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Sharma KB, Chhabra S, Kalia M. Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:251-281. [PMID: 38159231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus infections have been a leading cause of pandemics. Aided by global warming and increased connectivity, their threat is likely to increase over time. The flaviviruses are one such RNA virus family, and its prototypes such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc., pose a significant health burden on several endemic countries. All viruses start off their life cycle with an infected cell, wherein a series of events are set in motion as the virus and host battle for autonomy. With their remarkable capacity to hijack cellular systems and, subvert/escape defence pathways, viruses are able to establish infection and disseminate in the body, causing disease. Using this strategy, JEV replicates and spreads through several cell types such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, and ultimately breaches the blood-brain barrier to infect neurons and microglia. The neurotropic nature of JEV, its high burden on the paediatric population, and its lack of any specific antivirals/treatment strategies emphasise the need for biomedical research-driven solutions. Here, we highlight the latest research developments on Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cells and discuss how these can aid in the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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2
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Zhang YG, Chen HW, Zhang HX, Wang K, Su J, Chen YR, Wang XR, Fu ZF, Cui M. EGFR Activation Impairs Antiviral Activity of Interferon Signaling in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894356. [PMID: 35847084 PMCID: PMC9279666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) is thought to be a critical step to induce viral encephalitis with compromised blood–brain barrier (BBB), and the mechanisms involved in this process are not completely understood. In this study, we found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is related to JEV escape from interferon-related host innate immunity based on a STRING analysis of JEV-infected primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and mouse brain. At the early phase of the infection processes, JEV induced the phosphorylation of EGFR. In JEV-infected hBMECs, a rapid internalization of EGFR that co-localizes with the endosomal marker EEA1 occurred. Using specific inhibitors to block EGFR, reduced production of viral particles was observed. Similar results were also found in an EGFR-KO hBMEC cell line. Even though the process of viral infection in attachment and entry was not noticeably influenced, the induction of IFNs in EGFR-KO hBMECs was significantly increased, which may account for the decreased viral production. Further investigation demonstrated that EGFR downstream cascade ERK, but not STAT3, was involved in the antiviral effect of IFNs, and a lowered viral yield was observed by utilizing the specific inhibitor of ERK. Taken together, the results revealed that JEV induces EGFR activation, leading to a suppression of interferon signaling and promotion of viral replication, which could provide a potential target for future therapies for the JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Min Cui
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Ren K, Zhu Y, Sun H, Li S, Duan X, Li S, Li Y, Li B, Chen L. IRF2 inhibits ZIKV replication by promoting FAM111A expression to enhance the host restriction effect of RFC3. Virol J 2021; 18:256. [PMID: 34930359 PMCID: PMC8691090 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) was reported to stimulate virus replication by suppressing the type I interferon signaling pathway, because cell cycle arrest was found to promote viral replication, IRF2-regulated replication fork factor (FAM111A and RFC3) might be able to affect ZIKV replication. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of IRF2, FAM111A and RFC3 to ZIKV replication and underlying mechanism. METHODS siIRF2, siFAM111A, siRFC3 and pIRF2 in ZIKV-infected A549, 2FTGH and U5A cells were used to explore the mechanism of IRF2 to inhibit ZIKV replication. In addition, their expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blots, respectively. RESULTS In this study, we found IRF2 expression was increased in ZIKV-infected A549 cells and IRF2 inhibited ZIKV replication independent of type I IFN signaling pathway. IRF2 could activate FAM111A expression and then enhanced the host restriction effect of RFC3 to inhibit replication of ZIKV. CONCLUSIONS We speculated the type I interferon signaling pathway might not play a leading role in regulating ZIKV replication in IRF2-silenced cells. We found IRF2 was able to upregulate FAM111A expression and thus enhance the host restriction effect of RFC3 on ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ren
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China.,The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Honggang Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China.
