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Suhadolc Scholten S, Slavec B, Klinc P, Tozon N, Papić B, Koprivec S. Association of Mycoplasma canis with Fertility Disorders in Dogs: A Case Study Supported by Clinical Examination, PCR, 16S Microbiota Profiling, and Serology. Pathogens 2024; 13:391. [PMID: 38787243 PMCID: PMC11123722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of Mycoplasma canis in canine fertility disorders is still poorly understood. As infection is often asymptomatic, there is an increasing need for appropriate diagnostic methods and treatment plans that would allow the reliable detection of M. canis infection and rapid alleviation of infection symptoms in affected dogs. In this study, we included 14 dogs with fertility problems and 16 dogs without fertility disorder signs. We compared clinical examination data and selected laboratory parameters (hematology and biochemistry) between the groups. We performed PCR-based detection of M. canis and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota profiling of DNA isolated from vaginal and preputial swabs. Dog sera were tested for the presence of M. canis-specific antibodies. Hematological and selected biochemical parameters showed no differences between groups. PCR-based detection of M. canis in the samples was consistent with the results of 16S microbiota profiling. Several other bacterial taxa were also identified that could potentially be involved in different fertility disorders. Serological methods were not accurate enough since high cross-reactivity rates were observed. In the future, more accurate and efficient methods will be needed to determine the role of M. canis and its true role in the pathogenesis of specific fertility disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suhadolc Scholten
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Klinc
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Tozon
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Koprivec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Domrazek K, Konieczny P, Majka M, Czopowicz M, Jurka P. The Impact of Microorganisms on Canine Semen Quality. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1267. [PMID: 38731270 PMCID: PMC11083039 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Various microorganisms, including Mycoplasma spp., have been reported in canine ejaculate. The impact of these microorganisms on semen quality remains unclear. This study included 63 male intact healthy dogs aged 1-8 years. One dog exhibited azoospermia, indicating a relatively low incidence of this condition. Interestingly, 36.5% of the examined dogs tested negative for both aerobic bacteria and mycoplasmas, while 12.7% tested positive for bacterial presence. Additionally, 60.3% of the dogs tested positive for Mycoplasma spp. using PCR, with most carrying 1-2 Mycoplasma species. We found no significant difference in semen characteristics between Mycoplasma-positive and -negative dogs. The detection of Mycoplasma was not significantly linked to the presence of bacteria in semen. All the microorganisms identified were classified as saprophytic flora. Our findings indicate that Mycoplasma spp. is common in canine ejaculate. Semen quality parameters were not correlated with the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in semen. Mycoplasma HRC689 was the most common species. Some dogs exhibited no presence of aerobic bacteria or mycoplasmas in their semen. Our study highlights the common presence of Mycoplasma spp. in canine ejaculate. Semen quality shows no correlation with Mycoplasma presence. Some canine ejaculate is sterile. Our findings suggest the existence of undescribed species of canine mycoplasmas, necessitating advanced diagnostic techniques like NGS for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Domrazek
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Konieczny
- Vet Cell Tech Sp. z o.o., 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (P.K.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Majka
- Vet Cell Tech Sp. z o.o., 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (P.K.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Domrazek K, Konieczny P, Majka M, Czopowicz M, Cywińska A, Jurka P. The lack of the influence of various species of Mycoplasma spp. on canine semen quality. Theriogenology 2024; 219:86-93. [PMID: 38402701 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas colonize fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, being commensals or causing diseases, sometimes severe in ruminants, swine, poultry, or wildlife animals. So far, 15 species of canine Mycoplasma spp. have been described. Conflicting results have been presented regarding the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma spp. Although many virulence factors of these bacteria have been described, they still require attention. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of known canine Mycoplasmas in the male reproductive tract of clinically healthy dogs. The second aim was to check if Mycoplasma spp. cause any abnormalities in semen quality that could have further consequences and to propose the schemes for managing the carriers. 83.3% of examined dogs were Mycoplasma spp. -positive dogs, and most of them were the carriers of more than one species. Six dogs had azoospermic ejaculates. The total spermatozoa numbers were similar in Mycoplasma -positive and negative groups. Motility was slightly higher in Mycoplasma spp.-negative group, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in semen characteristics between the carriers and Mycoplasma spp.-negative dogs. Neither the individual species nor the number of species strains had a significant effect on sperm morphological parameters as well as viability. Semen quality parameters are not correlated with the species found on the prepuce. Over 70% Mycoplasma spp.- positive dogs have more than one species of this bacteria. Despite finding mycoplasmas in azoospermic dogs, we suggest that they were not the cause of infertility. Mycoplasma spp. could be a part of normal microbiota in canine prepuce in individuals without any clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Domrazek
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences- SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - P Konieczny
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663, Krakow, Poland; VET CELL TECH Sp. z.o.o., 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - M Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663, Krakow, Poland; VET CELL TECH Sp. z.o.o., 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - M Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Cywińska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - P Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences- SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Banchi P, Spanoghe L, Maes D, Morrell J, Van Soom A. The reproductive microbiome in dogs: Friend or foe? Vet J 2024; 304:106100. [PMID: 38484870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome of the reproductive tract is an area of research in full development. Specifically, the microbiome may be involved in reproductive health, disease, and pregnancy outcomes, as has been shown in humans and animals, including dogs. The aim of the present review was to summarize current knowledge on the microbiome of the canine reproductive tract, to expose the controversial role that some bacterial agents may play in canine subfertility, and to highlight future research perspectives. This review discussed whether the use of antimicrobials in dogs is appropriate to increase reproductive performance and to treat subfertility without proper diagnosis, and the possible use of probiotics to modulate the reproductive canine microbiome. Finally, we indicate areas in which scientific knowledge is currently lacking, and could be promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Banchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy.
