1
|
Piyarungsri K, Chuammitri P, Pringproa K, Pila P, Srivorakul S, Sornpet B, Pusoonthornthum R. Decreased circulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and kidney TGF-β immunoreactivity predict renal disease in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231208937. [PMID: 38131312 PMCID: PMC10811765 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231208937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to compare the circulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) of clinically normal age-matched and naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) cats and to determine the correlation between the TGF-β expression and histopathological changes in cats with CKD. METHODS A total of 11 clinically normal age-matched and 27 cats with naturally occurring CKD were included in this study. Circulating TGF-β was quantified by immunoassays. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the association between survival time and the concentration of circulating TGF-β. A general linear model was used to compare the circulating TGF-β between groups. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed TGF-β expression in renal tissues from cats with CKD that died during the study (n = 7) and in available archived renal tissue specimens taken at necropsy from cats that had previous CKD with renal lesions (n = 10). Correlations of the TGF-β expression and clinical parameters (n = 7) and histopathological changes (n = 17) were analysed using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS The median survival time of cats with a lower concentration of circulating TGF-β was shorter than that of cats with a higher concentration. The area under the curve of circulating TGF-β for predicting CKD was 0.781, indicating good differentiation. The study indicated a significant difference in circulating TGF-β concentrations between clinically normal cats and those with CKD and demonstrated that TGF-β expression is correlated with tubular atrophy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The study findings suggest that decreased serum TGF-β and tubular atrophy with TGF-β immunoreactivity may be significant in cats with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattiya Pila
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Sornpet
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rosama Pusoonthornthum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan Bangkok, Thailand
- Feline Health and Infectious Disease Research Unit Excellence, Chulalongkorn University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Appleby RB, Vaden SL, Monteith G, Seiler GS. Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:330-336. [PMID: 36324225 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health condition in cats that can lead to poor quality of life and financial implications for therapy. Currently staging and identification of CKD is limited by diagnostic testing such as creatinine and urine-specific gravity, which do not change until late in the disease course. Other methods to evaluate CKD would be valuable in the clinical setting. Shear wave elastography is one novel ultrasound method, which has shown promise in identifying increases in tissue stiffness and identifying CKD in people. As CKD is often histologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, shear wave elastography has the potential to identify CKD and differentiate between stages of CKD in cats. This prospective observational case-control study with 78 cats found no difference in shear wave velocities between groups (P = 0.33), a contradictory finding to one prior publication. There was no effect of weight (P = 0.65), nor the presence of mineralization (P = 0.31) or infarction (P = 0.52) on cortical shear wave velocities. There was a significant effect of age on shear wave velocity (P = 0.018) where velocities increased with age. The intraclass correlation coefficient was only moderate (0.62). Possible reasons for the difference in results between our work and that published prior, include differences in methodology and differences in instrumentation. Variability in measurements in our population may be due to the effects of respiratory motion or limitations in shear wave elastography software. As such, shear wave elastography is not currently recommended as a tool to evaluate CKD in cats and further work is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Appleby
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shelly L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Gabriela S Seiler
- Department of Molecular and Biological Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lectin Histochemistry of the Normal Feline Kidney. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010026. [PMID: 36669026 PMCID: PMC9866344 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins have a strict binding specificity to carbohydrate moieties of cellular components, and can thus indicate changes in the glycosylation of cells in diseases. However, lectin-binding patterns in nephron segments of feline kidneys have not been fully surveyed. The present study reported lectin-binding patterns in normal feline kidneys by histochemical investigations of eight commercially available lectin detection kits. Kidneys from four normal cats (intact males, 23-27 months old) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin; lectin histochemistry was performed for WGA, s-WGA, RCA-I, ConA, PNA, SBA, DBA, and UEA-I lectins. WGA, RCA, and ConA binding was observed from Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts, while only WGA was detected in the glomerular capillary. s-WGA was observed from the proximal tubules to the collecting ducts, showing discriminative heterogeneous binding. PNA and SBA were detected in the distal nephrons, such as the thin limbs of the loops of Henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. UEA-I binding was observed in the thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle, especially in the macula densa regions. DBA lectin showed no positive labeling in nephrons. The observed binding patterns may prove beneficial for the analysis of changes in glycosylation in feline kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Uehara Y, Furusawa Y, Islam MS, Yamato O, Hatai H, Ichii O, Yabuki A. Immunohistochemical Expression of TGF-β1 in Kidneys of Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030114. [PMID: 35324842 PMCID: PMC8950231 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, in feline CKD, renal expression of TGF-β1 and how it changes as the disease progresses have not been fully studied. In the present study, we immunohistochemically assessed the renal expression levels of TGF-β1 in cats with CKD and statistically analyzed its correlation with CKD severity. Clear immunosignals were detected in the glomerular mesangial cells, Bowman’s capsules, proximal tubules, distal nephrons, platelets, and vascular smooth muscles in the kidneys of cats with CKD. Statistically, luminal signals in the distal nephrons showed positive correlations with plasma creatinine levels and glomerulosclerosis, while those in the proximal tubules and platelets showed negative correlations with plasma urea and/or creatinine levels. Therefore, it was suggested that the changes in the renal expression of TGF-β1 could be associated with progression of feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Uehara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Yu Furusawa
- Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan;
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
- Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3561
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spencer S, Wheeler-Jones C, Elliott J. Hypoxia and chronic kidney disease: Possible mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and relevance to cats. Vet J 2021; 274:105714. [PMID: 34252550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that kidney ischaemia/hypoxia plays an important role in feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, as well as in human disease and laboratory animal models. Ischaemic acute kidney injury is widely accepted as a cause of CKD in people and data from laboratory species has identified some of the pathways underlying this continuum. Experimental kidney ischaemia in cats results in morphological changes, namely chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy, akin to those observed in naturally-occurring CKD. Multiple situations are envisaged that could result in acute or chronic episodes of kidney hypoxia in cats, while risk factors identified in epidemiological studies provide further support that kidney hypoxia contributes to spontaneously occurring feline CKD. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of kidney ischaemia/hypoxia in feline CKD and the proposed mechanisms and consequences of kidney hypoxia. As no effective treatments exist that substantially slow or prevent feline CKD progression, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting kidney hypoxia is one such promising approach, with therapies including those that attenuate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway already being utilised in human CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Caroline Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chacar FC, Kogika MM, Zafalon RVA, Brunetto MA. Vitamin D Metabolism and Its Role in Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans, Dogs and Cats. Metabolites 2020; 10:E499. [PMID: 33291777 PMCID: PMC7761928 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral metabolism in dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Mineral metabolism is intrinsically related to bone metabolism, thus disturbances in vitamin D have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in people, in addition to dogs and cats. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT), which is the most common mineral disorder in later stages of CKD in dogs and cats. Herein, we review the peculiarities of vitamin D metabolism in these species in comparison with humans, and the role of vitamin D disturbances in the development of CKD-MBD among dogs, cats, and people. Comparative studies may offer some evidence to help further research about vitamin D metabolism and bone disorders in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C. Chacar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS), Muzambinho 37890-000, Brazil;
| | - Márcia M. Kogika
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Rafael V. A. Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcio A. Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide in chronic kidney disease dogs. Vet World 2020; 13:1955-1965. [PMID: 33132611 PMCID: PMC7566241 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1955-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Renal fibrosis is a well-established pathological alteration associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in several species and progresses as CKD advances. Although a renal biopsy is the gold standard for determining renal fibrosis, it is an invasive, impractical method for clinical practice. In humans, ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography (SWE), a novel advanced diagnostic imaging tool, can evaluate renal parenchyma stiffness, and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP), a promising renal fibrosis biomarker in humans, has increasingly been use applied to reduce the biopsies. This study compares renal tissue elasticity observed through SWE Young’s modulus (E) values between healthy dogs (HD) and those with CKD. Materials and Methods: The E value acquired by SWE, uPIIINP levels, and renal function were evaluated in 15 CKD dogs and 15 HD. Results: The renal cortical E values were significantly higher than the renal medullary E values in both groups (p<0.001). Renal cortical and medullary E values in CKD dogs were significantly higher than in HD (p<0.01). Cortical E values had greater significant correlations with renal functional parameters than the medullary E values and had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of plasma creatinine (Cr) (p<0.001); blood urea nitrogen (p<0.01); urine protein Cr ratio (p<0.01); and fractional excretions of sodium (p<0.05), potassium (p<0.05), chloride (p<0.05), and magnesium (p<0.001) while they had a negative correlation with urine specific gravity (p<0.05) and urine osmolality to plasma osmolality ratio (p<0.05). The uPIIINP to Cr (uPIIINP/Cr) ratios of CKD dogs were higher than those of HD (p<0.001). Moreover, the uPIIINP/Cr levels presented significant correlations with the renal cortical E values (p<0.01) and also the renal functional parameters. Conclusion: SWE offers a complementary, non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating renal tissue stiffness in CKD dogs with renal function deterioration. In addition, uPIIINP levels are associated with renal function and structural changes in dogs. Therefore, the uPIIINP level might be a non-invasive, complementary, and promising biomarker for evaluating renal fibrosis in canine CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saikaew Sutayatram
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patitucci L, Azeredo M, Verícimo M, Almosny N, Castro M. Electrophoretic analysis (sds-page) of canine urinary proteins according to the stage of chronic kidney disease. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glomerular proteinuria is characterized by the loss of high-molecular-weight proteins (HMWPs), while tubulointerstitial proteinuria is characterized by the loss of low-molecular-weight proteins (LMWPs). The objective was to assess the molecular weight of urinary proteins (MWUP) in dogs with naturally acquired CKD and determine the proportion of HMWPs and LMWPs according to CKD stage. Twenty-eight dogs with CKD were recruited and divided into 4 groups based on serum creatinine (Cr) levels (group1: Cr<1,4, n=8; group2: 1,4<Cr<2,0, n=6; group3: 2,1<Cr<5, n=9; group4: Cr>5,0, n=5). The control group consisted of 5 healthy dogs. The MWUP was determined by SDS-PAGE. The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) was used to quantitatively assess proteinuria. The electrophoresis pattern revealed a proportionally greater loss of HMWPthan of LMWP in all groups with CKD and an increased loss of LMWP in group 4 (P<0.05). These results suggest a predominance of glomerular injuries throughout all stages of CKD in these dogs and an increase in tubulointerstitial injury towards the end-stage of the disease. The results of the present study support the recommendation of SDS-PAGE as an effective technique for the qualitative assessment of proteinuria, as well as a method for assessing the severity and location of renal injury.
