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Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Development of a hierarchical typing approach for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and characterization of MAP field cultures from Central Germany. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1193-1206. [PMID: 32426861 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of a novel hierarchical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) typing approach and characterization of MAP field cultures in Central Germany. METHODS AND RESULTS By combining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat, we developed a highly discriminating and phylogenetically accurate hierarchical MAP typing approach. Moreover, a novel stepwise workflow was employed to reduce the number of SNP reactions required making the typing approach more affordable. MAP field cultures (n = 142) from dairy herds in Central Germany were classified as cattle type and showed a high level of heterogeneity. Intra-herd multiple genotypes were evident in (13-25%) of the investigated herds. CONCLUSIONS The hierarchical MAP typing approach proved to be useful in fine discrimination between MAP cultures within limited geographical regions. This could potentially be used in unravelling MAP transmission chains in the respective regions. The observed heterogeneity in some herds is assumed to be due to either multiple introductions through inter-herd trade or intra-herd evolution over time. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Future MAP epidemiological studies will benefit from the advantages of the novel hierarchical typing approach. The SNP number reduction approach employed here could be extrapolated for other analogous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fawzy
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Egypt.,Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Zschöck
- Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Eisenberg
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
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Park HT, Park HE, Park WB, Kim S, Hur TY, Jung YH, Yoo HS. Genetic diversity of bovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis discriminated by IS 1311 PCR-REA, MIRU-VNTR, and MLSSR genotyping. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:627-634. [PMID: 29929361 PMCID: PMC6167339 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) obtained from individual cows in Korea. Twelve MAP-positive fecal DNA samples and 19 MAP isolates were obtained from 10 cattle herds located in 5 provinces in Korea. In addition, 5 MAP isolates obtained from the Czech Republic and Slovakia and 3 isolates from Australia were genotyped for comparison with the domestic isolates. The most prevalent strains in Korea were of the “bison-type” genotype (23 of 31 fecal DNA/isolates) and were distributed nationwide. The remaining MAP isolates (8) and all of the foreign isolates were identified as “cattle-type”. The bison-type strains which were discriminated only as INMV 68 in variable-number tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Multilocus short sequence repeat (MLSSR) typing differentiated the bison-type strains into 3 different subtypes. The cattle-type strains were divided into 3 subtypes by MIRU-VNTR and 8 subtypes by MLSSR. The allelic diversities in the MIRU-VNTR and MLSSR results were calculated as 0.567 and 0.866, respectively. These results suggest that MIRU-VNTR typing cannot provide a sufficient description of the epidemiological situation of MAP. Therefore, an alternative method, such as MLSSR, is needed for typing of MAP strains to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of MAP infections. Overall, this study is the first epidemiological survey report in Korea using both MIRU-VNTR and MLSSR typing methods, and it has provided basic data necessary to elucidate the characteristics of MAP infections in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tai Young Hur
- Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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3
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Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:258-264. [PMID: 30564606 PMCID: PMC6286618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD) which affects mainly ruminants and is characterized by chronic diarrhea and emaciation. Johne’s disease is highly prevalent in many countries around the world and leads to high economic losses associated with decreased production. Genotyping of the involved pathogen could be used in the study of population genetics, pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology including disease surveillance and outbreak investigation. Principally, researchers have first assumed the presence of two different MAP strains that are associated with the animal host species (cattle and sheep). However, nowadays MAP characterization depends mainly upon genetic testing using genetic markers such as insertion elements, repetitive sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms. This work aims to provide an overview of the advances in molecular biological tools used for MAP typing in the last two decades, discuss how these methods have been used to address interesting epidemiological questions, and explore the future prospects of MAP molecular epidemiology given the ever decreasing costs of the high throughput sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fawzy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Egypt
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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4
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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5
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Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine WC1 + and WC1 neg γδ T Lymphocytes Influence Monocyte Differentiation and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Maturation during In Vitro Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:534. [PMID: 28588573 PMCID: PMC5439176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During early Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, complex interactions occur between the bacteria, cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) including both resident (macrophages and dendritic cells) and recruited (monocytes) cells, and other mucosal sentinel cells such as γδ T lymphocytes. Though the details of early host–pathogen interactions in cattle remain largely underexplored, our hypothesis is that these significantly influence development of host immunity and ultimate success or failure of the host to respond to Map infection. The aims of the present study were to first characterize monocyte-derived MPS cells from young calves with respect to their immunophenotype and function. Then, we set out to investigate the effects of WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes on (1) the differentiation of autologous monocytes and (2) the maturation of autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). To achieve this, peripheral blood WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes were cocultured with either autologous freshly isolated peripheral blood-derived monocytes or autologous immature MDDCs (iMDDCs). We began by measuring several markers of interest on MPS cells. Useful markers to distinguish monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from MDDCs include CD11b, CD163, and CD172a, which are expressed significantly higher on MDMs compared with MDDCs. Function, but not phenotype, was influenced by WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes: viability of Map harvested from monocytes differentiated in the presence of WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes (dMonWC1neg) was significantly lower compared to MDMs and MDDCs. With respect to DC maturation, we first showed that mature MDDCs (mMDDCs) have significantly higher expression of CD11c, CD80, and CD86 compared with iMDDCs, and the phagocytic capacity of mMDDCs is significantly reduced compared to iMDDCs. We then showed that γδ T lymphocyte subsets induce functional (reduced phagocytosis) but not phenotypic (surface marker expression) iMDDC maturation. These data collectively show that γδ T lymphocytes influence differentiation, maturation, and ultimately the function of monocytes during Map infection, which has significant implications on survival of Map and success of host defense during early Map infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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6
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Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine peripheral blood WC1 + and WC1 neg γδ T lymphocytes modulate monocyte-derived macrophage effector functions during in vitro Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Cell Immunol 2017; 315:34-44. [PMID: 28284486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bovine γδ T lymphocytes during anti-mycobacterial immunity is recognized; however, the role of major subsets of γδ T lymphocytes (WC1+ and WC1neg) in this process remains unclear. We investigated how WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocyte subsets of calves modulate monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) functions during Map infection in vitro. To achieve this, Map-infected or uninfected MDMs from young calves were co-cultured with autologous WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes of young calves modulate effector functions of MDMs with respect to Map killing, CD11b and MHC-II expression. We observed differences in IFN-γ production and CD25 expression on γδ T lymphocyte subsets, as well as MDM expression of CD1b when in contact with WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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7