| | - Lotte Spanoghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Jane Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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5
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Leps AS, Klein B, Schneider M, Meyer C, Šoba A, Simon C, Dyachenko V, Siesenop U, Verspohl J, Goericke-Pesch S. The Canine Vaginal Flora: A Large-Cohort Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2024; 11:55. [PMID: 38393073 PMCID: PMC10892940 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiological examinations are frequently performed as part of breeding management examinations in the bitch, but also in case of (suspected) reproductive tract problems. As most bacteria are opportunistic pathogens, evaluation of bacterial findings is challenging for veterinarians. Besides, breeders might request antimicrobial treatment in breeding bitches, fearing conception failure-even without medical indication. Considering the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance, gaining deeper insights into the bacterial findings from the vagina of healthy and (suspected) reproductive-diseased bitches might contribute to the knowledge of the canine aerobic vaginal flora and consequently improve the responsible use of antibiotics. We analyzed results from bacteriological cultures of 23,254 vaginal swabs sent in to three commercial laboratories in Germany between 2015 and 2021, where standard aerobic microbiological examination was carried out. We found a variety of 319 bacterial species that mostly grew in mixed cultures of two or more bacterial species. Commonly found species were Escherichia coli, beta-hemolytic Streptococci, coagulase-positive Staphylococci, Pasteurellales, and aerobic sporulators, as well as other Streptococcus spp. Our results showed a large diversity of the canine vaginal flora in healthy and (suspected) reproductive-diseased bitches. They largely support earlier findings of small studies on the physiological canine vaginal flora, emphasizing that solely the results of a bacterial evaluation should not be the base for antimicrobial treatment. Instead, bacterial findings should be evaluated with the results of a clinical gynecological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophia Leps
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Babette Klein
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christine Simon
- Biocontrol, Biosciencia Healthcare GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Dyachenko
- Biocontrol, Biosciencia Healthcare GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Ute Siesenop
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
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Klose SM, Legione AR, Monotti I, Bushell RN, Sugiyama T, Browning GF, Vaz PK. Genomic characterization of Mycoplasma edwardii isolated from a dog bite induced cat wound reveals multiple horizontal gene transfer events and loss of the CRISPR/Cas system. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38167305 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A domestic short hair cat (Felis catus) suffering from a purulent wound infection resulting from a dog bite was sampled for bacterial culture and isolation as the wound had been unresponsive to prolonged antimicrobial treatment. A mycoplasma was isolated from the wound. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate was performed using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore chemistry, and the organism was identified as Mycoplasma edwardii. Comparison of the genome sequence of the isolate to a reference M. edwardii genome sequence (canid isolate) identified the loss of several key bacterial factors involved in genome editing, as well the insertion of several novel ORFs most closely related to those found in other canine mycoplasmas, specifically Mycoplasma canis, M. cynos, M. molare and M. maculosa. This is only the second known report of disease caused by M. edwardii in a non-canid species, and the first report of it infecting and causing clinical disease in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Klose
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isobel Monotti
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys N Bushell
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Takanori Sugiyama
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Present address: Animalius Vet, WA, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Alves ABP, Dos Santos Machado L, de Souza JB, Spenchutt Vieira GP, Dias TS, de Almeida VL, do Nascimento ER, Barreto ML, Da Cunha NC. Detection of Mycoplasma species at various anatomical sites of dogs from different types of kennels. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1251-1255. [PMID: 36933138 PMCID: PMC10235012 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to detect Mycoplasma cynos, M. canis, M. edwardii, and M. molare in different types of kennels, in addition to evaluating their distribution in different colonization sites. The dogs belonged to different kennels from armed forces (n = 3), shelters (n = 3), and commercial purposes (n = 2). Samples of the oropharynx, genital mucosa, and ear canal were collected from each dog (n = 98), totaling 294 samples. Aliquots were submitted to isolation and the samples confirmed as Mycoplasma spp. were subjected to conventional PCR for M. canis and multiplex PCR for M. edwardii, M. molare, and M. cynos detection. Of the 98 dogs studied, 63.3% (62) were positive in at least one anatomical site evaluated for Mycoplasma spp. Among the 111 anatomical sites positive for Mycoplasma spp., M. canis, M. edwardii, and M. molare were detected in 29.7% (33/111), 40.5% (45/111), and 2.70% (3/111), respectively. No animal was positive for M. cynos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Pinheiro Alves
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jenif Braga de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Do Rio de Janeiro E Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Salles Dias
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Léo de Almeida
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lúcia Barreto
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Costa Da Cunha
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
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Huggins LG, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Traub RJ. Advanced approaches for the diagnosis and chemoprevention of canine vector-borne pathogens and parasites-Implications for the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 120:1-85. [PMID: 36948727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) of canines are a diverse range of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and multicellular parasites, that are pernicious and potentially lethal to their hosts. Dogs across the globe are afflicted by canine VBPs, but the range of different ectoparasites and the VBPs that they transmit predominate in tropical regions. Countries within the Asia-Pacific have had limited prior research dedicated to exploring the epidemiology of canine VBPs, whilst the few studies that have been conducted show VBP prevalence to be high, with significant impacts on dog health. Moreover, such impacts are not restricted to dogs, as some canine VBPs are zoonotic. We reviewed the status of canine VBPs in the Asia-Pacific, with particular focus on nations in the tropics, whilst also investigating the history of VBP diagnosis and examining recent progress in the field, including advanced molecular methods, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS). These tools are rapidly changing the way parasites are detected and discovered, demonstrating a sensitivity equal to, or exceeding that of, conventional molecular diagnostics. We also provide a background to the armoury of chemopreventive products available for protecting dogs from VBP. Here, field-based research within high VBP pressure environments has underscored the importance of ectoparasiticide mode of action on their overall efficacy. The future of canine VBP diagnosis and prevention at a global level is also explored, highlighting how evolving portable sequencing technologies may permit diagnosis at point-of-care, whilst further research into chemopreventives will be essential if VBP transmission is to be effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Huggins
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Framst I, D Andrea C, Baquero M, Maboni G. Development of a long-read next generation sequencing workflow for improved characterization of fastidious respiratory mycoplasmas. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36374163 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma cynos and Mycoplasma felis are often associated with canine and feline infectious respiratory disease in dogs and cats, respectively. Mycoplasmas have a reduced genome and dearth of many biosynthetic pathways, making them dependent on rich medium for growth. Due to this fastidious nature, mycoplasmas have been historically underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective and accurate sequencing workflow for genotypic characterization of clinical isolates of M. cynos and M. felis using a rapid long-read sequencing platform. We explored the following critical aspects of bacterial whole genome sequencing, including: (i) five solid and liquid-based culture approaches based on a specialized media formulation for Mycoplasma culture, (ii) three DNA extraction methods modified for long-read sequencing purposes, and (iii) two de novo assembly platforms, Flye and Canu, as key components of a bioinformatics pipeline. DNA extraction method 1, a solid-phase and column-based kit with enzymatic lysis, provided the best DNA quality and concentration followed by high coverage and sequencing contiguity. This was obtained with a culture volume of 45 ml in modified Hayflick's broth incubated for 48 h. DNA extracted directly from colonies on agar or from small broth volumes (6 ml) did not meet the criteria required for long-read sequencing. Overall, Flye generated more contiguous assemblies than the Canu assembler and was more time efficient. This 4-5 day sample-to-sequence workflow provides the scientific and clinical communities with a more comprehensive tool than laborious conventional methods for complete genomic characterization of M. cynos and M. felis clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Framst
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Cassandra D Andrea
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Monica Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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10
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Roblejo-Arias L, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Corona-González B, Meli ML, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-Mirabal E, Marrero-Perera R, Vega-Cañizares E, Lobo-Rivero E, Hofmann-Lehmann R. First molecular evidence of Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' infections and its association with epidemiological factors in dogs from Cuba. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106320. [PMID: 35063415 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are unculturable, epicellular, cell wall-less gram-negative bacteria distributed worldwide, which infect several mammalian species. In dogs, Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' have been reported as causative agents of infectious anaemia, especially in splenectomised or immunocompromised animals. The present cross-sectional study aims to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of canine haemoplasmas in Cuba. A total of 391 dog blood samples and 247 tick samples were tested for the presence of canine haemoplasmas by species-specific quantitative TaqMan® real-time PCR assays. Overall, 17.9% (70/391; 95% CI: 14.1-21.7) blood samples were PCR-positive for at least one canine haemoplasmas species, where 15.1% (59/391; 95% CI: 11.5-18.7) for Mycoplasma haemocanis, 4.4% (17/391; 95% CI: 2.3-6.4) for 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum', and 1.5% (6/391; 95% CI: 0.3-2.8) were co-infected. All collected ticks were identified morphologically as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, and none of the tested tick samples was found PCR-positive for the presence of Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum'. Risk factors for canine haemoplasmas species infection included the presence of tick infestation, crossbreeding and living in kennels, while no association was found with the occurrence of anaemia. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' revealed >99% identity to other isolates distributed worldwide, indicating low genetic variability amongst these canine haemoplasmas species. To the best of the authors´ knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence of Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' infections in dogs from Cuba.