Collapse
|
9
|
Spencer S, Wheeler‐Jones C, Elliott J. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:243-267. [PMID: 32128854 PMCID: PMC8614124 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supporting mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation as a powerful mediator of renal damage in laboratory animals and humans. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed, with the strongest evidence supporting aldosterone-induced vasculopathy, exacerbation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased growth factor signalling promoting fibroblast proliferation and deranged extracellular matrix homeostasis. Further involvement of the MR is supported by extensive animal model experiments where MR antagonists (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) abrogate renal injury, including ischaemia-induced damage. Additionally, clinical trials have shown MR antagonists to be beneficial in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events, though current studies have not evaluated primary end points which allow conclusions to made about whether MR antagonists reduce mortality or slow CKD progression. Although differences between human and feline CKD exist, feline CKD shares many characteristics with human disease including tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of the MR in renal injury and summarizes the literature concerning aldosterone in feline CKD. MR antagonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lawson JS, Syme HM, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Elliott J. Characterisation of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells as mesenchymal in phenotype. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:99-102. [PMID: 31683198 PMCID: PMC6863388 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney Cell (CRFK) is an immortalised cell line derived from the feline kidney that is utilised for the growth of certain vaccinal viruses. Confusion exists as to whether CRFK are epithelial or mesenchymal in phenotype. The aim of this study was to characterise CRFK cells via immunofluorescence, enzyme cytochemistry, western blotting, RT-qPCR for S100A4 and comparison to primary feline proximal tubular epithelial cells (FPTEC) and feline cortical fibroblasts (FCF). CRFK cells were of fusiform morphology and appeared similar to FCF. CRFK expressed the mesenchymal intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin together with two cell adhesion molecules associated with feline fibroblasts (CD29 and CD44), and lacked expression of the epithelial IF cytokeratin, myogenic IF desmin and endothelial marker von Willebrand factor (vWF). In addition, CRFK did not demonstrate brush border enzyme activity typical of FPTEC. S100A4 gene expression, implicated in both neoplastic transformation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, was highly upregulated in CRFK in comparison to the primary feline renal cells. CRFK appear phenotypically similar to fibroblasts, rather than tubular epithelial cells, and may have undergone neoplastic transformation or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition after extensive passaging. This finding may have potential implications for future research utilising this cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - H M Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C P D Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohara Y, Yabuki A, Nakamura R, Ichii O, Mizukawa H, Yokoyama N, Yamato O. Renal Infiltration of Macrophages in Canine and Feline Chronic Kidney Disease. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:53-59. [PMID: 31375159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), macrophage infiltration is a crucial event leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In the present study, macrophages infiltrating renal tissue in dogs and cats with CKD were analysed immunohistochemically. Iba-1 was used as a pan-macrophage marker, CD204 was used as a marker of M2 macrophages and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α was used as a marker of M1 macrophages. Signals for Iba1 and CD204 were observed in the interstitium of all tested kidney samples. In dogs, the signals were diffusely scattered. In cats, both diffuse and focal signals were observed. Cells that were positive for Iba1 and CD204 were also observed in the tubular lumina in cats. Co-expression of Iba1 and CD204 was also observed in the infiltrating cells by immunofluorescence labelling, and these cells were negative for TNF-α. By quantitative analysis, the indices for Iba1- and CD204-positive cells were significantly correlated with the concentrations of plasma creatinine and/or urea and the extent of interstitial fibrosis in both dogs and cats. These results demonstrated that renal infiltration of M2 macrophages plays an important role in the progression of CKD in dogs and cats. The distribution pattern of the kidney-infiltrating macrophages was unique in cats and may be associated with a cat-specific renal fibrotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - A Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima.
| | - R Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - O Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
| | - H Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama
| | - N Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - O Yamato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:54. [PMID: 30744640 PMCID: PMC6371591 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common diseases occurring in cats. It is characterized by renal fibrosis, which is strongly correlated with impairment of renal function. Since renal biopsy is not performed routinely in clinical practice, the non-invasive method of ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography (SWE) was used to determine renal parenchymal stiffness. Currently, urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) is a renal fibrosis biomarker in humans. Moreover, PIIINP is increasingly applied for identification of fibrosis in various organs in animals. RESULTS The Young's modulus (E) value on SWE, uPIIINP, and renal function were evaluated in 23 CKD cats and 25 healthy cats (HC). The renal cortical E values were significantly higher than those of the renal medulla in both groups (P < 0.001). The E values of the renal cortex and medulla were significantly higher in CKD cats than in HC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The E values, especially of the cortex, showed a significant positive correlation with concentrations of plasma creatinine (P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05), while they had a negative correlation with urine specific gravity (P < 0.001) and urine osmolality per plasma osmolality ratio (P < 0.01). The uPIIINP to creatinine ratios (uPIIINP/Cr) were significantly higher in CKD cats than in HC (P < 0.01) and were highly correlated with renal cortical E values (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SWE might be an additively useful and non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool to evaluate renal parenchymal stiffness, which correlates with renal functional impairment in CKD cats. Moreover, the uPIIINP/Cr might be a promissing biomarker for adjunctive assessing the renal fibrosis in feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saikaew Sutayatram
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Beusekom CD, Zimmering TM. Profibrotic effects of angiotensin II and transforming growth factor beta on feline kidney epithelial cells. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:780-787. [PMID: 30345862 PMCID: PMC6661713 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18805862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of angiotensin II (AT-II) and
its main mediator, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), in the
development of feline renal fibrosis. Methods Expression of marker genes indicating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
(EMT), profibrotic mediators and matricellular proteins was measured in
feline kidney epithelial cells (Crandell Rees feline kidney [CRFK] cells)
after incubation with AT-II and/or TGF-β1. Results Cells incubated with TGF-β1 or the combination of TGF-β1 with AT-II showed
clear EMT with more stretched fibroblastic cells, whereas the cells
incubated without TGF-β1 and AT-II (control) showed more epithelial cells.
