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Amin S, Dewey H, Lasso A, Sabin P, Han Y, Vicory J, Paniagua B, Herz C, Nam H, Cianciulli A, Flynn M, Laurence DW, Harrild D, Fichtinger G, Cohen MS, Jolley MA. Euclidean and Shape-Based Analysis of the Dynamic Mitral Annulus in Children using a Novel Open-Source Framework. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:259-267. [PMID: 37995938 PMCID: PMC10872766 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamic shape of the normal adult mitral annulus has been shown to be important to mitral valve function. However, annular dynamics of the healthy mitral valve in children have yet to be explored. The aim of this study was to model and quantify the shape and major modes of variation of pediatric mitral valve annuli in four phases of the cardiac cycle using transthoracic echocardiography. METHODS The mitral valve annuli of 100 children and young adults with normal findings on three-dimensional echocardiography were modeled in four different cardiac phases using the SlicerHeart extension for 3D Slicer. Annular metrics were quantified using SlicerHeart, and optimal normalization to body surface area was explored. Mean annular shapes and the principal components of variation were computed using custom code implemented in a new SlicerHeart module (Annulus Shape Analyzer). Shape was regressed over metrics of age and body surface area, and mean shapes for five age-stratified groups were generated. RESULTS The ratio of annular height to commissural width of the mitral valve ("saddle shape") changed significantly throughout age for systolic phases (P < .001) but within a narrow range (median range, 0.20-0.25). Annular metrics changed statistically significantly between the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle. Visually, the annular shape was maintained with respect to age and body surface area. Principal-component analysis revealed that the pediatric mitral annulus varies primarily in size (mode 1), ratio of annular height to commissural width (mode 2), and sphericity (mode 3). CONCLUSIONS The saddle-shaped mitral annulus is maintained throughout childhood but varies significantly throughout the cardiac cycle. The major modes of variation in the pediatric mitral annulus are due to size, ratio of annular height to commissural width, and sphericity. The generation of age- and size-specific mitral annular shapes may inform the development of appropriately scaled absorbable or expandable mitral annuloplasty rings for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvani Amin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Dewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andras Lasso
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Sabin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ye Han
- Kitware Inc., Clifton Park, New York
| | | | | | - Christian Herz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Nam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alana Cianciulli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maura Flynn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Devin W Laurence
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Harrild
- Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabor Fichtinger
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew A Jolley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Berthoud D, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:504-520. [PMID: 33247461 PMCID: PMC7848374 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function using area‐based indices and volumetric estimates is not well established in horses. Objective To report reference intervals and measurement variability for uni‐, 2‐, and 3‐dimensional echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables to body weight. Unidimensional indices were to be compared to area‐based indices and LV volume estimates to establish their clinical use. Animals Thirty healthy Warmblood horses and 70 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation. Methods Echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function were measured using an existing echocardiography database. Weight‐related variables were scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals and measurement variability were calculated, the influence of valvular regurgitation on LV size and function was investigated and agreement between different variables for detection of reduced, normal, and increased LV size and systolic function was assessed. Results Reference values for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. Measurement variability was sufficiently low for clinical use of all variables. Allometric scaling was effective to correct diastolic LV dimensions and cardiac output for differences in BWT. Various echocardiographic indices resulted in different conclusions regarding identification of LV enlargement and systolic dysfunction in healthy horses and horses with valvular regurgitation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Echocardiographic assessment of LV size and systolic function should include joint assessment of multiple uni‐ and multidimensional indices. Area‐based or volumetric indices that reflect LV long‐axis motion should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Berthoud
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Ueda Y, Duler LMM, Elliot KJ, Sosa PMD, Roberts JA, Stern JA. Echocardiographic reference intervals with allometric scaling of 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:348. [PMID: 32962713 PMCID: PMC7510309 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling. RESULTS A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric eq. Y = aMb. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted several echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ueda
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
| | - Laetitia M. M. Duler
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8732 USA
| | - Kami J. Elliot
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Paul-Michael D. Sosa
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8732 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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4
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Farag AMM, Ibrahim HMM. Reference Values and Repeatability of B-Mode and M-Mode Echocardiographic Parameters in Healthy Donkey (Equus asinus)-The Guide to Assess Healthy Heart. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102929. [PMID: 32303309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Donkey (Equus asinus), the cheapest form of agricultural power in Egypt, is used principally as draught or pack animals and may also be ridden, or used for threshing, raising water, milling, and other work. The aim of the present study was to provide B-mode and M-mode echocardiographic reference ranges from a sample of population of donkeys (E. asinus) based on the probability theory and statistics. In the present study, B-mode and 2-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography were performed on 44 clinically healthy donkeys (E. asinus) (22 males and 22 females), without any neither clinical nor echocardiographic evidence of cardiovascular diseases, aged 2-25 year old, and weighed 150-350 kg. The echocardiographic dimensions, including interventricular septum thickness at end diastole, interventricular septum thickness at end systole, left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole, left ventricular internal diameter at end systole, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end systole were assessed. The cardiac function indices, including end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening were also measured. B-mode and guided M-mode echocardiographic examination of healthy donkeys revealed that both the interventricular septum thickness and the left ventricular posterior free wall were greater during systole than diastole. However, the left ventricular dimension during diastole was greater than systole. Furthermore, the recorded data of cardiac function indices, including end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening using B-mode echocardiography were closer to those recorded by guided M-mode echocardiography. To our knowledge, this is the first Egyptian study to report the echocardiographic reference ranges of donkeys (E. asinus) based on the probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation. The results of the present study can be used as standard and reference values for further echocardiographic studies in donkeys and represent a step in the identification, interpretation, and evaluation of cardiovascular disorders in such animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshimaa M M Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hussam M M Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Marchesotti F, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Marchetti F, Patata V, Contiero B, Zini E, Domenech O. Left atrial anteroposterior diameter in dogs: reference interval, allometric scaling, and agreement with the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1655-1662. [PMID: 31611490 PMCID: PMC6895628 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) is the most commonly
used method to evaluate left atrial (LA) size in dogs, while the left atrial anteroposterior diameter (LAD) has been proposed as an additional measurement of LA size in different species.