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12
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Sidrak D, Green J, Nawathe P, Morgan M, Soni PR. Canine-to-Human Transmission of Mycoplasma canis in the Central Nervous System. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 11:28-30. [PMID: 34346501 PMCID: PMC8385838 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dog bites remain a common occurrence in our society, particularly in toddlers and small children under the age of 2. Injuries to the head and face, more common in younger children, can often lead to significant morbidity. Additionally, there continues to be considerable clinical equipoise for standardized post-dog bite injury management. Here, we present the only reported pediatric case in the literature of Mycoplasma canis-associated central nervous system (CNS) infection in an 11-month-old infant who sustained a dog bite to the calvarium. The prevalence of dog bites during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had interestingly tripled in number after stay-at-home orders in 1 particular pediatric emergency department in Colorado. This observation paired with advances in microbiological identification like MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer) may lead to the identification of future cases of uniquely canine pathogens that play a role in human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demiana Sidrak
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jack Green
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,Corresponding Author: Priya R. Soni, MD, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite 4221, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. E-mail:
| | - Pooja Nawathe
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margie Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Priya R Soni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,Corresponding Author: Priya R. Soni, MD, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite 4221, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. E-mail:
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13
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Okonkowski LK, Szlosek D, Ottney J, Coyne M, Carey SA. Asymptomatic carriage of canine infectious respiratory disease complex pathogens among healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:662-668. [PMID: 34060088 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogens among asymptomatic client-owned dogs, and to compare the risks of asymptomatic pathogen carriage between client-owned dogs and dogs in an animal shelter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pooled tonsillar, conjunctival and nasal cavity swabs from asymptomatic client-owned dogs (n=133) were tested using a real-time polymerase chain reaction canine respiratory panel. Identical samples from asymptomatic dogs in an animal shelter (n=295) were similarly tested for selected pathogens. Risk differences were calculated between client-owned dogs and shelter dogs for each of the respiratory pathogens included in the analyses. RESULTS A total of 15 of 133 (11.3%) asymptomatic client-owned dogs were positive for at least one pathogen in the complex. Seven dogs (6.1%) were positive for M. cynos, six (5.2%) were positive for B. bronchiseptica, two (1.7%) were positive for canine herpesvirus type 1 and two (1.7%) were positive for canine respiratory coronavirus. For all eight pathogens tested in both groups, the proportion of positive cases was higher among shelter dogs than among client-owned dogs. Shelter dogs had a higher risk for M. cynos (0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.12 to 0.25), canine respiratory coronavirus (0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.10 to 0.19), canine distemper virus (0.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.09), and canine pneumovirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.08) than client-owned dogs. Odds ratios for M. cynos (0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.08 to 0.92) and canine respiratory coronavirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.18) were significantly different between client-owned and shelter dogs. In all cases except for canine herpesvirus type 1, dogs within the shelter population were observed to be at higher risk of exhibiting asymptomatic carriage of a respiratory pathogen as compared to client-owned dogs. The strength of this association was strongest for M. cynos and canine respiratory coronavirus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The risk of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen exposure posed by asymptomatic client-owned dogs is poorly defined. This study also corroborates previous reports of high canine infectious respiratory disease prevalence among clinically healthy shelter dogs, and further determined that the overall prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen carriage among clinically healthy client-owned dogs is low but is highest for the traditional pathogen B. bronchiseptica and the emerging pathogen M. cynos.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Okonkowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - D Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - J Ottney
- Capital Area Humane Society, 7095 West Grand River Avenue, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - M Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - S A Carey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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14
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Tamiozzo PJ. Mycoplasma maculosum and Mycoplasma spumans associated with fertility disorders in dogs from a Bernese Mountain dog kennel. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 54:39-42. [PMID: 34059367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this short communication is to describe a case of subfertility and other anomalies associated with the presence of Mycoplasma spumans and Mycoplasma maculosum in a Bernese Mountain Dog kennel. After the arrival of two dogs from abroad, some fertility disorders, such as unsuccessful mating, pregnancy losses and abnormal sperm analysis results, were observed. Two consecutive samplings (vaginal swabs) of three and two bitches with problems, respectively, were performed and M. spumans and M. maculosum were identified by PCR and sequencing. After treatment for 15 days with doxycycline and 9 days with azithromycin, successful pregnancies were achieved and the results of the sperm analyses were reversed. Considering that no other infectious agents causing subfertility problems were detected and that no management measures or other medication apart from these antibiotics were applied, it was concluded that fertility problems were due to the presence of these two Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio ACERCA, Jorge Newbery 268, Las Higueras, Córdoba, Argentina.
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15
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Valentine-King MA, Cisneros K, James MO, Huigens RW, Brown MB. Efficacy data of halogenated phenazine and quinoline agents and an NH125 analogue to veterinary mycoplasmas. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:107. [PMID: 32252763 PMCID: PMC7137434 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas primarily cause respiratory or urogenital tract infections impacting avian, bovine, canine, caprine, murine, and reptilian hosts. In animal husbandry, mycoplasmas cause reduced feed-conversion, decreased egg production, arthritis, hypogalactia or agalactia, increased condemnations, culling, and mortality in some cases. Antibiotics reduce transmission and mitigate clinical signs; however, concerning levels of antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. capricolum isolates exist. To address these issues, we evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of halogenated phenazine and quinoline compounds, an N-arylated NH125 analogue, and triclosan against six representative veterinary mycoplasmas via microbroth or agar dilution methods. Thereafter, we evaluated the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of efficacious drugs. RESULTS We identified several compounds with MICs ≤25 μM against M. pulmonis (n = 5), M. capricolum (n = 4), M. gallisepticum (n = 3), M. alligatoris (n = 3), M. agassizii (n = 2), and M. canis (n = 1). An N-arylated NH125 analogue, compound 21, served as the most efficacious, having a MIC ≤25 μM against all mycoplasmas tested, followed by two quinolines, nitroxoline (compound 12) and compound 20, which were effective against four and three mycoplasma type strains, respectively. Nitroxoline exhibited bactericidal activity among all susceptible mycoplasmas, and compound 21 exhibited bactericidal activity when the MBC was able to be determined. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a number of promising agents from novel drug classes with potential applications to treat veterinary mycoplasma infections and present the opportunity to evaluate preliminary pharmacokinetic indices using M. pulmonis in rodents as an animal model of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Valentine-King
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine Cisneros
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Analysis of the lung microbiota in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and correlation with culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Vet Res 2020; 51:46. [PMID: 32209128 PMCID: PMC7092585 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a pathogen involved in canine infectious respiratory disease complex, can be confirmed using culture or qPCR. Studies about the canine lung microbiota (LM) are recent, sparse, and only one paper has been published in canine lung infection. In this study, we aimed to compare the LM between Bb infected and healthy dogs, and to correlate sequencing with culture and qPCR results. Twenty Bb infected dogs diagnosed either by qPCR and/or culture and 4 healthy dogs were included. qPCR for Mycoplasma cynos (Mc) were also available in 18 diseased and all healthy dogs. Sequencing results, obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after DNA extraction, PCR targeting the V1–V3 region of the 16S rDNA and sequencing, showed the presence of Bb in all diseased dogs, about half being co-infected with Mc. In diseased compared with healthy dogs, the β-diversity changed (P = 0.0024); bacterial richness and α-diversity were lower (P = 0.012 and 0.0061), and bacterial load higher (P = 0.004). Bb qPCR classes and culture results correlated with the abundance of Bb (r = 0.71, P < 0.001 and r = 0.70, P = 0.0022). Mc qPCR classes also correlated with the abundance of Mc (r = 0.73, P < 0.001). Bb infection induced lung dysbiosis, characterized by high bacterial load, low richness and diversity and increased abundance of Bb, compared with healthy dogs. Sequencing results highly correlate with qPCR and culture results showing that sequencing can be reliable to identify microorganisms involved in lung infectious diseases.
