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Tan Z, Chen Y, Wen C, Zhou Y. Dietary supplementation with a silicate clay mineral (palygorskite) alleviates inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier damage in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104017. [PMID: 39043023 PMCID: PMC11318557 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to explore the protective effects of dietary palygorskite (Pal) supplementation on inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli). A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was designed to assess the effects of Pal administration (0 or 5 g/kg of feed) and E. coli challenge (E. coli or bacterial culture medium) on broilers in a 21-d feeding trial. Birds were randomly assigned into one of the 4 groups, and each group had 8 replicates with ten birds each. The challenged chickens were orally gavaged with E. coli suspended in Luria-Bertani broth on 14 d of age, while unchallenged birds were administrated with an equivalent amount of culture medium. The sampling was performed at 21 d of age. Compared with the normal birds, an oral E. coli challenge reduced final body weight, and decreased feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency during the challenge period (P < 0.05). E. coli challenge promoted colonization of E. coli in cecal content and their translocation to internal organs (heart, liver, and spleen) (P < 0.05). E. coli infection also increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in jejunum and ileum possibly through activating the toll-like receptor-4-mediated signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Moreover, E. coli administration increased intestinal mucosal permeability (higher serum D-lactate level and diamine oxidase activity, and lower intestinal mucosal disaccharidase activities), altered intestinal morphology, and downregulated the gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (P < 0.05). In contrast, Pal supplementation enhanced growth performance, inhibited colonization of E. coli, reduced intestinal inflammation, decreased intestinal permeability, restored intestinal morphology, and normalized the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory processes and maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier (P < 0.05), and most of these beneficial effects resulting from Pal administration were independent of bacterial challenge. The results indicated dietary Pal incorporation was effective in improving growth performance and alleviating inflammation and intestinal mucosal barrier damage in broilers challenged with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Panaiotov S, Tancheva L, Kalfin R, Petkova-Kirova P. Zeolite and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2024; 29:2614. [PMID: 38893490 PMCID: PMC11173861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), characterized by progressive degeneration and death of neurons, are strongly related to aging, and the number of people with NDs will continue to rise. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs, and the current treatments offer no cure. A growing body of research shows that AD and especially PD are intricately related to intestinal health and the gut microbiome and that both diseases can spread retrogradely from the gut to the brain. Zeolites are a large family of minerals built by [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- tetrahedrons joined by shared oxygen atoms and forming a three-dimensional microporous structure holding water molecules and ions. The most widespread and used zeolite is clinoptilolite, and additionally, mechanically activated clinoptilolites offer further improved beneficial effects. The current review describes and discusses the numerous positive effects of clinoptilolite and its forms on gut health and the gut microbiome, as well as their detoxifying, antioxidative, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, relevant to the treatment of NDs and especially AD and PD. The direct effects of clinoptilolite and its activated forms on AD pathology in vitro and in vivo are also reviewed, as well as the use of zeolites as biosensors and delivery systems related to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Panaiotov
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Yanko Sakazov Blvd. 26, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, Healthcare and Sport, South-West University, 66 Ivan Mihailov St., 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Polina Petkova-Kirova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Grifasi N, Ziantoni B, Fino D, Piumetti M. Fundamental properties and sustainable applications of the natural zeolite clinoptilolite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33656-5. [PMID: 38780851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This review explores a set of sustainable applications of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite abundant around the world in different localities. Thanks to its physico-chemical properties this material is extremely versatile for several applications, ranging from environmental catalysis and CO2 removal to industrial and agricultural wastewater purification, aquaculture, animal feeding, and food industry but also medical applications and energy storage systems. Due to the presence of cations in its framework, it is possible to tune the material's features making it suitable for adsorbing specific compounds. Thus, this review aims to provide insight into developing new technologies based on the use of this material that is sustainable, not harmful for humans and animals, naturally abundant, and above all cost-effective. Furthermore, it is intended to promote the use of natural materials in various areas with a view to sustainability and to reduce as far as possible the use of chemicals or other materials whose synthesis process can have a polluting effect on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Grifasi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Bianca Ziantoni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Piumetti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Prendergast DM, Slowey R, Burgess CM, Murphy D, Johnston D, Morris D, O’ Doherty Á, Moriarty J, Gutierrez M. Characterization of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistant Enterobacterales from Irish farm waste by whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118264. [PMID: 37032887 PMCID: PMC10073600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Enterobacterales are a group of