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Liu H, Dong L, Zhao Y, Meng L, Wang J, Wang C, Zheng N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Different Raw Milk Samples in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840670. [PMID: 35633704 PMCID: PMC9136321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens in different raw milk and dairy products, which may lead to economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant and costly public health concern because it may enter the human food chain and contaminate milk causing foodborne illness. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of S. aureus in raw milks. In total, 125 raw milk samples collected from goat (n = 50), buffalo (n = 25), camel (n = 25), and yak (n = 25) were collected from 5 provinces in China in 2016. Out of 125 samples, 36 (28.8%) S. aureus were isolated (16 from goat, 9 from buffalo, 6 from camel, and 5 from yak). Out of 36 S. aureus, 26 strains (26/36, 72.2%) showed antibiotics resistance, and 6 strains isolated from goats were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The antimicrobial resistance against Penicillin G, tetracycline and gentamicin was 50% (18/36), 41.7% (15/36), and 36.1% (13/36), respectively. 19 S. aureus (52.8%) were considered as multidrug resistant. The highest prevalence of resistant S. aureus was observed in goat milk (13/36, 36.1%). Among the 36 strains, 16 isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat, 5 strains in buffalo, 4 strains in camel, and 3 strains in yak. Among the 26 resistant strains, 61.5% of isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat milk, 5 strains in buffalo milk, 4 strains in camel milk, and 3 strains in yak milk. The most predominant resistance genes were blaZ (18/26, 69.2%), aac6′-aph2″ (13/26, 50.0%), and tet(M) (10/26, 38.5%). The mecA, ant(6)-Ia and fexA gene were only detected in S. aureus from goat milk. The most predominant toxin gene were sec (8/26, 30.8%). The majority of S. aureus were multidrug resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, which may pose potential risk to public health. Our findings indicated that the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus was a serious concern in different raw milks in China, especially goat milks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Zheng,
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Ben Chehida F, Gharsa H, Tombari W, Selmi R, Khaldi S, Daaloul M, Ben Slama K, Messadi L. First Report of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Virulence Gene Characterization Associated with Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Healthy Camels from Tunisia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092754. [PMID: 34573722 PMCID: PMC8468875 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important livestock species and is present in more than 46 national entities, with 80% of the camel population inhabiting Africa. In these regions, the role of camels in the livestock economy is highly valuable and a part of this camel herd is valorized on national or international markets for meat production, live animal export or milk production. Even if camels are the species that is most adapted to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands, they can be susceptible to a high number of pathogens, including S. aureus. This latter is often associated with asymptomatic carriage but can also be responsible for several diseases, therefore causing considerable economical losses. Continued monitoring and control assume particular importance in containing the spread of the bacterium since it constitutes an important zoonotic disease. Abstract A total of 318 nasal and rectal swabs were collected from 159 apparently healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) randomly selected from five regions in southern and central Tunisia and screened for Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from 152 of 159 camels studied (95.6%) and in total 258 swabs (81%) were positive. Among these isolates, 16 were coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) (6.2%) and were characterized by biochemical and molecular tests as S. aureus. These were isolated from 14 camels (8.8%) with co-carriage in nasal and rectal mucosa by two camels. All S. aureus isolates recovered were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and were characterized by spa typing and PFGE. Three different spa types were recovered: t729, t4013 and a spa type newly registered as t19687, which was the most common. PFGE analysis revealed seven different patterns and these were characterized by MLST, which revealed five different sequence types (ST6, ST88, ST3583 and two new sequences, ST6504 and ST6506). All isolates harbored different virulence genes, including hld, encoding delta hemolysin; lukE–lukD, encoding bicomponent leukotoxin LukE–LukD; the clfB gene, encoding clumping factor B; the laminin gene, encoding laminin-binding protein; and cap8, encoding capsule type 8. Fifteen isolates harbored hemolysin beta (hlb) and fourteen encoded hemolysin alpha (hla) and hemolysin G2 (hlgv). Adhesin factors, including clfA and fnbB, were detected in five and four isolates respectively. Binding proteins, including collagen (cbp) and elastin-binding protein (ebp), were detected in two S. aureus isolates while fibrinogen-binding protein (fib) was identified in four isolates. This study provides the first set of genotyping data on the population structure and presence of toxin genes of S. aureus strains in Tunisian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Ben Chehida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-71-552-200
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (H.G.); (K.B.S.)
| | - Wafa Tombari
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Sana Khaldi
- Department of Sciences and Pathology of Animal Reproduction, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Monia Daaloul
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (H.G.); (K.B.S.)