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17
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Tallmadge RL, Anderson R, Mitchell PK, Forbes ZC, Werner B, Gioia G, Moroni P, Glaser A, Thachil AJ, Goodman LB. Characterization of a novel Mycoplasma cynos real-time PCR assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:793-801. [PMID: 31752630 PMCID: PMC7206559 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719890858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma cynos is recognized as an emerging causative pathogen of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) worldwide. We developed a new open-source real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay for M. cynos that performs well under standard rtPCR conditions. Primers and probes were designed to target the M. cynos tuf gene. Reaction efficiencies for the M. cynos tuf gene assay on 2 platforms were based on amplification of standard curves spanning 8 orders of magnitude: ABI 7500 platform, 94.3–97.9% (r2 ≥ 0.9935); QuantStudio OpenArray platform, 119.1–122.5% (r2 = 0.9784). The assay performed very well over a range of template input, from 109 copies to the lower limit of quantification at 4 copies of the M. cynos genome on the ABI 7500 platform. Diagnostic performance was estimated by comparison with an in-house legacy assay on clinical specimens as well as testing isolates that were characterized previously by intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequencing. Exclusivity was established by testing 12 other Mycoplasma species. To substantiate the high specificity of the M. cynos tuf gene assay, sequence confirmation was performed on ISR PCR amplicons obtained from clinical specimens. One ISR amplicon sequence revealed M. mucosicanis rather than M. cynos. The complete protocol of the newly developed M. cynos tuf assay is provided to facilitate assay harmonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura B. Goodman
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Tallmadge, Anderson, Mitchell, Forbes, Werner, Gioia, Moroni, Glaser, Thachil, Goodman)
- Laura B. Goodman, Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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18
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Whole-Genome Sequence of the Mycoplasma mucosicanis Type Strain. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/41/e00799-19. [PMID: 31601660 PMCID: PMC6787317 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00799-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing of
Mycoplasma mucosicanis
type strain 1642 was performed to support efforts to better understand the clinical significance of
Mycoplasma
infection in canine health. The availability of this sequence will also further the development of highly specific diagnostic tests.
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19
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Vilalta C, Sanhueza JM, Murray D, Johnson L, Pieters M. Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglet processing fluids. Vet Rec 2019; 185:510. [PMID: 31409755 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Processing fluid (PF) is a sample type composed of fluids obtained from testicles and tails as the product of piglet processing. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of pigs and has rarely been detected in tissues outside the respiratory system. No data exist in the literature regarding detection of M hyopneumoniae in PF or its use for herd monitoring of this pathogen. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of detecting M hyopneumoniae in PF. Testicles and tails of 21 conveniently selected litters from a commercial sow farm were collected, by litter, and tested for M hyopneumoniae by real time-PCR. Daily aggregated processing tissues were collected for a two-month period to assess the detection of M hyopneumoniae in PF. The comparison in the percentage of positive samples in fluids from testicles (38 per cent, 8/21) or tails (4.8 per cent, 1/21) was significantly different (P=0.023). The percentage of daily aggregated PF with cycle threshold values up to 37 was 52.9 per cent (9/17) and 26.7 per cent (4/15) for December and January, respectively. Overall, these data show detection of M hyopneumoniae in PF for the first time and points at the potential use of this sample for monitoring of this bacterium in breeding farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Vilalta
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Sanhueza
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Pieters
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
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20
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Jambhekar A, Robin E, Le Boedec K. A systematic review and meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species and lower respiratory tract disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1880-1891. [PMID: 31297880 PMCID: PMC6766487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic role of mycoplasmas in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of dogs is debated, because mycoplasmas can be isolated from both healthy and sick dogs. Objectives To critically assess available data from controlled observational studies on the role of 4 mycoplasma species in LRT disease of dogs. Design Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Methods Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant publications. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Meta‐analyses, stratified by mycoplasmal species, were performed using a random effects Bayesian model with noninformative priors to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis, Mycoplasma spumans, and Mycoplasma edwardii and LRT disease in dogs. Results Five studies were included from 1201 references identified. All studies dealt with M. cynos, whereas 3 dealt with the other mycoplasma species. A significant association was found between M. cynos and LRT disease (Bayesian OR, 3.60; CI, 1.31‐10.29). Conversely, M. canis, M. spumans, and M. edwardii were not significantly associated with LRT signs (Bayesian OR, 1.06; CI, 0.10‐14.63; Bayesian OR, 3.40; CI, 0.16‐54.27; and Bayesian OR, 1.04; CI, 0.05‐23.54, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results support a pathogenic role of M. cynos and a commensal role of M. canis and M. edwardii in LRT in dogs. Although the association was not significant based on the CI, the point estimate of the Bayesian OR was relatively high for M. spumans, making its role less clear. Mycoplasma cynos‐specific polymerase chain reaction should be considered on samples from dogs with LRT.