Gram-negative bacteria frequently exhibiting extended antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and involved in the transmission of resistance genes to other bacterial species present in the same environment. Due to their impact on human health and the paucity of new antibiotics, the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized carbapenem resistant and ESBL-producing as critical. Enterobacterales are ubiquitous and the role of the environment in the transmission of AMR organisms or antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) must be examined in tackling AMR in both humans and animals under the one health approach. Animal manure is recognized as an important source of AMR bacteria entering the environment, in which resistant genes can accumulate. Methods To gain a better understanding of the dissemination of third generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes between isolates in the environment, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to Enterobacterales (79 E. coli, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter gillenii) isolated from farm effluents in Ireland before (n = 72) and after (n = 10) treatment by integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs). DNA was extracted using the MagNA Pure 96 system (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) followed by WGS on a MiSeq platform (Illumina, Eindhoven, Netherlands) using v3 chemistry as 300-cycle paired-end runs. AMR genes and point mutations were identified and compared to the phenotypic results for better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and resistance transmission. Results A wide variety of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes (mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and chromosomal mutations) were identified among isolates that mostly explained the phenotypic AMR patterns. A total of 31 plasmid replicon types were identified among the 82 isolates, with a subset of them (n = 24), identified in E. coli isolates. Five plasmid replicons were confined to the Enterobacter cloacae isolate and two were confined to the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Virulence genes associated with functions including stress, survival, regulation, iron uptake secretion systems, invasion, adherence and toxin production were identified. Conclusion Our study showed that antimicrobial resistant organisms (AROs) can persist even following wastewater treatment and could transmit AMR of clinical relevance to the environment and ultimately pose a risk to human or animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M. Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Deirdre M. Prendergast,
| | - Rosemarie Slowey
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dayle Johnston
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dearbháile Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Áine O’ Doherty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Egbule OS. Occurrence of Extended Spectrum Beta – Lactamases and Sul 1 in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from poultry feeds. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat and Edible Poultry Organs Collected from Retail Shops and Supermarkets of North Western Province in Sri Lanka. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8962698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that lives in human and animal intestines. Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli STECs are responsible for most food-related E. coli infections. Pathogenic E. coli transmits to human bodies due to the consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked food. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of E. coli contamination in edible poultry meat and meat organs in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 250 samples consisting of chicken meat (n = 144) and edible organs (n = 106) were collected from retail shops (n = 181) and supermarkets (n = 69), in both Kurunegala and Puttlam districts. The prevalence of E. coli from 250 chicken meat samples was 66.80% (167/250); E. coli prevalence at retail shops (66.85%) was higher than that at supermarkets (66.67%) and was not statistically significant. E. coli prevalence in chicken meat and edible organs was 65.73% and 69.16%, respectively. Molecular confirmation for the positive samples was done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously designed primers. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI using nine antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (80.84%) and amoxicillin (76.05%), while the least resistance was observed for gentamicin (4.79%). This study indicates the potential public health risk associated with chicken sold at retail and supermarket levels in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.
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Dynamics of the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistome in commercial piglets during the weaning period. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18091. [PMID: 34508122 PMCID: PMC8433359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the alteration of the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants in 24 piglets at day 3 pre-weaning (D. − 3), weaning day (D.0), days 3 (D.3) and 8 post-weaning (D.8), using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Distinct clusters of microbiomes and AMR determinants were observed at D.8 when Prevotella (20.9%) was the major genus, whereas at D. − 3–D.3, Alistipes (6.9–12.7%) and Bacteroides (5.2–8.5%) were the major genera. Lactobacillus and Escherichia were notably observed at D. − 3 (1.2%) and D. − 3–D.3 (0.2–0.4%), respectively. For AMR, a distinct cluster of AMR determinants was observed at D.8, mainly conferring resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (mefA), β-lactam (cfxA6 and aci1) and phenicol (rlmN). In contrast, at D. − 3–D.3, a high abundance of determinants with aminoglycoside (AMG) (sat, aac(6')-aph(2''), aadA and acrF), β-lactam (fus-1, cepA and mrdA), multidrug resistance (MDR) (gadW, mdtE, emrA, evgS, tolC and mdtB), phenicol (catB4 and cmlA4), and sulfonamide patterns (sul3) was observed. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) plot associated Escherichia coli with aac(6')-aph(2''), emrA, mdtB, catB4 and cmlA4 at D. − 3, D.0 and/or D.3 whereas at D.8 associations between Prevotella and mefA, cfxA6 and aci1 were identified. The weaning age and diet factor played an important role in the microbial community composition.