| | - Bin Li
- The Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases (TTDs) Between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Naning Blood Center, Nanning, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610051, China. .,The Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases (TTDs) Between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Naning Blood Center, Nanning, China. .,Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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4
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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5
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Fan W, Jiao P, Zhang H, Chen T, Zhou X, Qi Y, Sun L, Shang Y, Zhu H, Hu R, Liu W, Li J. Inhibition of African Swine Fever Virus Replication by Porcine Type I and Type II Interferons. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1203. [PMID: 32655518 PMCID: PMC7325991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by a variety of cells during the process of virus infection. It can activate the transcription of multiple functional genes in cells, regulate the synergistic effect of multiple signaling pathways, and mediate a variety of biological functions such as antiviral activity and immune regulation. The symptoms of hosts infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) depend on the combined interaction between viruses and the host. However, it is unclear whether IFNs can be used as an emergency preventive treatment for ASFV. This study focused on the use of recombinant porcine IFNs, produced by Escherichia coli, to inhibit the replication of ASFV. The activity of IFN against ASFV was detected using primary alveolar macrophages at different doses through immunofluorescence assays and quantitative real-time PCR. We found that both 1000 and 100 U/mL doses significantly inhibited the replication of ASFV. Meanwhile, we found that IFNs could significantly trigger the production of a variety of IFN-induced genes (IFIT1, IFITM3, Mx-1, OASL, ISG15, PKR, GBP1, Viperin, BST2, IRF-1, and CXCL10) and MHC molecules, which play key roles in resistance to virus infection. Peripheral blood samples were also obtained from surviving pigs treated with IFNs, and the viral load was determined. Consistent with in vitro tests, low-dose (105 U/kg) recombinant porcine IFNs (PoIFN-α and PoIFN-γ) significantly reduced viral load compared to that with high-dose (106 U/kg) treatment. Our results suggest that recombinant porcine IFNs have high antiviral activity against ASFV, providing a new strategy for the prevention of African swine fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Yu HY, Liu J, He ZY, Zhou W, Xia BB, Wang M, Chen J, Wang ML, Jiang GT, Zhao J. Soluble Expression, Rapid Purification and Antiviral Activity of Recimbinant Bovine Interferon-α in Escherichia coli. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Bian P, Ye C, Zheng X, Luo C, Yang J, Li M, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Lian J, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Lei Y. RIPK3 Promotes JEV Replication in Neurons via Downregulation of IFI44L. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 32265853 PMCID: PMC7105639 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, is neurovirulent and neuroinvasive. Neurons are the main target of JEV infection and propagation. Receptor interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) has been reported to contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal death in many central nervous system diseases. In this study, we found that the progression of JE was alleviated in RIPK3-knockout (RIPK3–/–) mice in both peripheral and intracerebral infection. RIPK3-knockdown (RIPK3-RNAi) neuro2a cells showed higher cell viability during JEV infection. Moreover, the JEV load was significantly decreased in RIPK3–/– mouse-derived primary neurons and RIPK3-RNAi neuro2a cells compared with wild-type neurons, but this was not observed in microglia. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of brain tissues showed that the level of the interferon (IFN)-induced protein 44-like gene (IFI44L) was significantly increased in JEV-infected RIPK3–/– mouse brains, RIPK3–/– neurons, and RIPK3-RNAi-neuro2a cells. Then, it was demonstrated that the propagation of JEV was inhibited in IFI44L-overexpressing neuro2a cells and enhanced in IFI44L and RIPK3 double knockdown neuro2a cells. Taken together, our results showed that the increased expression of RIPK3 following JEV infection played complicated roles. On the one hand, RIPK3 participated in neuroinflammation and neuronal death during JEV infection. On the other hand, RIPK3 inhibited the expression of IFI44L to some extent, leading to the propagation of JEV in neurons, which might be a strategy for JEV to evade the cellular innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Bian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuantao Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuanyu Luo
- Pathogenic Biology, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Zhao J, Yu HY, Zhao Y, Li FH, Zhou W, Xia BB, He ZY, Chen J, Jiang GT, Wang ML. Soluble expression, rapid purification, biological identification of chicken interferon-alpha using a thioredoxin fusion system in E. coli and its antiviral effects to H9N2 avian influenza virus. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:192-201. [PMID: 30734625 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a soluble expression based on Escherichia coli and two-step purification of a novel thioredoxin-tagged chicken interferon-α fusion protein (Trx-rChIFN-α) by using pET32a(+) expression system. The mature ChIFN-α gene was amplified by Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subcloned into pET-32a (+) vector prior to transformation into Rosetta (DE3) competent cells. After IPTG induction, the recombinant fusion protein was expressed efficiently in the soluble fraction. The protein purification was performed by nickel affinity chromatography and DEAE anion exchange chromatography. The purified product has a purity of 95% with a yield of 47.3 mg/L of culture. The specific activity of the fusion protein reaches to 2.0 × 107 IU/mg as determined in the CEF/VSV titration system. After excision of the Trx tag by enterokinase, the remaining solo protein was confirmed as rChIFN-α protein by SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. The effects of this Trx-rChIFN-α fusion protein against H9N2 influenza virus infection were also evaluated in ovo. The results showed that the Trx-rChIFN-α protein could significantly reduce the hemagglutination titer of H9N2 virus, and the H9N2 viruses HA gene copy numbers. These findings will enable us to produce large amount and bio-active rChIFN-α protein for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- a Department of Microbiology , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China.,b Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China.,c Wuhu Overseas Students Pioneer Park , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China.,d Wuhu Interferon Bio-products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- a Department of Microbiology , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- b Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Li
- e Dalian SanYi animal medicine Co., Ltd , Dalian , Liaoning , P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- b Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Xia
- d Wuhu Interferon Bio-products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan He