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21
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Ybañez AP, Ybañez RHD, Armonia RKM, Chico JKE, Ferraren KJV, Tapdasan EP, Salces CB, Maurillo BCA, Galon EMS, Macalanda AMC, Moumouni PFA, Xuan X. First molecular detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii and the ectoparasite biodiversity in dairy water buffalo and cattle in Bohol, Philippines. Parasitol Int 2019; 70:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Maboni G, Seguel M, Lorton A, Berghaus R, Sanchez S. Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215817. [PMID: 31022218 PMCID: PMC6483346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a syndrome where multiple viral and bacterial pathogens are involved sequentially or synergistically to cause illness. There is limited information regarding the prevalence of pathogens related to CIRD in the United States as well as the role of co-infections in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive etiologic and epidemiologic study of multiple CIRD agents in a diverse dog population using molecular methods and statistical modeling analyses. In addition, a novel probe-based multiplex real-time PCR was developed to simultaneously detect and differentiate two species of Mycoplasma (M. canis and M. cynos). Canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, influenza A virus (H3N2 and H3N8), Bordetella bronchiseptica, M. canis, M. cynos and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus were investigated in specimens from clinically ill and asymptomatic dogs received at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Results showed low occurrence of classical CIRD agents such as B. bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus and distemper virus, while highlighting the potential role of emerging bacteria such as M. canis and M. cynos. Statistical modeling analyses of CIRD pathogens emphasized the impact of co-infections on the severity of clinical presentation, and showed that host factors, such as animal age, are the most important predictors of disease severity. This study provides new insights into the current understanding of the prevalence and role of co-infections with selected viruses and bacteria in the etiology of CIRD, while underscoring the importance of molecular diagnosis and vaccination against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauricio Seguel
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Lorton
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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23
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Sakmanoglu A, Sayin Z, Pinarkara Y, Uslu A, Ucan US, Erganis O. Evaluation of random amplified polymorphic DNA and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analyses for Mycoplasma cynos. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 161:1-7. [PMID: 30981711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. can cause diseases of the respiratory system as well as urogenital infections, infertility, and anemia. The members of this genus have a low G + C content compared to other bacteria. Because primers used in the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique are only 10 bp long and have high GC content, this method can be inadequate for genotyping Mycoplasma spp. isolates. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and two-primer RAPD (TP-RAPD) procedures for subtyping Mycoplasma cynos isolates. A total of 55 M. cynos isolates obtained from 162 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from shelter and pet dogs were used in this study. Seventy-four tandem repeat regions were detected in the M. cynos genome, and two of these loci were determined to be suitable and used for development of the MLVA scheme. The results of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis and TP-RAPD-PCR were compared with RAPD-PCR. The discriminatory power of TP-RAPD-PCR (Hunter-Gaston diversity index [HGDI] = 0.84) was higher than those of RAPD-PCR (HGDI = 0.727), VNTR1 (HGDI = 0.8), and VNTR3 (HGDI = 0.757). We observed that the TP-RAPD-PCR and MLVA methods provide clearer data and are more successful in determining genetic diversity, in contrast to the RAPD-PCR method for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Sakmanoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Sayin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Pinarkara
- Department of Food Technology, Sarayonu Vocational School, Selcuk University, 42430, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ali Uslu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Uckun Sait Ucan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Osman Erganis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Hemmatzadeh F, Niap F, Bennett BA, Trott DJ, Peaston AE. A novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction to monitor urinary tract mycoplasma infection in a dog. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:409-414. [PMID: 30793339 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a quantitative real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of mycoplasma urinary tract infections (UTI) in a dog. An English Cocker Spaniel dog with the history of urinary tract infection was physically examined and laboratory findings identified chronic renal insufficiency and urinary tract infection. Attempts to culture organisms from pyuric urine failed, and empirical antibiotic therapy did not resolve the pyuria. A mycoplasma species most closely resembling Ureaplasma canigenitalium was identified in urine samples by conventional PCR and sequencing. A quantitative PCR method was developed to monitor and finally verify successful treatment. This novel approach to monitoring mycoplasma urinary tract infections is conceptually simple, and provides rapid results. It may have wider application in monitoring treatment efficacy for infections with other Mycoplasma spp. as well as additional organisms that are difficult to culture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, we highlight two different findings, detection of Ureaplasma canigenitalium in a dog with chronic urinary tract infection and development of a quantitative real-time PCR test to track treatment results in an infected dog. This report is the first report of detection of U. canigenitalium in one dog in Australia. This novel qPCR method for monitoring mycoplasma urinary tract infections is conceptually simple and provides results fast. It will have wider applications in monitoring treatment efficacy for infections with mycoplasmas and mycoplasma-like organisms that are difficult to culture, and provides a sensitive guide to treatment progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F Niap
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B A Bennett
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A E Peaston
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Klein S, Klotz M, Eigenbrod T. First isolation of Mycoplasma canis from human tissue samples after a dog bite. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 25:14-15. [PMID: 29997891 PMCID: PMC6038269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma canis is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that may colonize dogs and cattle. In the present case, we report for the first time the isolation of M. canis from a wound tissue specimen of a 62-year-old woman after a dog bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology,Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Klotz
- Department of Orthopedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology,Heidelberg, Germany
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Maksimović Z, Maksimović A, Halilbašić A, Rifatbegović M. Genital mycoplasmas of healthy bitches. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:651-653. [PMID: 29790451 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718778745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the presence of mycoplasmas in the genital tracts of domestic and stray bitches or in the vaginas of ovariohysterectomized (OHE) bitches. Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research to investigate the presence of canine vaginal mycoplasmas during the different stages of the reproductive cycle. We investigated the occurrence of mycoplasmas in the vaginas of healthy domestic and stray intact bitches, to correlate their presence with specific stages of the reproductive cycle, and to compare them with those in OHE bitches. We also investigated the presence of uterine mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 41 of 122 vaginal swabs (34%) from domestic (27%) and stray (39%) bitches. Mycoplasma canis was the most commonly identified species ( n = 26; 63%), and was detected in both intact (60%) and OHE (73%) bitches. Mycoplasma isolates from the vaginas of healthy bitches did not vary during the various stages of the estrous cycle. Mycoplasmas were not detected in uterine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinka Maksimović
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Z Maksimović, Halilbašić, Rifatbegović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Departments of Surgery (A Maksimović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alan Maksimović
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Z Maksimović, Halilbašić, Rifatbegović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Departments of Surgery (A Maksimović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anis Halilbašić
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Z Maksimović, Halilbašić, Rifatbegović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Departments of Surgery (A Maksimović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maid Rifatbegović
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Z Maksimović, Halilbašić, Rifatbegović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Departments of Surgery (A Maksimović), Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Van Cleven A, Sarrazin S, de Rooster H, Paepe D, Van der Meeren S, Dewulf J. Antimicrobial prescribing behaviour in dogs and cats by Belgian veterinarians. Vet Rec 2017; 182:324. [PMID: 29196488 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to survey general prescribing behaviour by Belgian companion animal veterinarians and to assess agreement of these practices with current treatment guidelines. Therefore an online survey was administered with five realistic and frequently occurring first-line cases to primary-care veterinary practitioners. For each case a predefined pattern of questions were asked about whether or not they would prescribe antimicrobials, if they would prescribe a non-antimicrobial treatment and if they would perform additional diagnostic steps. The responses were compared with recommendations in national guidelines and recent literature. The overall most prescribed antimicrobials were potentiated amoxicillin (43.0 per cent), fluoroquinolones (14.7 per cent), third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins (10.9 per cent) and tetracyclines (10.9 per cent). Only 48.3 per cent of the veterinarians complied with the guidelines in nearly all of the clinical scenarios (ie, prescribing antimicrobials when indicated, not prescribing antimicrobials when it is not indicated). Moreover, when prescribing highest priority critically important antimicrobials, susceptibility testing on bacterial cultures was performed in only 12.4 per cent of the prescriptions. The results showed that the prescribing behaviour of antimicrobial compounds by primary-care veterinary practitioners in dogs and cats is often not in agreement with national guidelines. Focus in improvement of this prescribing behaviour should be on performing the appropriate diagnostic steps and decreasing the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Van Cleven
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van der Meeren
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mitchell JA, Cardwell JM, Leach H, Walker CA, Le Poder S, Decaro N, Rusvai M, Egberink H, Rottier P, Fernandez M, Fragkiadaki E, Shields S, Brownlie J. European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2017; 212:31-38. [PMID: 29173585 PMCID: PMC7117498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The largest study of its kind in the field to date, including high-risk kennelled dogs, and for the first time, pet dogs and dogs from other cohorts. A clearly identifiable link between disease and the emerging pathogens: canine respiratory coronavirus and canine pneumovirus. Provides, substantial evidence of CIRD and the circulation of the novel pathogens studied in pet dogs, and dogs from other cohorts. Demonstrates the role and limitations of current vaccine strategies in managing CIRD outbreaks, and the need for including emerging pathogens.