Gene expression of collagen type I (COL1), tenascin-C
(TNC), trombospondin-1 (TSP-1),
connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and alpha-smooth
muscle actin (α-SMA) increased significantly after
incubation of the CRFK cells with TGF-β1 or TGF-β1 in combination with AT-II
for 12 h. As incubation of the CRFK cells with only AT-II did not show any
significant rise in gene expression of the above-mentioned genes, this was
further investigated. In contrast to healthy feline kidney tissue, CRFK
cells showed almost no expression of the AT-II type 1 (AT1)
receptor. Conclusions and relevance TGF-β1 significantly induced expression of the EMT marker gene α-SMA,
profibrotic mediator CTGF, and fibrogenic proteins
COL1, TNC and TSP-1
in CRFK cells. The effect of TGF-β1 on myofibroblast formation was also
observed by the stretched appearance of the CRFK cells. As CRFK cells
expressed almost no AT1 receptors, this cell line proved not
suitable for testing the efficacy of drugs that interact with the
AT1 receptor. As AT-II stimulates the effects of TGF-β1 in
mammals, the results of this study suggest an indirect profibrotic effect of
AT-II besides the demonstrated profibrotic effect of TGF-β1 and thus the
development of feline renal fibrosis. Modulation of EMT or proliferation of
myofibroblasts could serve as a diagnostic tool and a novel therapeutic
target to inhibit renal fibrogenesis, and could possibly serve in the
therapy of feline renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrina D van Beusekom
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy
and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cyrina D van Beusekom DVM, PhD, DipECVPT,
Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk
Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University,
Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kutlu T, Alcigir G. Comparison of renal lesions in cats and dogs using pathomorphological and ımmunohistochemical methods. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:126-133. [PMID: 30328730 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1522670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pathogenesis of chronic renal fibrosis in cats and dogs using immunohistochemistry. We used the avidin-biotin complex peroxidase (ABC-P) method with antibodies against transforming growth factor-β1, cytokeratin, E-cadherin, S100A4, alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and nestin to determine whether tubule epithelial cells had undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) that resulted in loss of epithelial cells and an increased number of mesenchymal cells. Although nephrosis was more common in dogs, nephritis was more common in cats; these pathologies developed in both kidneys. We found that EMT participated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis in both dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuncer Kutlu
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Hatay Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey
| | - Gunay Alcigir
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lawson JS, Liu HH, Syme HM, Purcell R, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Elliott J. The cat as a naturally occurring model of renal interstitial fibrosis: Characterisation of primary feline proximal tubular epithelial cells and comparative pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202577. [PMID: 30138414 PMCID: PMC6107233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in both geriatric cats and aging humans, and is pathologically characterised by chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in both species. Cats with CKD may represent a spontaneously occurring, non-rodent animal model of human disease, however little is known of feline renal cell biology. In other species, TGF-β1 signalling in the proximal tubular epithelium is thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of renal fibrosis. In this study, we first aimed to isolate and characterise feline proximal tubular epithelial cells (FPTEC), comparing them to human primary renal epithelial cells (HREC) and the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2. Secondly, we aimed to examine and compare the effect of human recombinant TGF-β1 on cell proliferation, pro-apoptotic signalling and genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in feline and human renal epithelial cells. FPTEC were successfully isolated from cadaverous feline renal tissue, and demonstrated a marker protein expression profile identical to that of HREC and HK-2. Exposure to TGF-β1 (0-10 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent loss of epithelial morphology and alterations in gene expression consistent with the occurrence of partial EMT in all cell types. This was associated with transcription of downstream pro-fibrotic mediators, growth arrest in FPTEC and HREC (but not HK-2), and increased apoptotic signalling at high concentrations of TGF- β1. These effects were inhibited by the ALK5 (TGF-β1RI) antagonist SB431542 (5 μM), suggesting they are mediated via the ALK5/TGF-β1RII receptor complex. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1 may be involved in epithelial cell dedifferentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis in feline CKD as in human disease, and that cats may be a useful, naturally occurring model of human CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hui-Hsuan Liu
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M. Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Purcell
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Changes in Renal Peritubular Capillaries in Canine and Feline Chronic Kidney Disease. J Comp Pathol 2018; 160:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
Lawson JS, Syme HM, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Elliott J. Characterisation of feline renal cortical fibroblast cultures and their transcriptional response to transforming growth factor β1. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29523136 PMCID: PMC5845201 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in geriatric cats, and the most prevalent pathology is chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The cell type predominantly responsible for the production of extra-cellular matrix in renal fibrosis is the myofibroblast, and fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation is probably a crucial event. The cytokine TGF-β1 is reportedly the most important regulator of myofibroblastic differentiation in other species. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise renal fibroblasts from cadaverous kidney tissue of cats with and without CKD, and to investigate the transcriptional response to TGF-β1. Results Cortical fibroblast cultures were successfully established from the kidney tissue of cats with normal kidney function (FCF) and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD-FCF). Both cell types expressed the mesenchymal markers vimentin, CD44 and CD29, and were negative for the epithelial marker cytokeratin, mesangial cell marker desmin and endothelial cell marker vWF. Only CKD-FCF expressed VCAM-1, a cell marker associated with inflammation. Incubation with TGF-β1 (0–10 ng/ml) induced a concentration dependent change in cell morphology, and upregulation of myofibroblast marker gene α-SMA expression alongside collagen 1α1, fibronectin, TGF-β1 and CTGF mRNA. These changes were blocked by the TGF-β1 receptor 1 antagonist SB431542 (5 μM). Conclusions FCF and CKD-FCF can be cultured via a simple method and represent a model for the investigation of the progression of fibrosis in feline CKD. The findings of this study suggest TGF-β1 may be involved in fibroblast-myofibroblast transition in feline CKD, as in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - H M Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C P D Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takenaka M, Iio A, Sato R, Sakamoto T, Kurumatani H. A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Study of Beraprost Sodium Treatment for Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:236-248. [PMID: 29131397 PMCID: PMC5787173 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common progressive and irreversible disease in cats. The efficacy and safety of beraprost sodium (BPS) in cats with CKD have not been evaluated. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of BPS in the treatment of cats with CKD, as compared to placebo. Animals Seventy‐four client‐owned cats with naturally occurring CKD. Methods Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. The cats received BPS (55 μg/cat) or a placebo PO q12 h for 180 days. The primary endpoint was prospectively defined as a change in the serum creatinine (sCr), serum phosphorus‐to‐calcium ratio or urine specific gravity (USG). Results The sCr increased significantly (P = 0.0030) in the placebo group (mean ± SD: 2.8 ± 0.7 to 3.2 ± 1.3 mg/dL) but not in the BPS group (2.4 ± 0.7 to 2.5 ± 0.7 mg/dL). The difference between the groups at day 180 was significant (0.8 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.3 mg/dL, P = 0.0071). The serum phosphorus‐to‐calcium ratio was significantly (P = 0.0037) increased in the placebo group (0.46 ± 0.10 to 0.52 ± 0.21 mg/dL) but not in the BPS group (0.50 ± 0.08 to 0.51 ± 0.11 mg/dL). There was no significant change in the USG in either group. An adverse event judged as being treatment‐related included vomiting that occurred in 1 case in the placebo group. No clinically relevant change was observed in the CBC and other blood chemistry tests. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Beraprost sodium treatment was well tolerated and safe in cats with CKD. BPS inhibited the reduction in renal filtration function as measured by sCr increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Takenaka
- Animal Clinical Research Foundation, Kurayoshi, Tottori, Japan
| | - A Iio
- Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Morais GB, Viana DA, Verdugo JM, Roselló MG, Porcel JO, Rocha DD, Xavier Júnior FAF, Barbosa KDSM, Silva FMO, Brito GAC, Sampaio CMS, Evangelista JSAM. Morphological characterization of ckd in cats: Insights of fibrogenesis to be recognized. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 81:46-57. [PMID: 29024123 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and its pathogenesis is associated with the activity of mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts), being essentially characterized by a process of excessive accumulation resulting from the deposition of extracellular matrix components. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphological presentation of chronic and fibrotic lesions in the glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular compartments in feline CKD, as well as the possible participation of myofibroblasts in renal fibrotic processes in this species. Cat kidneys were collected and processed according to the conventional techniques for light microscopy, circular polarization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Fibrotic alterations were present in all compartments analyzed. The main findings in the glomerular compartment were different degrees of glomerular sclerosis, synechia formation, Bowman's capsule calcification, in addition to glomerular basement membrane thickening and pericapsular fibrosis. The tubulointerstitial compartment had intense tubular degeneration and the immunostaining in tubular cells for mesenchymal cell markers demonstrated the possibility of mesenchymal epithelial transition and consequent involvement of myofibroblasts in the development of interstitial tubule damage. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, added to vessel thickening and fibrosis, demonstrated the severity and role of inflammation in the development and perpetuation of damage. Thus, we may conclude that fibrotic lesions play a relevant role in feline CKD and the mechanism of perpetuation of these lesions need further elucidation regarding the origin and participation of myofibroblasts and consequent mesenchymal epithelial transition in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Morais
- Comparative Morphology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D A Viana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Legal Medicine Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - J M Verdugo
- Institute Cavanilles of Evolutionary Biodiversity, Universitad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M G Roselló
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universitad Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - J O Porcel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universitad Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - D D Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - F A F Xavier Júnior
- Comparative Morphology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - K D S M Barbosa
- Comparative Morphology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - F M O Silva
- Comparative Morphology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - G A C Brito
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Processing, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - C M S Sampaio
- Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - J S A M Evangelista
- Comparative Morphology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ichii O, Ohta H, Horino T, Nakamura T, Hosotani M, Mizoguchi T, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Hoshino Y, Takagi S, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M, Sato R, Oyamada K, Kon Y. Urinary exosome-derived microRNAs reflecting the changes of renal function and histopathology in dogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40340. [PMID: 28074869 PMCID: PMC5225487 DOI: 10.1038/srep40340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators, and urinary exosome (UExo)-derived microRNAs may be used as biomarkers. Herein, we screened for UExo-derived microRNAs reflecting kidney disease (KD) status in dogs. Examined dogs were divided into healthy kidney control (HC) and KD groups according to renal dysfunction. We confirmed the appearance of UExo having irregular globe-shapes in a dog by immunoblot detection of the exosome markers, TSG101 and CD9. Based on our previous data using KD model mice and the data obtained herein by next generation sequencing of UExo-derived microRNAs in dogs, miR-26a, miR-146a, miR-486, miR-21a, and miR-10a/b were selected as candidate microRNAs. In particular, UExo-derived miR-26a and miR-10a/b were significantly decreased in KD dogs, and miR-26a levels negatively correlated with deteriorated renal function compared to the other miRNAs. UExo-derived miR-21a levels corrected or not to that of internal control microRNAs in UExo, miR-26a and miR-191, significantly increased with renal dysfunction. In kidney tissues, the decrease of miR-26a and miR-10a/b in the glomerulus and miR-10b in the tubulointerstitium negatively correlated with deteriorated renal function and histopathology. Increased miR-21a in the tubulointerstitium rather than in the glomerulus correlated with deteriorated renal histopathology. In conclusion, microRNAs reflecting the changes in renal function and histopathology in dogs were identified in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Bunkyo 2-3, Chitose 066-0052, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuki Hoshino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Matsubara Animal Hospital, Taijo 1-174-1, Matsubara 580-0044, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Oyamada