- d Wuhu Interferon Bio-products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Jason Chen
- a Department of Microbiology , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China.,f Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Columbia University , New York , USA
| | - Guo-Tuo Jiang
- e Dalian SanYi animal medicine Co., Ltd , Dalian , Liaoning , P.R. China
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- a Department of Microbiology , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China.,b Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China.,c Wuhu Overseas Students Pioneer Park , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China.,d Wuhu Interferon Bio-products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd , Wuhu , Anhui , P.R. China
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9
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Liu K, Ma G, Liu X, Lu Y, Xi S, Ou A, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Li Y, Qiu Y, Miao D, Ma Z. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus counteracts type I interferon-induced early antiviral state by interfering IRF7 activity. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:28-38. [PMID: 30642596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease with a significant impact on the pig industry. It is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), which predominantly infects and replicates in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We pretreated PAMs with porcine interferon (IFN)-α to induce an antiviral state within the cells and subsequently infected them with highly pathogenic PRRSV. Changes in global gene expression in IFN-α-pretreated PAMs in response to PRRSV infection were determined by RNA-sequence analysis and confirmed by real-time PCR. We found that IRF7 and other antiviral interferon stimulating genes (ISG)s were suppressed by PRRSV infection. Further studies demonstrated that PRRSV could down-regulate the expression of IRF7 by the non-structure protein 7 (nsp7). In conclusion, PRRSV infection had a strong immunosuppressive effect of IFN. PRRSV nsp7 inhibits the expression of IRF7, thereby down-regulating the expression of IFN and downstream ISGs and facilitated the virus to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Gaini Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xiqian Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shumin Xi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yuming Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Denian Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, 201106, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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10
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Zhang B, He Y, Xu Y, Mo F, Mi T, Shen QS, Li C, Li Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Chen G, Zhu W, Qin C, Hu B, Zhou G. Differential antiviral immunity to Japanese encephalitis virus in developing cortical organoids. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:719. [PMID: 29915260 PMCID: PMC6006338 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a serious threat to the world’s public health yet without a cure. Certain JEV-infected neural cells express a subset of previously identified intrinsic antiviral interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), indicating brain cells retain autonomous antiviral immunity. However, whether this happens in composited brain remains unclear. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived organoids can model disorders caused by human endemic pathogens such as Zika virus, which may potentially address this question and facilitate the discovery of a cure for JE. We thus generated telencephalon organoid and infected them with JEV. We found JEV infection caused significant decline of cell proliferation and increase of cell death in brain organoid, resulting in smaller organoid spheres. JEV tended to infect astrocytes and neural progenitors, especially the population representing outer radial glial cells (oRGCs) of developing human brain. In addition, we revealed variable antiviral immunity in brain organoids of different stages of culture. In organoids of longer culture (older than 8 weeks), but not of early ones (less than 4 weeks), JEV infection caused typical activation of interferon signaling pathway. Preferential infection of oRGCs and differential antiviral response at various stages might explain the much more severe outcomes of JEV infection in the younger, which also provide clues to develop effective therapeutics of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yangzhige He
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Tingwei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Qing Sunny Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | - Yali Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Guilai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
| | - Guomin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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11
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Zhao C, Zheng S, Zhu D, Lian X, Liu W, Hu F, Chen P, Cao R. Identification of a novel porcine OASL variant exhibiting antiviral activity. Virus Res 2017; 244:199-207. [PMID: 29155034 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2', 5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase-lilke (OASL) protein is an atypical oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family member, which possesses antiviral activity but lacks 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity. Here, a novel variant of porcine OASL (pOASL2) was identified through RT-PCR amplification. This gene is distinguishable from the previously described wild-type porcine OASL (pOASL1). The gene appears to be derived from a truncation of exon 4 plus 8 nucleotides of exon 5 with a premature termination, measuring only 633 bp in length, although its position corresponds to that of pOASL1. Given this novel gene appears to be a variant of pOASL, we assayed for antiviral activity of the protein. We demonstrated that pOASL2 could inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) proliferation as well as pOASL1 in a transient overexpression assay of pOASL1 and pOASL2 in PK-15 and Vero cells. In addition to JEV, pOASL1 and pOASL2 also decreased the proliferations of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), but did not exhibit antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV). Structural analysis showed that the pOASL2 gene retained only the first three exons at the 5'-. To investigate the role of the αN4 helix in pOASL in antiviral responses like that in hOASL, we mutated key residues in the anchor domain of the αN4 helix in pOASL2, based on the domain's location in hOASL. However, the antiviral activity of pOASL2 was not affected. Thus, the αN4 helix of pOASL likely does not play a significant role in its antiviral activity. In conclusion, pOASL2 acts as a new splice isoform of pOASL that plays a role in resistance to infection of several kinds of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Sheng Zheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Dan Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Xue Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Weiting Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Feng Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Puyan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Ruibing Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University.