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity in dogs worldwide, and is associated with a number of new and emerging pathogens. In a large multi-centre European study the prevalences of four key emerging CIRD pathogens; canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), influenza A, and Mycoplasma cynos (M. cynos); were estimated, and risk factors for exposure, infection and clinical disease were investigated. CIRD affected 66% (381/572) of the dogs studied, including both pet and kennelled dogs. Disease occurrence and severity were significantly reduced in dogs vaccinated against classic CIRD agents, canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), but substantial proportions (65.7%; 201/306) of vaccinated dogs remained affected. CRCoV and CnPnV were highly prevalent across the different dog populations, with overall seropositivity and detection rates of 47% and 7.7% for CRCoV, and 41.7% and 23.4% for CnPnV, respectively, and their presence was associated with increased occurrence and severity of clinical disease. Antibodies to CRCoV had a protective effect against CRCoV infection and more severe clinical signs of CIRD but antibodies to CnPnV did not. Involvement of M. cynos and influenza A in CIRD was less apparent. Despite 45% of dogs being seropositive for M. cynos, only 0.9% were PCR positive for M. cynos. Only 2.7% of dogs were seropositive for Influenza A, and none were positive by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Mitchell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jacqueline M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Heather Leach
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Caray A Walker
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- ENVA, University of Paris-Est, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - Nicola Decaro
- University of Bari, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | - Miklos Rusvai
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istvan u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Herman Egberink
- University of Utrecht, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Peter Rottier
- University of Utrecht, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Mireia Fernandez
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Automa de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain.
| | - Eirini Fragkiadaki
- Agricultural University of Athens, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, 75 Iera Odos str., 118 55, Athens, Greece.
| | - Shelly Shields
- Zoetis, Global Biologics Research-Companion Animals/Equine, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
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30
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Sakmanoglu A, Sayin Z, Ucan US, Pinarkara Y, Uslu A, Erganis O. Comparison of five methods for isolation of DNA from Mycoplasma cynos. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 140:70-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Koneval M, Miterpáková M, Hurníková Z, Blaňarová L, Víchová B. Neglected intravascular pathogens, Babesia vulpes and haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in European red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) population. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bouzouraa T, Cadore JL, Chene J, Goy-Thollot I, Ponce F, Chalvet-Monfray K, Rannou B, Chabanne L. Implication, clinical and biological impact of vector-borne haemopathogens in anaemic dogs in France: a prospective study. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:510-518. [PMID: 28543264 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To prospectively describe the clinical and biological impact of vector-borne haemopathogens in anaemic dogs in France and occurrence of haemolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective descriptive cohort study includes 134 client-owned dogs that were anaemic on admission at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France. They underwent comprehensive screening with PCR to detect a panel of vector-borne haemopathogens, SNAP Leishmania and SNAP 4Dx Plus (IDEXX). RESULTS Vector-borne haemopathogen-associated anaemia accounted for 17·2% (23/134) of anaemic cases. PCR for Babesia species, Mycoplasma species, Anaplasma platys or Ehrlichia canis and positive serology for Leishmania species, occurred in 11/23, 10/23, 2/23, 1/23 and 1/23 cases, respectively. Two dogs had positive PCR for both Babesia and Mycoplasma species. All dogs infected with Mycoplasma species alone had neoplastic disease. Vector-borne haemopathogens were the second most common cause of haemolysis (7/23, 30·4%). In the multivariable regression model, males were overrepresented ( OR : 2·82, P=0·03) and haemolysis ( OR : 3·31, P=0·01) was more frequent in dogs with vector-born haemopathogen-associated anaemia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vector-borne haemopathogens are a common cause of anaemia in this geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bouzouraa
- Department of Companion Animal, Internal Medicine Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - J L Cadore
- Department of Companion Animal, Internal Medicine Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - J Chene
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - I Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - F Ponce
- Oncology Unit, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - K Chalvet-Monfray
- Department of Biostatistics, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Unité d'Épidémiologie Animale (EpiA, UR 0346), INRA Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Route de Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - B Rannou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - L Chabanne
- Unité d'Épidémiologie Animale (EpiA, UR 0346), INRA Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Route de Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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The detection and differentiation of canine respiratory pathogens using oligonucleotide microarrays. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:131-137. [PMID: 28189583 PMCID: PMC7119622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple canine respiratory pathogens were differentiated simultaneously. Wild type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus were distinguished. Results were read with naked eye and no reader equipment was needed. High sensitivity, specificity and efficiency. Low money and time costs.
Canine respiratory diseases are commonly seen in dogs along with co-infections with multiple respiratory pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Virus infections in even vaccinated dogs were also reported. The clinical signs caused by different respiratory etiological agents are similar, which makes differential diagnosis imperative. An oligonucleotide microarray system was developed in this study. The wild type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus (CDV), influenza virus, canine herpesvirus (CHV), Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma cynos were detected and differentiated simultaneously on a microarray chip. The detection limit is 10, 10, 100, 50 and 50 copy numbers for CDV, influenza virus, CHV, B. bronchiseptica and M. cynos, respectively. The clinical test results of nasal swab samples showed that the microarray had remarkably better efficacy than the multiplex PCR-agarose gel method. The positive detection rate of microarray and agarose gel was 59.0% (n = 33) and 41.1% (n = 23) among the 56 samples, respectively. CDV vaccine strain and pathogen co-infections were further demonstrated by the microarray but not by the multiplex PCR-agarose gel. The oligonucleotide microarray provides a highly efficient diagnosis alternative that could be applied to clinical usage, greatly assisting in disease therapy and control.
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Westmoreland LS, Stoskopf MK, Maggi RG. Detection and prevalence of four different hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in Eastern North Carolina American black bears (Ursus americanus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 50:106-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Canine tick-borne pathogens in Cyprus and a unique canine case of multiple co-infections. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 8:341-346. [PMID: 28089651 PMCID: PMC5315763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine tick-borne pathogens such as Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis are widespread in the Mediterranean basin but have never been reported or investigated in Cyprus. We describe herein the presence of canine tick-borne pathogens in three dogs with clinical signs compatible with vector-borne diseases from Paphos area of Cyprus. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of E. canis, Anaplasma platys, H. canis, Babesia vogeli and Mycoplasma haemocanis in Cyprus. One dog co-infected with E. canis, H. canis, B. vogeli and M. haemocanis is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of this multiple co-infection in dogs. The tick-borne pathogens reported in the current study should be considered in the differential diagnoses in dogs exposed to ticks in Cyprus.
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Soares RL, Echeverria JT, Pazzuti G, Cleveland HPK, Babo-Terra VJ, Friozi E, Ramos CADN. Occurrence of Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs infested by ticks in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:360-3. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs, such as Mycoplasma haemocanis, have been described worldwide. Recently, these pathogens have been reported to be causative agent of zoonosis. It is known that its transmission may occur through the action of blood-sucking arthropods (e.g. ticks or fleas), through blood transfusion, contaminated fomites and/or transplacentally. In Brazil, M. haemocanis is present in practically all regions and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is suspected the main vector. In the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is little information about infection of dogs by M. haemocanis, or on the main epidemiological features associated with it. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of M. haemocanis among dogs infested by ticks and to assess possible associations with some epidemiological factors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze dog blood samples (n = 94). DNA from M. haemocanis was detected in four samples. No significant associations were observed with any epidemiological parameter analyzed here. However, the results from this study confirm that this pathogen is circulating in this region and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases among anemic dogs.