- Matsubara Animal Hospital, Taijo 1-174-1, Matsubara 580-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morais GB, Viana DA, Silva FMO, Xavier Júnior FAF, Farias KM, Pessoa CD, Silveira JAM, Alves APNN, Mota MRL, Silva FDO, Sampaio CMS, Verdugo JMG, Evangelista JSAM. Polarization microscopy as a tool for quantitative evaluation of collagen using picrosirius red in different stages of CKD in cats. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:543-550. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Morais
- Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Estadual do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - D. A. Viana
- Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Estadual do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - F. M. O. Silva
- Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Estadual do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | | | - K. M. Farias
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - C. D'Ó Pessoa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - J. A. M. Silveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - A. P. N. N. Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia Odontologia e Enfermagem; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - M. R. L. Mota
- Faculdade de Farmácia Odontologia e Enfermagem; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - F. D. O. Silva
- Departamento de Geologia; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | - C. M. S. Sampaio
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Estadual do Ceará; Ceará Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:1015-48. [PMID: 27461408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common histopathologic finding is tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. However, these changes reflect a nonspecific response of the kidney to any inciting injury. The risk of developing CKD is likely to reflect the composite effects of genetic predisposition, aging, and environmental and individual factors that affect renal function over the course of a cat's life. However, there is still little information available to determine exactly which individual risk factors predispose a cat to develop CKD. Although many cats diagnosed with CKD have stable disease for years, some cats show overtly progressive disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Brown CA, Elliott J, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Chronic Kidney Disease in Aged Cats: Clinical Features, Morphology, and Proposed Pathogeneses. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:309-26. [PMID: 26869151 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815622975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common metabolic disease of domesticated cats, with most affected cats being geriatric (>12 years of age). The prevalence of CKD in cats exceeds that observed in dogs, and the frequency of the diagnosis of CKD in cats has increased in recent decades. Typical histologic features include interstitial inflammation, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis with secondary glomerulosclerosis. In contrast to people and dogs, primary glomerulopathies with marked proteinuria are remarkably rare findings in cats. Although a variety of primary renal diseases have been implicated, the disease is idiopathic in most cats. Tubulointerstitial changes, including fibrosis, are present in the early stages of feline CKD and become more severe in advanced disease. A variety of factors-including aging, ischemia, comorbid conditions, phosphorus overload, and routine vaccinations-have been implicated as factors that could contribute to the initiation of this disease in affected cats. Factors that are related to progression of established CKD, which occurs in some but not all cats, include dietary phosphorus intake, magnitude of proteinuria, and anemia. Renal fibrosis, a common histologic feature of aged feline kidneys, interferes with the normal relationship between peritubular capillaries and renal tubules. Experimentally, renal ischemia results in morphologic changes similar to those observed in spontaneous CKD. Renal hypoxia, perhaps episodic, may play a role in the initiation and progression of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Brown
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - C W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zotti A, Banzato T, Gelain ME, Centelleghe C, Vaccaro C, Aresu L. Correlation of renal histopathology with renal echogenicity in dogs and cats: an ex-vivo quantitative study. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:99. [PMID: 25909709 PMCID: PMC4413530 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased cortical or cortical and medullary echogenicity is one of the most common signs of chronic or acute kidney disease in dogs and cats. Subjective evaluation of the echogenicity is reported to be unreliable. Patient and technical-related factors affect in-vivo quantitative evaluation of the echogenicity of parenchymal organs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between histopathology and ex-vivo renal cortical echogenicity in dogs and cats devoid of any patient and technical-related biases. Results Kidney samples were collected from 68 dog and 32 cat cadavers donated by the owners to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Padua and standardized ultrasonographic images of each sample were collected. The echogenicity of the renal cortex was quantitatively assessed by means of mean gray value (MGV), and then histopathological analysis was performed. Statistical analysis to evaluate the influence of histological lesions on MGV was performed. The differentiation efficiency of MGV to detect pathological changes in the kidneys was calculated for dogs and cats. Statistical analysis revealed that only glomerulosclerosis was an independent determinant of echogenicity in dogs whereas interstitial nephritis, interstitial necrosis and fibrosis were independent determinants of echogenicity in cats. The global influence of histological lesions on renal echogenicity was higher in cats (23%) than in dogs (12%). Conclusions Different histopathological lesions influence the echogenicity of the kidneys in dogs and cats. Moreover, MGV is a poor test for distinguishing between normal and pathological kidneys in the