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
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Kadri Z, Spitaels F, Cnockaert M, Amar M, Joossens M, Vandamme P. The bacterial diversity of raw Moroccon camel milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 341:109050. [PMID: 33498008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camel milk is generally considered a valuable and marketable commodity but its production suffers from poor hygienic conditions that result in low microbiological quality and the presence of various pathogens. The objective of the present study was to provide a detailed report of the bacterial species level composition of Moroccan raw camel milk samples that can serve as a starting point for the selection of starter cultures to facilitate a change in manufacturing practices to an improved and safer production system. The composition of the bacterial community in four freshly collected raw camel milk samples was analyzed by performing a large-scale isolation campaign combined with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. A total of 806 isolates were obtained from four raw camel milk samples using ten combinations of growth media and incubation conditions. Subsequent isolate dereplication using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and identification of representative isolates through sequence analysis of protein encoding and 16S rRNA genes revealed the presence of established and novel dairy lactic acid bacteria, as well as bacteria that are considered indicators of poor hygienic conditions and psychrotrophic spoilage organisms. The large numbers of Lactococcus and Enterococcus isolates obtained present an interesting resource for starter culture selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaina Kadri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Angle av. Allal El Fassi, av. des FAR, Quartier Hay Ryad, BP. 8027 Nations Unies, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Freek Spitaels
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margo Cnockaert
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Amar
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Angle av. Allal El Fassi, av. des FAR, Quartier Hay Ryad, BP. 8027 Nations Unies, 10102 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Jaja IF, Jaja CJI, Chigor NV, Anyanwu MU, Maduabuchi EK, Oguttu JW, Green E. Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3979482. [PMID: 33015163 PMCID: PMC7525293 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3979482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne diseases (FBD) caused by resistant pathogens are a global public health problem. One main driver of the increasing FBD incidence is the transfer of pathogenic organisms from animal guts to carcasses during processing and subsequent transfer from meat products to consumers. METHODS In this study, meat samples from abattoirs in the formal meat sector (FMS) (n = 140) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (IMS) (n = 104) were collected for microbial detection and phenotypic AMR determination using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed that resistance to clindamycin (74.3%) and ampicillin (59.5%) was highest in the FMS, while resistance to penicillin (83.8%) and tetracycline (82.1%) was highest in the IMS. Escherichia coli isolates show significant resistance to chloramphenicol (90.7%) and tetracycline (82.3%) in the FMS. Likewise, resistance to tetracycline (92.3%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (87.5%) was highest in the IMS. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for S. aureus and E. coli ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 to 0.5, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests high-level contamination of meat with resistant pathogens and highlights the public health consequences associated with consuming such unhygienic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Nnamdi Vincent Chigor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ezealisiji Kenneth Maduabuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Jaja IF, Green E, Muchenje V. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040819. [PMID: 29690529 PMCID: PMC5923861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm2 were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm2) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm2) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cai R, Shi L, Li C, Yan H. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pork Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:437-443. [PMID: 29672171 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 130 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from samples associated with pork production were tested for prevalence of 18 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. Approximately 94.6% (123/130) of isolates from different stages of pork production harbored one or more SE genes forming 37 different enterotoxin gene profiles. Seb was present in 60.0% of the S. aureus isolates, the highest among the genes tested. The genes, sed, sej, seo, sep, ser, and seu, were not found. The five classical SE genes (including sea, seb, sec, sed, see) had lower prevalence than the egc gene cluster (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, or seu). Notably, ∼6.9% (9/130) isolates harbored five SE genes. Classical SE genes were relatively higher in raw meat isolates than swine farm isolates, suggesting that raw meat isolates have a greater potential for classical staphylococcal food poisoning. Incomplete egc clusters were mainly distributed in swine farm isolates, and some of them coexisted with other classical SE genes (seb, sec), showing that swine farms could be potential sources of enterogenic S. aureus of food safety concern. Characterizing the distributions of enterotoxin genes among S. aureus may provide epidemiological information for the benefit of public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yage Wang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- 3 Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
| | - Chunling Li
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