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12
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Zhou J, Wang SQ, Wei JC, Zhang XM, Gao ZC, Liu K, Ma ZY, Chen PY, Zhou B. Mx Is Not Responsible for the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-α against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010005. [PMID: 28075421 PMCID: PMC5294974 DOI: 10.3390/v9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced dynamin-like GTPases that are present in all vertebrates and inhibit the replication of myriad viruses. However, the role Mx proteins play in IFN-mediated suppression of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is unknown. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of Mx1 and Mx2 expression on the interferon-α (IFNα) restriction of JEV replication. To evaluate whether the inhibitory activity of IFNα on JEV is dependent on Mx1 or Mx2, we knocked down Mx1 or Mx2 with siRNA in IFNα-treated PK-15 cells and BHK-21 cells, then challenged them with JEV; the production of progeny virus was assessed by plaque assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that depletion of Mx1 or Mx2 did not affect JEV restriction imposed by IFNα, although these two proteins were knocked down 66% and 79%, respectively. Accordingly, expression of exogenous Mx1 or Mx2 did not change the inhibitory activity of IFNα to JEV. In addition, even though virus-induced membranes were damaged by Brefeldin A (BFA), overexpressing porcine Mx1 or Mx2 did not inhibit JEV proliferation. We found that BFA inhibited JEV replication, not maturation, suggesting that BFA could be developed into a novel antiviral reagent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IFNα inhibits JEV infection by Mx-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Chao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi-Can Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Pu-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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13
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Yang S, Pei Y, Li X, Zhao S, Zhu M, Zhao A. miR-124 attenuates Japanese encephalitis virus replication by targeting DNM2. Virol J 2016; 13:105. [PMID: 27329300 PMCID: PMC4915174 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes acute viral encephalitis in humans. Pigs are important amplifier hosts of JEV. Emerging evidence indicates that host microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in modulating viral infection and pathogenesis. However, mechanistic studies delineating the roles of miRNAs in regulating host-JEV interactions remain scarce. Results In this study, we demonstrated that miR-124 inhibited JEV replication in porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells. Furthermore, using bioinformatics tools, we identified dynamin2 (DNM2), a GTPase responsible for vesicle scission, as a target of miR-124. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion studies inicated that dynamin2 was required for efficient JEV replication. We also demonstrated that upregulation of miR-124 expression corresponded to decreased expression of its target, DNM2, in the JEV-infected PK15 cells. Conclusions Overall, these results suggest the importance of miR-124 in modulating JEV replication and provide a scientific basis for using cellular miRNAs in anti-JEV therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0562-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Yue Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengjin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ayong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
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14
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Mitchell PS, Young JM, Emerman M, Malik HS. Evolutionary Analyses Suggest a Function of MxB Immunity Proteins Beyond Lentivirus Restriction. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005304. [PMID: 26658285 PMCID: PMC4687636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses impose diverse and dynamic challenges on host defenses. Diversifying selection of codons and gene copy number variation are two hallmarks of genetic innovation in antiviral genes engaged in host-virus genetic conflicts. The myxovirus resistance (Mx) genes encode interferon-inducible GTPases that constitute a major arm of the cell-autonomous defense against viral infection. Unlike the broad antiviral activity of MxA, primate MxB was recently shown to specifically inhibit lentiviruses including HIV-1. We carried out detailed evolutionary analyses to investigate whether genetic conflict with lentiviruses has shaped MxB evolution in primates. We found strong evidence for diversifying selection in the MxB N-terminal tail, which contains molecular determinants of MxB anti-lentivirus specificity. However, we found no overlap between previously-mapped residues that dictate lentiviral restriction and those that have evolved under diversifying selection. Instead, our findings are consistent with MxB having a long-standing and important role in the interferon response to viral infection against a broader range of pathogens than is currently appreciated. Despite its critical role in host innate immunity, we also uncovered multiple functional losses of MxB during mammalian evolution, either by pseudogenization or by gene conversion from MxA genes. Thus, although the majority of mammalian genomes encode two Mx genes, this apparent stasis masks the dramatic effects that recombination and diversifying selection have played in shaping the evolutionary