dog with a sensitivity of 58.3% and specificity of 59.8%. Instead, it seems to perform globally better in the cat, resulting in a fair test, with a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 56%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Calogero Vaccaro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lawson J, Elliott J, Wheeler-Jones C, Syme H, Jepson R. Renal fibrosis in feline chronic kidney disease: known mediators and mechanisms of injury. Vet J 2014; 203:18-26. [PMID: 25475166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common medical condition of ageing cats. In most cases the underlying aetiology is unknown, but the most frequently reported pathological diagnosis is renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Renal fibrosis, characterised by extensive accumulation of extra-cellular matrix within the interstitium, is thought to be the final common pathway for all kidney diseases and is the pathological lesion best correlated with function in both humans and cats. As a convergent pathway, renal fibrosis provides an ideal target for the treatment of CKD and knowledge of the underlying fibrotic process is essential for the future development of novel therapies. There are many mediators and mechanisms of renal fibrosis reported in the literature, of which only a few have been investigated in the cat. This article reviews the process of renal fibrosis and discusses the most commonly cited mediators and mechanisms of progressive renal injury, with particular focus on the potential significance to feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Harriet Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rosanne Jepson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sánchez-Lara AC, Elliott J, Syme HM, Brown CA, Haylor JL. Feline Chronic Kidney Disease Is Associated With Upregulation of Transglutaminase 2. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:513-23. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814542811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cats. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme proposed to mediate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney by cross-linking collagen fibrils. Postmortem kidney tissue was obtained from primary renal azotemic ( n = 10) and nonazotemic ( n = 5) cats (14 domestic short hair, 1 Burmese; aged 9–23.7 years). Extracellular matrix protein deposition was determined by Masson’s trichrome staining and collagen immunofluorescence. Total kidney transglutaminase (TG) enzyme activity and TG2 protein were measured in tissue homogenates by putrescine incorporation and Western blotting. Extracellular TG enzyme activity and TG2 protein were determined in situ by immunofluorescence, quantified by multiphase image analysis. Results were compared using the unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction. Elevated plasma creatinine, urea, and phosphate concentrations were associated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis but not glomerular fibrosis. Kidney homogenates from azotemic cats showed a 3-fold higher total TG enzyme activity and TG2 protein compared with kidneys from nonazotemic cats. Immunofluorescent studies performed in situ confirmed a 3-fold higher extracellular TG enzyme activity and TG2 protein in cats with azotemia. Tubulointerstitial TG2 showed a positive linear correlation with both renal function and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In conclusion, for cats with azotemia, both filtration failure and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were associated with the upregulation of TG2, a collagen cross-linking enzyme and the major isoform of transglutaminase in the kidney. TG2 may provide a new therapeutic target for drugs designed to slow the progression of feline chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Sánchez-Lara
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - H. M. Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - C. A. Brown
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - J. L. Haylor
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequently encountered disorders in cats, having increased in prevalence in recent decades. Although the underlying cause is rarely identified, the common final outcome of feline CKD is tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Knowledge of CKD pathophysiology is necessary for optimal individualised patient management, especially with regard to diagnosis and treatment of extrarenal complications. PATIENT GROUP CKD is most common in senior and geriatric cats, but should be considered in any feline patient with ureterolithiasis, hyperthyroidism, retrovirus infection, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease or urinary tract infection. EVIDENCE BASE Most of our knowledge of the pathogenesis of CKD is extrapolated from human nephrology and experimental animal studies. There is, therefore, a need for further studies in cats. The prevalence of clinical signs in feline CKD is well documented. Several concurrent diseases associated with CKD have also been reported in cats, especially in the geriatric population, but there is no or only limited published evidence demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between most of these conditions and CKD. Studies performed over the past 15 years have nevertheless allowed identification of major risk factors (proteinuria, plasma phosphate and plasma creatinine) influencing the progression of feline CKD. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Clinical signs occur in the late stages of renal disease, so populations at higher risk of CKD should be screened routinely. CKD-associated complications (systemic hypertension, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, hypokalaemia, anaemia, metabolic acidosis) must not be overlooked as they may affect the progression of disease. Disease progression is itself unpredictable and renal function may remain stable for extended periods. Most cats with early CKD do not progress to end-stage CKD before they die. AUDIENCE General practitioners play a major role in screening feline patients at risk of development or progression of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice S Reynolds