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Ali AO, Mahmoud HYAH. Epidemiological studies based on multi-locus sequence typing genotype of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel's milk. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2017; 84:e1-e5. [PMID: 29041789 PMCID: PMC8616769 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred milk samples were collected from camel's milk for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-one isolates were S. aureus, 45 were other forms of staphylococci and 24 represented other bacteria. Five isolates from S. aureus were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 26 samples were methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The whole genome sequence of S. aureus was annotated and visualised by rapid annotation using subsystem technology (RAST) which is a fully-automated service for annotating complete or nearly complete bacterial genomes. Four isolates from MSSA strains were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Three multilocus sequences types or sequence types (MLST/ST) were found, namely ST15, ST1153 and ST130. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of the seven genes forming the MLST profile of S. aureus classification revealed a high degree of similarity and close relationship between the ST15 and ST1153 while the third ST (ST130) was located in a different cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsagher O Ali
- Division of infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, South Valley University.
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Khalesi M, Salami M, Moslehishad M, Winterburn J, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Biomolecular content of camel milk: A traditional superfood towards future healthcare industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Monecke S, Gavier-Widén D, Hotzel H, Peters M, Guenther S, Lazaris A, Loncaric I, Müller E, Reissig A, Ruppelt-Lorz A, Shore AC, Walter B, Coleman DC, Ehricht R. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168433. [PMID: 27992523 PMCID: PMC5161505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle-associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock-associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Standort Arnsberg, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandros Lazaris
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Müller
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Reissig
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Ruppelt-Lorz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Birgit Walter
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
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Igbinosa EO, Beshiru A, Akporehe LU, Ogofure AG. Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Food Producing Animals: A Public Health Implication. Vet Sci 2016; 3:E14. [PMID: 29056723 PMCID: PMC5606580 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals is a potential public health concern. Staphylococci are a significant opportunistic pathogen both in humans and dairy cattle. In the present study, the genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains recovered from dairy cattle in a rural community (Okada, Edo State, Nigeria) was investigated. A total of 283 samples from cattle (137 milk samples and 146 nasal swabs) were assessed between February and April 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed for the detection of 16S rRNA, mecA and Panton-Valentine Leucocidinis (PVL) genes. The staphylococcal strains were identified through partial 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA) nucleotide sequencing, and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the gene sequence showed that the staphylococcal strains have 96%-100% similarity to Staphylococcus aureus (30), S. epidermidis (17), S. haemolyticus (15), S. saprophyticus (13), S. chromogenes (8), S. simulans (7), S. pseudintermedius (6) and S. xylosus (4). Resistance of 100% was observed in all Staphylococcus spp. against MET, PEN, CLN, CHL and SXT. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria from nasal cavities and raw milk reveals 13 isolates were MDR against METR, PENR, AMXR, CLNR, CHLR, SXTR CLXR, KANR, ERYR, and VANR. Of all isolates, 100% harboured the mecA gene, while 30% of the isolates possess the PVL gene. All S. aureus harboured the PVL gene while other Staphylococcus spp. were negative for the PVL gene. The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolates in dairy cattle is a potential public health risk and thus findings in this study can be used as a baseline for further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Lucy U Akporehe
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Abraham G Ogofure
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
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Lozano C, Gharsa H, Ben Slama K, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Staphylococcus aureus in Animals and Food: Methicillin Resistance, Prevalence and Population Structure. A Review in the African Continent. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4010012. [PMID: 27681906 PMCID: PMC5029517 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest about Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in livestock, and domestic and wild animals has significantly increased. The spread of different clonal complexes related to livestock animals, mainly CC398, and the recent description of the new mecC gene, make it necessary to know more about the epidemiology and population structure of this microorganism all over the world. Nowadays, there are several descriptions about the presence of S. aureus and/or MRSA in different animal species (dogs, sheep, donkeys, bats, pigs, and monkeys), and in food of animal origin in African countries. In this continent, there is a high diversity of ethnicities, cultures or religions, as well as a high number of wild animal species and close contact between humans and animals, which can have a relevant impact in the epidemiology of this microorganism. This review shows that some clonal lineages associated with humans (CC1, CC15, CC72, CC80, CC101, and CC152) and animals (CC398, CC130 and CC133) are present in this continent in animal isolates, although the mecC gene has not been detected yet. However, available studies are limited to a few countries, very often with incomplete information, and many more studies are necessary to cover a larger number of African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain.