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Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes modify monocyte-derived macrophage responses during early Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 170:65-72. [PMID: 26848050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Following Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, some calves are apparently able to successfully clear the pathogen whereas others become persistently infected; however the reasons for this remain unknown. The importance of innate immunity, and in particular the role of γδ T lymphocytes, during early anti-mycobacterial immune response is recognized but specific mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate how bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes mediate macrophage function during early Map infection. To achieve this objective, Map-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were co-cultured either in direct contact with, or separated by a semi-permeable membrane from, autologous WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes. Nitrites, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 from cell culture supernatants were measured. Expression of CD25 on WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes, expression of MHC-I and MHC-II on MDMs and the viability of Map recovered from MDM cultures 72h after Map infection were also assessed. Map viability was significantly reduced when WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were co-cultured in direct contact with Map-infected MDMs. Both MDMs and WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes generated increased concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in our system, and MDM/WC1(+) γδ T lymphocyte synergism was identified for IFN-γ production. MDMs but not WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were a significant source of IL-17A. The presence of WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes was associated with higher expression of MHC-I on MDMs and increased concentration of nitrites in supernatants 72h after Map infection. In conclusion, this study showed that WC1(+) γδ lymphocytes had differential effects on Map-infected macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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8
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Rónai Z, Csivincsik Á, Gyuranecz M, Kreizinger Z, Dán Á, Jánosi S. Molecular analysis and MIRU-VNTR typing of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
strains from various sources. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:275-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Rónai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
| | - Á. Csivincsik
- Food-chain Safety and Animal Health Directorate; Government Office of Somogy County; Kaposvár Hungary
| | - M. Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research; Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Z. Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research; Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Á. Dán
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
| | - S. Jánosi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
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9
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Atreya R, Bülte M, Gerlach GF, Goethe R, Hornef MW, Köhler H, Meens J, Möbius P, Roeb E, Weiss S. Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:858-67. [PMID: 25128370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease [JD]), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. JD is one of the most widespread bacterial diseases of domestic animals with significant economic impact. The histopathological picture of JD resembles that of Crohn's disease (CD), a human chronic inflammatory bowel disease of still unresolved aetiology. An aetiological relevance of MAP for CD has been proposed. This and the ambiguity of other published epidemiological findings raise the question whether MAP represents a zoonotic agent. In this review, we will discuss evidence that MAP has zoonotic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- Medical Clinic 1, University of Erlangen-Nuermberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Department of Microbiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikstr.33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Molecular Immunology, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Genetic structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in Quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2764-75. [PMID: 24829229 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00386-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. A variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. In the present study, PCR-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and small sequence repeats (SSR) in addition to IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA), were used to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of 200 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from dairy herds located in the province of Quebec, Canada. The majority of strains were of the "cattle type," or type II, although 3 strains were of the "bison type." A total of 38 genotypes, including a novel one, were identified using a combination of 17 genetic markers, which generated a Simpson's index of genetic diversity of 0.876. Additional analyses revealed no differences in genetic diversity between environmental and individual strains. Of note, a spatial and spatiotemporal cluster was evidenced regarding the distribution of one of the most common genotypes. The population had an overall homogeneous genetic structure, although a few strains stemmed out of the consensus cluster, including the bison-type strains. The genetic structure of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis populations within most herds suggested intraherd dissemination and microevolution, although evidence of interherd contamination was also revealed. The level of genetic diversity obtained by combining MIRU-VNTR and SSR markers shows a promising avenue for molecular epidemiology investigations of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission patterns.
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11
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Gerritsmann H, Stalder G, Spergser J, Hoelzl F, Deutz A, Kuebber-Heiss A, Walzer C, Smith S. Multiple strain infections and high genotypic diversity among Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis field isolates from diseased wild and domestic ruminant species in the eastern Alpine region of Austria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Bannantine JP, Li LL, Sreevatsan S, Kapur V. How does a Mycobacterium change its spots? Applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:165-73. [PMID: 23721475 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining genetic diversity in the wake of the release of several Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) genome sequences has become a major emphasis in the molecular biology and epidemiology of Johne's disease research. These data can now be used to define the extent of strain diversity on the farm. However, to perform these important tasks, researchers must have a way to distinguish the many MAP isolates/strains that are present in the environment or host to enable tracking over time. Recent studies have described genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), of which MAP is a member, through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, single sequence repeats, variable-number tandem repeats, genome rearrangements, single nucleotide polymorphisms and genomewide comparisons to identify insertions and deletions. Combinations of these methods can now provide discrimination sufficient for dependable strain tracking. These molecular epidemiology techniques are being applied to understand transmission of Johne's disease within dairy cattle herds as well as identify which strains predominate in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA.
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13
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Salem M, Heydel C, El-Sayed A, Ahmed SA, Zschöck M, Baljer G. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:351-66. [PMID: 23054804 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is considered as one of the most serious problems affecting the world's ruminant industry due to its significant impact on the global economy and the controversial issue that it may be pathogenic for humans. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in animals and might be implicated in cases of human Crohn's disease. We provide an insight into M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis from some bacteriological, clinical, and molecular epidemiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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