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Michaels DL, Leibowitz JA, Azaiza MT, Shil PK, Shama SM, Kutish GF, Distelhorst SL, Balish MF, May MA, Brown DR. Cellular Microbiology of Mycoplasma canis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1785-1795. [PMID: 27045036 PMCID: PMC4907131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the void of basic knowledge about the organism's candidate virulence factors, the host responses that it elicits, and its potential roles in pathogenesis. Secretion of reactive oxygen species and sialidase varied quantitatively (P < 0.01) among strains of M. canis isolated from canine brain tissue or mucosal surfaces. All strains colonized the surface of canine MDCK epithelial and DH82 histiocyte cells and murine C8-D1A astrocytes. Transit through MDCK and DH82 cells was demonstrated by gentamicin protection assays and three-dimensional immunofluorescence imaging. Strains further varied (P < 0.01) in the extents to which they influenced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the neuroendocrine regulatory peptide endothelin-1 by DH82 cells. Inoculation with M. canis also decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen expression by DH82 cells (P < 0.01), while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and complement factor H was unaffected. The basis for differences in the responses elicited by these strains was not obvious in their genome sequences. No acute cytopathic effects on any homogeneous cell line, or consistent patterns of M. canis polyvalent antigen distribution in canine meningoencephalitis case brain tissues, were apparent. Thus, while it is not likely a primary neuropathogen, M. canis has the capacity to influence meningoencephalitis through complex interactions within the multicellular and neurochemical in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina L Michaels
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Leibowitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed T Azaiza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne M Shama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan A May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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38
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Rheinwald M, Hartmann K, Hähner M, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Schulz B. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs. Vet Rec 2014; 176:357. [PMID: 25467146 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial species isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples taken from dogs with respiratory signs and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Clinical cases were included in the study if they showed signs of respiratory disease and data relating to bacterial culture and susceptibility of BALF samples were available. The medical records of 493 privately owned dogs that were presented between January 1989 and December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. In 35 per cent of samples, no bacteria were cultured. Bacteria isolated from culture-positive samples included Streptococcus species (31 per cent of positive cultures), Enterobacteriaceae (30 per cent, including Escherichia coli (15 per cent)), Staphylococcus species (19 per cent), Pasteurella species (16 per cent) and Pseudomonas species (14 per cent). Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary respiratory pathogen was isolated in 8 per cent of cases. Enrofloxacin showed the best susceptibility pattern; 86 per cent of all isolates and 87 per cent of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to this antibiotic. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid yielded the best susceptibility pattern in Gram-positive bacteria (92 per cent). Therefore, these antibiotics can be recommended for empirical or first-line treatment in dogs with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rheinwald
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - M Hähner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - B Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
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39
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Molecular characterisation of the Mycoplasma cynos haemagglutinin HapA. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:35-43. [PMID: 25465173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) cynos is a proven pathogen of dogs causing respiratory infections including pneumonia. We examined 19 M. cynos strains isolated from different organs of dogs in Austria, Denmark and Israel. All strains agglutinated mammalian and chicken erythrocytes. Using erythrocytes of chickens or dogs as specific ligands we isolated an approximately 65 kDa protein from cell-free supernatants of 3 M. cynos strains, which showed an apparent capacity for haemagglutination. The N-terminal sequence of a 25 kDa fragment of this protein was identified as NNEMTPKVTVEAKSMELLLSVEK. The identical amino acid sequence is encoded by the gene MCYN_0308 in the genome of M. cynos C142. This gene belongs to a family of some 20 genes which encode putative lipoproteins with proline-rich regions (PRR) in the first third of their molecules. We termed the 65 kDa haemagglutinin HapA and sequenced hapA gene homologues of 16 M. cynos strains. Analyses of hapA gene homologues revealed similar but not identical sequences, some having insertions and/or deletions in the PRR. We produced a recombinant HapA protein (rHapA) and also mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing HapA. However, enzyme immunoassays using native M. cynos colonies and mAbs 5G2 or 3B7 showed variable expression of HapA in all M. cynos strains. This was further confirmed by Western blot analyses which showed different HapA quantities and also size-variation of HapA among strains. Analyses of cDNA of the expressed hapA genes showed that besides the hapA gene cultures of M. cynos (strains 105, 2002, 2297) can also express other forms of hap genes. In addition, in cloned cultures of strain 2297 altered HapA epitopes for mAbs 5G2 and 3B7 with distinct hapA gene mutations that resulted in altered HapA amino acid sequence were found. Most of the dogs examined had serum antibodies to rHapA. In conclusion, we characterized the M. cynos haemagglutinin HapA protein and encoding gene hapA, a factor involved in cytadherence to host cells and therefore important for M. cynos infection, and showed that expression of HapA is varied in M. cynos by two distinct mechanisms; differential gene expression and nucleic acid substitution within hapA homologues.
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40
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Menke S, Wasimuddin, Meier M, Melzheimer J, Mfune JKE, Heinrich S, Thalwitzer S, Wachter B, Sommer S. Oligotyping reveals differences between gut microbiomes of free-ranging sympatric Namibian carnivores (Acinonyx jubatus, Canis mesomelas) on a bacterial species-like level. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:526. [PMID: 25352837 PMCID: PMC4196554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent gut microbiome studies in model organisms emphasize the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the variation of the bacterial composition and its impact on the overall health status of the host. Species occurring in the same habitat might share a similar microbiome, especially if they overlap in ecological and behavioral traits. So far, the natural variation in microbiomes of free-ranging wildlife species has not been thoroughly investigated. The few existing studies exploring microbiomes through 16S rRNA gene reads clustered sequencing reads into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on a similarity threshold (e.g., 97%). This approach, in combination with the low resolution of target databases, generally limits the level of taxonomic assignments to the genus level. However, distinguishing natural variation of microbiomes in healthy individuals from “abnormal” microbial compositions that affect host health requires knowledge of the “normal” microbial flora at a high taxonomic resolution. This gap can now be addressed using the recently published oligotyping approach, which can resolve closely related organisms into distinct oligotypes by utilizing subtle nucleotide variation. Here, we used Illumina MiSeq to sequence amplicons generated from the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate the gut microbiome of two free-ranging sympatric Namibian carnivore species, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas). Bacterial phyla with proportions >0.2% were identical for both species and included Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At a finer taxonomic resolution, black-backed jackals exhibited 69 bacterial taxa with proportions ≥0.1%, whereas cheetahs had only 42. Finally, oligotyping revealed that shared bacterial taxa consisted of distinct oligotype profiles. Thus, in contrast to 3% OTUs, oligotyping can detect fine-scale taxonomic differences between microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Menke
- Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany ; Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Wasimuddin
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Meier
- Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - John K E Mfune
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Sonja Heinrich
- Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Thalwitzer
- Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany ; Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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41
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Chan CM, Ridgway MD, Mitchell MA, Maddox CW. Association betweenMycoplasma-specific polymerase chain reaction assay results and oral bacterial contamination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from dogs with respiratory tract disease: 121 cases (2005–2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1573-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.11.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Priestnall SL, Mitchell JA, Walker CA, Erles K, Brownlie J. New and Emerging Pathogens in Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:492-504. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813511130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease is a common, worldwide disease syndrome of multifactorial etiology. This review presents a summary of 6 viruses (canine respiratory coronavirus, canine pneumovirus, canine influenza virus, pantropic canine coronavirus, canine bocavirus, and canine hepacivirus) and 2 bacteria ( Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Mycoplasma cynos) that have been associated with respiratory disease in dogs. For some pathogens a causal role is clear, whereas for others, ongoing research aims to uncover their pathogenesis and contribution to this complex syndrome. Etiology, clinical disease, pathogenesis, and epidemiology are described for each pathogen, with an emphasis on recent discoveries or novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J. A. Mitchell
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - C. A. Walker
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - K. Erles
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J. Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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43
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Becher AC, Spergser J, Aurich C, Zottler E, Aurich JE, Schäfer-Somi S. Cooled Storage of Canine Semen:in vitroEffects of Different Concentrations of an Antibiotic Combination on Growth of Mollicutes. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:961-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AC Becher
- Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - J Spergser
- Institute of Bacteriology; Mycology and Hygiene; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - C Aurich
- Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - E Zottler
- Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - JE Aurich
- Division of Obstetrics; Gynecology and Andrology; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - S Schäfer-Somi
- Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; University of Veterinary Sciences; Vienna Austria
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44
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Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum and Mycoplasma haemocanis infections in dogs from the United States. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:557-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Abstract
To understand its potential to cause invasive disease, the genome of Mycoplasma canis strain PG14(T) from a dog's throat was compared to those of isolates from the genital tract or brain of dogs. The average nucleotide identity between strain pairs is 98%, and their genome annotations are similar.