history of Mx genes. Discrepancies between our study and previous publications highlight the need to account for recombination in analyses of positive selection, as well as the importance of using sequence datasets with appropriate depth of divergence. Our study also illustrates that evolutionary analyses of antiviral gene families are critical towards understanding molecular principles that govern host-virus interactions and species-specific susceptibility to viral infection. Evolutionary analyses have the potential to reveal not only biochemical details about host-virus arms-races but also the nature of the pathogens that drove them. Primate MxB was recently shown to restrict the replication of primate lentiviruses, including HIV-1. However, we find that positive selection in primate MxB is incongruent with known molecular determinants of lentiviral restriction. This suggests that MxB has antiviral activity against a broader range of viruses than is currently appreciated. We also identified multiple losses of MxB in mammals, as well as rampant recombination between Mx paralogs, which has distorted gene orthology. Our study illustrates the importance of evolution-guided functional analyses of antiviral gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Mitchell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Janet M. Young
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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El-Baky NA, Redwan EM. Therapeutic alpha-interferons protein: structure, production, and biosimilar. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 45:109-27. [PMID: 24785737 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.907175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the world solemnized the golden jubilee of the discovery of interferon (IFN). Interferon is a small protein messenger called a pluripotent cytokine, produced by several cells of the host in response to various biological as well as synthetic stimuli. There are three major classes of interferons in humans: IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma. As a treatment option, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is the most effective one. IFN-α has proved to be effective as an antiviral therapy and tumor-fighting drug in the past two decades. Meanwhile, great progress has been achieved in establishing IFN-α as the first choice of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. Recently, novel pegylated IFN-α2 products with extended in vivo half-lives and consensus interferon, an artificially engineered type I interferon, have been developed to substantially improve treatment regimes for HCV patients. Undesirable acute and chronic side effects in addition to immunogenicity of therapeutic IFN products remain constraints to conquer for further improvements in clinical applications of IFN. It is certainly expected that more research will be conducted in the future, not only to face these challenges but also to extend the range of IFN products and their clinical targets. The objective herein is to review the current therapeutic alpha-interferons production, formulation technologies, and prospective future for the original entity and its biogeneric version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Abd El-Baky
- a Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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16
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Cai Y, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Liu X, Liu X, Li X, Lang Q, Qiao X, Xu Z. Identification and analysis of differentially-expressed microRNAs in Japanese encephalitis virus-infected PK-15 cells with deep sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2204-19. [PMID: 25608654 PMCID: PMC4307358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16012204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus, causes acute viral encephalitis with high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are important modulators of the intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. However, our knowledge of the changes that occur in miRNAs in host cells after JEV infection is still limited. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of JEV at the level of posttranscriptional regulation, we used Illumina deep sequencing to sequence two small RNA libraries prepared from PK-15 cells before and after JEV infection. We identified 522 and 427 miRNAs in the infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Overall, 132 miRNAs were expressed significantly differently after challenge with JEV: 78 were upregulated and 54 downregulated. The sequencing results for selected miRNAs were confirmed with RT-qPCR. GO analysis of the host target genes revealed that these dysregulated miRNAs are involved in complex cellular pathways, including the metabolic pathway, inflammatory response and immune response. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the comparative expression of miRNAs in PK-15 cells after JEV infection. Our findings will underpin further studies of miRNAs' roles in JEV replication and identify potential candidates for antiviral therapies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cai
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yuanchen Zhou
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xinqiong Li
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Qiaoli Lang
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xiaogai Qiao
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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