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mitani S, Yabuki A, Taniguchi K, Yamato O. Association between the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and renal injury in chronic kidney disease of dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:127-33. [PMID: 22986274 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of renin and angiotensin II, which are potent components of the renin-angiotensin system, with the severity of chronic renal disease was investigated immunohistochemically in dogs and cats. Immunoreactivities of renin and angiotensin II were evaluated quantitatively, and their correlations with the degrees of glomerulosclerosis, glomerular hypertrophy, interstitial cell infiltration and interstitial fibrosis were statistically analyzed. Immunoreactivities for renin were detected in afferent arteries in both dogs and cats. The score of renin-positive signals showed no correlation with plasma creatinine concentration or any of the histopathological parameters, except for the diameter of glomeruli in dogs. Immunoreactivities for angiotensin II were detected in tubules (primarily proximal tubules) and interstitial mononuclear cells in both dogs and cats. The score of tubular angiotensin II correlated with glomerulosclerosis and cell infiltration in cats but not in dogs. The score of interstitial angiotensin II correlated with plasma creatinine concentration, glomerulosclerosis, cell infiltration and fibrosis in dogs and with glomerulosclerosis and cell infiltration in cats. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is correlated with the severity of kidney disease, with the underlying mechanism differing between dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawane Mitani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chakrabarti S, Syme HM, Brown CA, Elliott J. Histomorphometry of feline chronic kidney disease and correlation with markers of renal dysfunction. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:147-55. [PMID: 22773469 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812453176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is common in geriatric cats, but most cases have nonspecific renal lesions, and few studies have correlated these lesions with clinicopathological markers of renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to identify the lesions best correlated with renal function and likely mediators of disease progression in cats with chronic kidney disease. Cats were recruited through 2 first-opinion practices between 1992 and 2010. When postmortem examinations were authorized, renal tissues were preserved in formalin. Sections were evaluated by a pathologist masked to all clinicopathological data. They were scored semiquantitatively for the severity of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Glomerular volume was measured using image analysis; the percentage of glomeruli that were obsolescent was recorded. Sections were assessed for hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis and tubular mineralization. Kidneys from 80 cats with plasma biochemical data from the last 2 months of life were included in the study. Multivariable linear regression (P < .05) was used to assess the association of lesions with clinicopathological data obtained close to death. Interstitial fibrosis was the lesion best correlated with the severity of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and anemia. Proteinuria was associated with interstitial fibrosis and glomerular hypertrophy, whereas higher time-averaged systolic blood pressure was associated with glomerulosclerosis and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarti
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yabuki A, Mitani S, Sawa M, Mizukami K, Fujiki M, Yamato O. A comparative study of chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats: induction of cyclooxygenases. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:892-7. [PMID: 22244709 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether renal cyclooxygenase (COX) induction is associated with the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs and cats. The collected kidneys were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. The immunoreactivities of COX-1 and COX-2 were evaluated quantitatively, and the correlations to the plasma creatinine concentrations, glomerular size, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and interstitial cell infiltration were evaluated statistically. Immunoreactivities for COX-1 were heterogeneously observed in the medullary distal tubules and collecting ducts; no correlations with the severity of renal damage were detected. Immunoreactivities for COX-2 were heterogeneously observed in the macula densa (MD) regions. In dogs, the percentage of COX-2-positive MD was significantly correlated with the glomerular size. In cats, glomeruli with COX-2-positive MD had significantly higher sclerosis scores than those with COX-2-negative MD. In conclusion, renal COX-2 is induced in canine and feline CKD, especially in relation to the glomerular changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang G, Thomas AL, Marshall AL, Kernan KA, Su Y, Zheng Y, Takano J, Saido TC, Eddy AA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 promotes calpain-1 activation and macrophage inflammation in hypercholesterolemic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2011; 91:106-23. [PMID: 20661225 PMCID: PMC3188436 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 (nAChRα1) was investigated as a potential proinflammatory molecule in the kidney, given a recent report that it is an alternative urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, in addition to the classical receptor uPAR. Two animal models and in vitro monocyte studies were involved: (1) In an ApoE(-/-) mouse model of chronic kidney disease, glomerular-resident cells and monocytes/macrophages were identified as the primary cell types that express nAChRα1 during hypercholesterolemia/uninephrectomy-induced nephropathy. Silencing of the nAChRα1 gene for 4 months (6 months on Western diet) prevented the increases in renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and osteopontin expression levels and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration compared with the nonsilenced mice. These changes were associated with significantly reduced transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA (50% decrease) and α smooth muscle actin-positive (αSMA+) myofibroblasts (90% decrease), better glomerular and tubular basement membranes (GBM/TBM) preservation (threefold less disintegration), and better renal function preservation (serum creatinine 40% lower) in the nAChRα1-silenced mice. The nAChRα1 silencing was also associated with significantly reduced renal tissue calcium deposition (78% decrease) and calpain-1 (but not calpain-2) activation (70% decrease). (2) The nAChRα1 was expressed in vitro by mouse monocyte cell line WEHI-274.1. The silencing of nAChRα1 significantly reduced both calpain-1 and -2 activities, and reduced the degradation of the calpain substrate talin. (3) To further explore the role of calpain-1 activity in hypercholesterolemic nephropathy, disease severities were compared in CAST(-/-)ApoE(-/-) (calpain overactive) mice and ApoE(-/-) mice fed with Western diet for 10 months (n=12). Macrophages were the main cell type of renal calpain-1 production in the model. The number of renal F4/80+ macrophages was 10-fold higher in the CAST(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice (P<0.05), and was associated with a significantly higher level of αSMA+ cells, increased GBM/TBM destruction, and higher serum creatinine levels. Our studies suggest that the receptor nAChRα1 is an important regulator of calpain-1 activation and inflammation in the chronic hypercholesterolemic nephropathy. This new proinflammatory pathway may also be relevant to other disorders beyond hyperlipidemic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Alison L Thomas
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda L Marshall
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly A Kernan
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yanyuan Su
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiro Takano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Allison A Eddy
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|