The aim of this study was to establish a normal reference range of LAD normalized to body weight (LADn) in dogs using allometric scales, and to evaluate the agreement between LADn and LA/Ao
in the detection of LAE in dogs with MMVD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We included 330 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stage B1, 30 dogs in ACVIM
stage B2, and 30 dogs in ACVIM stage C. The reference range for the LAD, depending on body weight, was between 16.91 mm and 49.68 mm. The reference range for the LADn in healthy dogs was
between 10.49 and 15.72. LADn was significantly greater in dogs with MMVD compared to healthy dogs, and a significant difference in LADn was noted between different ACVIM stages
(P<0.001). The most accurate cut-off value of LADn to differentiate between dogs in groups B2 and C was 20.3 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%). There was a
misclassification rate of 37% between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in group B1. This study provides a normal reference range for LAD in dogs, which can be used as an additional
tool to assess LAE in dogs with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
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Drane AL, Atencia R, Cooper SM, Rodriguez P, Sanchez C, Simcox S, Feltrer Y, Peck B, Eng J, Moittie S, Unwin S, Howatson G, Oxborough D, Stembridge MR, Shave RE. Cardiac structure and function characterized across age groups and between sexes in healthy wild-born captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) living in sanctuaries. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:547-557. [PMID: 31140849 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.6.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comprehensively characterize cardiac structure and function, from infancy to adulthood, in male and female wild-born captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living in sanctuaries. ANIMALS 290 wild-born captive chimpanzees. PROCEDURES Physical and echocardiographic examinations were performed on anesthetized chimpanzees in 3 sanctuaries in Africa between October 2013 and May 2017. Results were evaluated across age groups and between sexes, and potential differences were assessed with multiple 1-way independent Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Results indicated that left ventricular diastolic and systolic function declined at a younger age in males than in females. Although differences in right ventricular diastolic function were not identified among age groups, right ventricular systolic function was lower in adult chimpanzees (> 12 years old), compared with subadult (8 to 12 years old) and juvenile (5 to 7 years old) chimpanzees. In addition, male subadult and adult chimpanzees had larger cardiac wall dimensions and chamber volumes than did their female counterparts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of the present study provided useful reference intervals for cardiac structure and function in captive chimpanzees categorized on the basis of age and sex; however, further research is warranted to examine isolated and combined impacts of blood pressure, age, body weight, and anesthetic agents on cardiac structure and function in chimpanzees.
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Abstract
Degenerative myxomatous disease is common and is associated with aging. Poor prognostic indicators for equine aortic regurgitation specifically include ventricular ectopy, increased pulse pressure, and hyperkinetic pulses. Valvular prolapse is a functional abnormality diagnosed echocardiographically, about which knowledge is limited. A better understanding of its role in valvular regurgitation is needed. Infective endocarditis presents with fever and other systemic signs accompanying valvular regurgitation. The prognosis is poor, warranting aggressive therapy. Other forms of valvular disease occur rarely, but often presenting with severe regurgitation. Management of horses with valvular disease is focused on assessment of severity and regular clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic monitoring.
