. Although robots have pervaded many industrial sectors and domestic environments, the experiments in the food sectors are limited to pick-and-place operations and meat processing while we are assisting new attention in gastronomy. Given the great performances of the robots, there would be many other intriguing applications to explore which could usher the transition to precision food manufacturing. This review wants open thoughts and opinions on the use of robots in different food operations. First, we reviewed the recent advances in common applications - e.g. novel sensors, end-effectors, and robotic cutting. Then, we analyzed the use of robots in other operations such as cleaning, mixing/kneading, dough manipulation, precision dosing/cooking, and additive manufacturing. Finally, the most recent improvements of robotics in gastronomy with their use in restaurants/bars and domestic environments, are examined. The comprehensive analyses and the critical discussion highlighted the needs of further scientific understanding and exploitation activities aimed to fill the gap between the laboratory-scale results and the validation in the relevant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Derossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Italy
| | - E Di Palma
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Italy
| | - J A Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management - Thanjavur, MoFPI, Govt. of India, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613005, India
| | - P Santhoshkumar
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management - Thanjavur, MoFPI, Govt. of India, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613005, India
| | - R Caporizzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Italy.
| | - C Severini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Italy
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Pandya VS, Morsy MS, Hassan AAHAA, Alshawkani HA, Sindi AS, Mattoo KA, Mehta V, Mathur A, Meto A. Ultraviolet disinfection (UV-D) robots: bridging the gaps in dentistry. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1270959. [PMID: 38024151 PMCID: PMC10646406 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1270959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a microbe-free environment in healthcare facilities has become increasingly crucial for minimizing virus transmission, especially in the wake of recent epidemics like COVID-19. To meet the urgent need for ongoing sterilization, autonomous ultraviolet disinfection (UV-D) robots have emerged as vital tools. These robots are gaining popularity due to their automated nature, cost advantages, and ability to instantly disinfect rooms and workspaces without relying on human labor. Integrating disinfection robots into medical facilities reduces infection risk, lowers conventional cleaning costs, and instills greater confidence in patient safety. However, UV-D robots should complement rather than replace routine manual cleaning. To optimize the functionality of UV-D robots in medical settings, additional hospital and device design modifications are necessary to address visibility challenges. Achieving seamless integration requires more technical advancements and clinical investigations across various institutions. This mini-review presents an overview of advanced applications that demand disinfection, highlighting their limitations and challenges. Despite their potential, little comprehensive research has been conducted on the sterilizing impact of disinfection robots in the dental industry. By serving as a starting point for future research, this review aims to bridge the gaps in knowledge and identify unresolved issues. Our objective is to provide an extensive guide to UV-D robots, encompassing design requirements, technological breakthroughs, and in-depth use in healthcare and dentistry facilities. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of UV-D robots will aid in harnessing their potential to revolutionize infection control practices in the medical and dental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visha Shailesh Pandya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Vaidik Dental College & Research Centre, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India
| | - Mohamed S.M. Morsy
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamed A. Alshawkani
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Sameer Sindi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid A. Mattoo
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vini Mehta
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ankita Mathur
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Aida Meto
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Aldent, Tirana, Albania
- Clinical Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Knobling B, Ulatowski A, Franke G, Belmar Campos C, Büttner H, Klupp EM, Maurer PM, Brill FHH, Knobloch JK. Superiority of manual disinfection using pre-soaked wipes over automatic UV-C radiation without prior cleaning. J Hosp Infect 2023; 140:72-78. [PMID: 37543180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms has been demonstrated in several studies, but differences in the specific doses and the extent of microbial reduction were found. Furthermore, the conditions of laboratory tests differ greatly from reality, such that efficacy achieved in tests may not necessarily be assumed in reality. Consequently, it is important to investigate the effectiveness of UV-C in representative field trials. The aim was therefore to develop and establish a field test to evaluate automatic UV-C in comparison to manual disinfection. METHODS Before and after disinfection, samples were repeatedly collected from naturally highly contaminated surfaces using the swab technique to obtain representative data sets for disinfected and non-disinfected surfaces. Subsequently, the log reduction values (LRV) and the disinfection success were evaluated for UV-C radiation and full compliant manual disinfection using alcohol-based wipes. RESULTS Surfaces that are naturally contaminated with bacteria on a regular and nearly uniform basis have been identified as particularly suitable for field testing. Mean contamination was reduced from 23.3 to 1.98 cfu/cm2 (LRV 0.9) and 29.7 to 0.26 cfu/cm2 (LRV 1.2) for UV-C and manual disinfection, respectively. UV-C disinfection achieved 75.5% successful disinfected surfaces, whereas manual disinfection showed 98.1%. CONCLUSIONS Full compliant manual disinfection showed slightly higher LRVs and disinfection success than automatic UV-C disinfection. Successful, operator-independent UV-C disinfection still has the potential to improve disinfection performance in addition to manual disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Knobling