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia.
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia.
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain.
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain.
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Verraes C, Claeys W, Cardoen S, Daube G, De Zutter L, Imberechts H, Dierick K, Herman L. A review of the microbiological hazards of raw milk from animal species other than cows. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Rahimi E. Detection of classical enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus in raw sheep, goat, camel, and water buffalo milk by ELISA method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Microarray-based genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from camels. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:309-14. [PMID: 21353401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of mastitis and other diseases in camels. In order to obtain data on population structure as well as on the carriage of toxin genes and resistance markers, a collection of 45 isolates from dromedaries of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were genotyped. These isolates belonged to clonal complexes CC6 (twenty isolates; 44.44%), CC30 (sixteen isolates; 35.56%), CC188 (five isolates; 11.11%), CC152 (1 isolate, 2.2%) and to a previously un-described sequence type (ST1755: arcc-18, aroe-115, glpf-6, gmk-2 pta-109, tpi-50 and yqil-2; three isolates; 6.67%). Resistance genes proved to be rare. Only three out of 45 isolates (6.67%) carried the beta-lactamase operon. The tetracycline resistance gene tetK was also detected in three isolates (6.67%). Neither the mecA gene, defining MRSA, nor other resistance genes were found. Common virulence markers included leukocidin genes lukD+lukE (in twenty-five isolates; 55.56%), the staphylokinase gene sak (twenty-two isolates; 48.89%), the enterotoxin gene cluster egc (fifteen isolates; 33.33%), and a distinct variant of the enterotoxin A gene (sea-320E, GenBank AY196686.1; thirteen isolates; 28.89%). One CC152 isolate was positive for genes encoding the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukF-PV+lukS-PV). This study provides first genotyping data on the population structure and the presence of toxin genes and resistance markers of S. aureus strains in Middle Eastern camels.
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Fusco V, Quero GM, Morea M, Blaiotta G, Visconti A. Rapid and reliable identification of Staphylococcus aureus harbouring the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and quantitative detection in raw milk by real time PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:528-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bestebroer J, Aerts PC, Rooijakkers SHM, Pandey MK, Köhl J, van Strijp JAG, de Haas CJC. Functional basis for complement evasion by staphylococcal superantigen-like 7. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1506-16. [PMID: 20545943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has a plethora of virulence factors that promote its colonization and survival in the host. Among such immune modulators are staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins, comprising a family of 14 small, secreted molecules that seem to interfere with the host innate immune system. SSL7 has been described to bind immunoglobulin A (IgA) and complement C5, thereby inhibiting IgA-FcαRI binding and serum killing of Escherichia coli. As C5a generation, in contrast to C5b-9-mediated lysis, is crucial for immune defence against staphylococci, we investigated the impact of SSL7 on staphylococcal-induced C5a-mediated effects. Here, we show that SSL7 inhibits C5a generation induced by staphylococcal opsonization, slightly enhanced by its IgA-binding capacity. Moreover, we demonstrate a strong protective activity of SSL7 against staphylococcal clearance in human whole blood. SSL7 strongly inhibited the C5a-induced phagocytosis of S. aureus and oxidative burst in an in vitro whole-blood inflammation model. Furthermore, we found that SSL7 affects all three pathways of complement activation and inhibits the cleavage of C5 by interference of its binding to C5 convertases. Finally, SSL7 effects were also demonstrated in vivo. In a murine model of immune complex peritonitis, SSL7 abrogated the C5a-driven influx of neutrophils in mouse peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanka Bestebroer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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