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van Essen GJ, Te Lintel Hekkert M, Sorop O, Heinonen I, van der Velden J, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Cardiovascular Function of Modern Pigs Does not Comply with Allometric Scaling Laws. Sci Rep 2018; 8:792. [PMID: 29335617 PMCID: PMC5768797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns have been expressed regarding cardiovascular performance in modern farm pigs, which has been proposed as a critical factor contributing to the reduced adaptability of modern pigs to stress. Here we tested the hypothesis that cardiac dimensions and pump function in modern heavy farm pigs are disproportionally low for their body weight, and investigated potential underlying mechanisms. The results from the present study indeed demonstrate disproportionally low values for stroke volume and cardiac output in pigs with bodyweights over 150 kg. Importantly, these low values were not the result of impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic contractile function, but were due to a disproportionally small LV end-diastolic volume. The latter was associated with changes in determinants of LV passive stiffness, including (i) an increase in LV myocardial collagen, (ii) a shift from the compliant N2BA titin isoform towards the stiff N2B, and (iii) a marked elevation of aortic blood pressure. Taken together, these results demonstrate reduced pumping capacity of the hearts of heavy modern pigs, due to structural abnormalities in the LV myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J van Essen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Te Lintel Hekkert
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Turku PET Centre, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Al-Haidar A, Moula N, Leroux A, Farnir F, Deleuze S, Sandersen C, Amory H. Reference values of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements as a function of body size in various equine breeds and in ponies. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Karsten S, Stephanie S, Vedat Y. Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1764-1771. [PMID: 28993567 PMCID: PMC5709549 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of body weight (BW), breed, and sex on two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic measures, reference ranges, and prediction intervals using allometrically-scaled data of left
atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and LV wall thickness in healthy cats. Study type was retrospective, observational, and clinical cohort. 150 healthy cats were enrolled and 2D echocardiograms analyzed. LA diameter, LV
wall thickness, and LV dimension were quantified using three different imaging views. The effect of BW, breed, sex, age, and interaction (BW*sex) on echocardiographic variables was assessed using univariate and multivariate
regression and linear mixed model analysis. Standard (using raw data) and allometrically scaled (Y=a × Mb) reference intervals and prediction intervals were determined.
BW had a significant (P<0.05) independent effect on 2D variables whereas breed, sex, and age did not. There were clinically relevant differences between reference intervals using mean ± 2SD of raw data and mean
and 95% prediction interval of allometrically-scaled variables, most prominent in larger (>6 kg) and smaller (<3 kg) cats. A clinically relevant difference between thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) and dimension
of the LV posterior wall (LVPW) was identified. In conclusion, allometric scaling and BW-based 95% prediction intervals should be preferred over conventional 2D echocardiographic reference intervals in cats, in particular in small
and large cats. These results are particularly relevant to screening examinations for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schober Karsten
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Savino Stephanie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Yildiz Vedat
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Wexner Medical Center, Main Campus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
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Brinkman EL, Weed BC, Patnaik SS, Brazile BL, Centini RM, Wills RW, Olivier B, Sledge DG, Cooley J, Liao J, Rashmir-Raven AM. Cardiac findings in Quarter Horses with heritable equine regional dermal asthenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:538-547. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.5.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Marr CM. The Equine Neonatal Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 31:545-65. [PMID: 26612747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal foal is in a transitional state from prenatal to postnatal circulation. Healthy newborn foals often have cardiac murmurs and dysrhythmias, which are usually transient and of little clinical significance. The neonatal foal is prone to infection and cardiac trauma. Echocardiography is the main tool used for valuation of the cardiovascular system. With prompt identification and appropriate action, dysrhythmias and other sequel to cardiac trauma can be corrected. With infection, the management and prognosis are driven by concurrent sepsis. Congenital disease represents an interesting diagnostic challenge for the neonatologist, but surgical correction is not appropriate for most equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK.
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13
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Huesler IM, Mitchell KJ, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Atrial Size and Function in Warmblood Horses: Reference Intervals, Allometric Scaling, and Agreement of Different Echocardiographic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1241-52. [PMID: 27362277 PMCID: PMC5108425 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function in horses is not standardized. Objectives The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for echocardiographic indices of LA size and function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables and for the clinical use of area‐based indices. Animals Thirty‐one healthy Warmblood horses and 91 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation (MR) or aortic regurgitation (AR). Methods Retrospective study. Echocardiographic indices of LA size and function were measured and scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals were calculated, the influence of BWT, age, and valvular regurgitation on LA size and function was investigated and agreement between different measurements of LA size was assessed. Results Allometric scaling of variables of LA size allowed for correction of differences in BWT. Indices of LA size documented LA enlargement with moderate and severe MR and AR, whereas most indices of LA mechanical function were not significantly altered by valvular regurgitation. Different indices of LA size were in fair to good agreement but still lead to discordant conclusions with regard to assessment of LA enlargement in individual horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Allometric scaling of echocardiographic variables of LA size is advised to correct for differences in BWT among Warmblood horses. Assessment of LA dimensions should be based on an integrative approach combining subjective evaluation and assessment of multiple measurements, including area‐based variables. The clinical relevance of indices of LA mechanical function remains unclear when used in horses with mitral or aortic regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Huesler
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Assessing aortic regurgitation severity from 2D, M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements in horses. Vet J 2016; 210:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Reference intervals and allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in Bengal cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide as an Indicator of the Severity of Valvular Regurgitation and Heart Failure in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Muñoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Gómez-Díez M, Castejón F. Bacterial Endocarditis in Two Spanish Foals After Neonatal Septicemia. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Collins NM, Palmer L, Marr CM. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic findings in healthy Thoroughbred foals. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:428-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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ROVIRA S, MUÑOZ A. Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:957-64. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. ROVIRA
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
| | - A. MUÑOZ
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
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