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Ulatowski
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Franke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Belmar Campos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Büttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E M Klupp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P M Maurer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J K Knobloch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department Infection Prevention and Control, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Chen H, Cheng Y, Moraru CI. Blue 405 nm LED light effectively inactivates bacterial pathogens on substrates and packaging materials used in food processing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15472. [PMID: 37726297 PMCID: PMC10509141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the antimicrobial effectiveness of 405 nm light emitting diodes (LEDs) against pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, in thin liquid films (TLF) and on solid surfaces. Stainless steel (SS), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and borosilicate glass were used as materials typically encountered in food processing, food service, and clinical environments. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) coupons with nanoscale topography were used, to evaluate the effect of topography on inactivation. The impact of surface roughness, hydrophobicity, and reflectivity on inactivation was assessed. A 48 h exposure to 405 nm led to reductions ranging from 1.3 (E. coli) to 5.7 (S. aureus) log CFU in TLF and 3.1 to 6.3 log CFU on different solid contact surfaces and packaging materials. All inactivation curves were nonlinear and followed Weibull kinetics, with better inactivation predictions on surfaces (0.89 ≤ R2 ≤ 1.0) compared to TLF (0.76 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.99). The fastest inactivation rate was observed on small nanopore AAO coupons inoculated with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, indicating inactivation enhancing potential of these surfaces. These results demonstrate significant promise of 405 nm LEDs for antimicrobial applications in food processing and handling and the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Chen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Carmen I Moraru
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Pereira AR, Braga DFO, Vassal M, Gomes IB, Simões M. Ultraviolet C irradiation: A promising approach for the disinfection of public spaces? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163007. [PMID: 36965719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation C (UVC) has emerged as an effective strategy for microbial control in indoor public spaces. UVC is commonly applied for air, surface, and water disinfection. Unlike common 254 nm UVC, far-UVC at 222 nm is considered non-harmful to human health, being safe for occupied spaces, and still effective for disinfection purposes. Therefore, and allied to the urgency to mitigate the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, an increase in UVC-based technology devices appeared in the market with levels of pathogens reduction higher than 99.9 %. This environmentally friendly technology has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of traditional chemical-based disinfection approaches. The novel UVC-based devices were thought to be used in public indoor spaces such as hospitals, schools, and public transport to minimize the risk of pathogens contamination and propagation, saving costs by reducing manual cleaning and equipment maintenance provided by manpower. However, a lack of information about UVC-based parameters and protocols for disinfection, and controversies regarding health and environmental risks still exist. In this review, fundamentals on UVC disinfection are presented. Furthermore, a deep analysis of UVC-based technologies available in the market for the disinfection of public spaces is addressed, as well as their advantages and limitations. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable inputs and strategies for the development of effective, reliable, and safe UVC disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel F O Braga
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vassal
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Deal AM, Vaida V. Oxygen Effect on the Ultraviolet-C Photochemistry of Lactic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2936-2945. [PMID: 36962071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid, a small α-hydroxyacid, is ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor environments. Recently, the photochemistry of lactic acid has garnered interest among the abiotic organic chemistry community as it would have been present in abiotic settings and photoactive with the high-energy solar radiation that would have been available in the low oxygen early Earth environment. Additionally, we propose that the photochemistry of lactic acid is relevant to modern Earth during indoor ultraviolet-C (UVC) sterilization procedures as lactic acid is emitted by humans and is thus prevalent in indoor environments where UVC sterilization is increasingly being used. Here, we study the oxygen effect on the gas phase photolysis of lactic acid using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and isotopically labeled oxygen (18O2). We find that the major products of gas phase lactic acid photolysis are CO2, CO, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. Furthermore, these products are the same with or without added oxygen, but the partial pressures of produced CO2, CO, and acetaldehyde increase with the amount of added oxygen. Notably, the added oxygen is primarily incorporated into produced CO2 and CO, while little or none is incorporated into acetaldehyde. We combine the results presented here with those in the literature to propose a mechanism for the gas phase photolysis of lactic acid and the role of oxygen in this mechanism. Finally, we compare the output of a krypton-chloride excimer lamp (λ = 222 nm), one of the lamps proposed for UVC sterilization procedures, to the absorption of lactic acid. We show that lactic acid would be photoactive during UVC sterilization procedures, and we use the gas phase results presented here and aqueous lactic acid photolysis results previously published to assess potential byproducts from lactic acid reactions during UVC sterilization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Deal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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