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46
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Lynch M, Taylor TK, Duignan PJ, Swingler J, Marenda M, Arnould JPY, Kirkwood R. Mycoplasmas in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus): identification and association with abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:1123-30. [PMID: 22362792 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Mycoplasma are common inhabitants of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts of mammals. The understanding of the pathological significance of mycoplasmas in seals is poor, as few studies have utilized the specific culture techniques required to isolate these bacteria. The current study surveyed for the Mycoplasma species present in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and investigated the association between infection and pathology. Mycoplasmas were found in the nasal cavities of 55/80 (69%) of apparently healthy individuals. Isolates from 18 individuals were investigated through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, and 3 species were identified: M. zalophi, M. phocae, and Mycoplasma sp. (GenBank no. EU714238.1), all of which had previously been isolated from Northern Hemisphere pinnipeds. In addition, mycoplasmas were isolated from the lungs of 4 out of 16 juveniles and 1 out of 5 adults sampled at necropsy. Isolates obtained were M. zalophi, Mycoplasma sp. EU714238.1, and M. phocicerebrale, but infection was not associated with lung pathology in these age classes. Inflammatory disease processes of the heart and/or lungs were present in 12 out of 32 (38%) aborted fetuses on microscopic examination. Predominant findings were interstitial pneumonia, pericarditis, and myocarditis. Mycoplasma phocicerebrale was isolated from the thymus of an aborted fetus, and 3 out of 11 (27%) fetuses with inflammatory heart or lung lesions were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma. In conclusion, several species of Mycoplasma are part of the normal flora of the nasal cavity of Australian fur seals, and some mycoplasmas may be associated with abortion in this species of seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lynch
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, PO Box 74, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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47
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Barber RM, Porter BF, Li Q, May M, Claiborne MK, Allison AB, Howerth EW, Butler A, Wei S, Levine JM, Levine GJ, Brown DR, Schatzberg SJ. Broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection in canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotizing meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:962-8. [PMID: 22686439 PMCID: PMC7166683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) and necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) are common inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system of dogs. Infectious pathogens, particularly viruses, are suspected to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of GME and NME. Hypothesis Broadly reactive PCR might aid in the identification of infectious agents in GME and NME. Animals Sixty‐eight client‐owned dogs evaluated by necropsy at 1 university referral hospital. Methods A mixed prospective/retrospective case‐control study was performed. Brain tissue prospectively collected at necropsy from GME, NME, and control cases was evaluated by broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for adenoviruses, bunyaviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses, and parechoviruses. In addition, these tissues were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of mycoplasmas by PCR, culture, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Brain tissue was collected from 11 GME and 27 NME cases and 30 controls. Viral nucleic acids were not identified in the 6 GME cases, 25 NME cases, and 2 controls evaluated by viral PCR. Mycoplasma canis was identified by Mycoplasma genus PCR in 1/5 GME and 4/25 NME cases and subsequently was cultured from 4/5 GME and 4/8 NME cases as well as 2/9 controls. The IHC did not detect M. canis in any of the 11 GME and 27 NME cases or 14 controls evaluated with strain PG14 polyclonal antiserum. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The negative results suggest that viral pathogens are not common in the brain tissue of dogs with GME and NME. Further investigation is warranted to determine the importance of M. canis in cases of GME and NME.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Barber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Warman SM, Helps CR, Barker EN, Day S, Sturgess K, Day MJ, Tasker S. Haemoplasma infection is not a common cause of canine immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:534-9. [PMID: 21029097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the two canine haemoplasma species, Mycoplasma haemocanis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum," are commonly associated with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) in UK dogs. METHODS Three groups of dogs were recruited to the study: anaemic dogs with primary IMHA (n=37); anaemic dogs not meeting the inclusion criteria for primary IMHA (n=77) and non-anaemic dogs (n=113). DNA was extracted from 100 μl of blood and subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for both species of Mycoplasma. Each assay incorporated co-amplification of canine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an endogenous internal control. RESULTS Canine GAPDH was successfully amplified by qPCR from all 227 canine blood samples but none contained M. haemocanis or "Candidatus M. haematoparvum" DNA. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Haemoplasma infection is uncommon in dogs in the UK and no evidence was found that these organisms act as triggers for IMHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Warman
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
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49
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Ilha MRS, Rajeev S, Watson C, Woldemeskel M. Meningoencephalitis caused by Mycoplasma edwardii in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:805-8. [PMID: 20807949 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-week-old, female, mixed-breed dog with a clinical history of sudden onset of neurologic signs was presented for necropsy. The dog was diagnosed with suppurative and histiocytic meningoencephalitis based on necropsy findings and histopathology. Mycoplasma sp. was isolated in pure culture from the brain and meninges and was identified as Mycoplasma edwardii using DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R S Ilha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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50
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Ramos R, Ramos C, Araújo F, Oliveira R, Souza I, Pimentel D, Galindo M, Santana M, Rosas E, Faustino M, Alves L. Molecular survey and genetic characterization of tick-borne pathogens in dogs in metropolitan Recife (north-eastern Brazil). Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1115-20. [PMID: 20680344 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify DNA of the main tick-borne pathogens in dogs from Recife (Brazil), polymerase chain reactions were carried out on blood samples of dogs treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco from March 2007 to June 2008. The detection of DNA was performed using specific primers. Amplicons were analyzed through electrophoresis and sequencing. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the UPGMA method, revealing that the sequences were closely related to those of strains from other geographic regions. Among the 205 blood samples analyzed, 48.78% was positive for Anaplasma platys; 38.04% was positive for Ehrlichia canis; 7.31% was positive for Babesia canis vogeli; and 0.49% was positive for Hepatozoon canis and Mycoplasma haemocanis. Coinfection of two or three pathogens was found in 23.9% (49/205) of the dogs. The subspecies B. canis vogeli was identified. Infection by H. canis and M. haemocanis is reported for the first time in dogs in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil). The data indicate that the main tick-borne pathogens in dogs in this region are E. canis and/or A. platys, followed by B. canis vogeli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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