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8
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Nobrega DB, Tang KL, Caffrey NP, De Buck J, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kastelic JP, Kellner JD, Ghali WA, Barkema HW. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:561-575. [PMID: 33146719 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans. METHODS We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies. RESULTS A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes. CONCLUSIONS The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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de Lagarde M, Vanier G, Arsenault J, Fairbrother JM. High Risk Clone: A Proposal of Criteria Adapted to the One Health Context with Application to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the Pig Population. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030244. [PMID: 33671102 PMCID: PMC8000703 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of a high risk clone for antibiotic resistance dissemination was initially established for human medicine. We propose a revised definition of a high risk clone adapted to the One Health context. Then, we applied our criteria to a cluster of enrofloxacin non susceptible ETEC:F4 isolates which emerged in 2013 in diseased pigs in Quebec. The whole genomes of 183 ETEC:F4 strains isolated in Quebec from 1990 to 2018 were sequenced. The presence of virulence and resistance genes and replicons was examined in 173 isolates. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed based on SNP data and clones were identified using a set of predefined criteria. The strains belonging to the clonal lineage ST100/O149:H10 isolated in Quebec in 2013 or later were compared to ETEC:F4 whole genome sequences available in GenBank. Prior to 2000, ETEC:F4 isolates from pigs in Quebec were mostly ST90 and belonged to several serotypes. After 2000, the isolates were mostly ST100/O149:H10. In this article, we demonstrated the presence of a ETEC:F4 high risk clone. This clone (1) emerged in 2013, (2) is multidrug resistant, (3) has a widespread distribution over North America and was able to persist several months on farms, and (4) possesses specific virulence genes. It is crucial to detect and characterize high risk clones in animal populations to increase our understanding of their emergence and their dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (M.d.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (M.d.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada;
- Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (M.d.L.); (G.V.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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10
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From Farm-to-Fork: E. Coli from an Intensive Pig Production System in South Africa Shows High Resistance to Critically Important Antibiotics for Human and Animal Use. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020178. [PMID: 33578692 PMCID: PMC7916376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli were investigated in an intensive pig production system in the uMgungundlovu District, South Africa, using the 'farm-to-fork' approach. Four hundred seventeen (417) samples were collected from pig and pig products at different points (farm, transport, and abattoir). E. coli was isolated and enumerated using the Colilert® 18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 system. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and putatively identified on eosin methylene blue agar. Real-time PCR targeting the uidA gene was used to confirm isolates to the genus level. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility profiles against 20 antibiotics. A total of 1044 confirmed E. coli isolates were obtained across the three critical points in the food chain. Resistance was observed to all the antibiotics tested with the highest and lowest rates obtained against tetracycline (88.5%) and meropenem (0.2%), respectively. Resistance was also observed to chloramphenicol (71.4%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.8%), cephalexin (34.3%), azithromycin (23.9%), nalidixic acid (22.1%), cefoxitin (21.1%), ceftriaxone (18.9%), ciprofloxacin (17.3%), cefotaxime (16.9%), gentamicin (15.5%), cefepime (13.8%), ceftazidime (9.8%), amikacin (3.4%), piperacillin-tazobactam (1.2%), tigecycline (0.9%), and imipenem (0.3%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 71.2% of the resistant isolates with an overall multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.25, indicating exposure to high antibiotic use environments at the farm level. A high percentage of resistance was observed to growth promoters and antibiotics approved for veterinary medicine in South Africa. Of concern was resistance to critically important antibiotics for animal and human use and the watch and reserve categories of antibiotics. This could have adverse animal and human health consequences from a food safety perspective, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship and guidelines to streamline antibiotic use in the food-animal production chain.
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11
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de Lagarde M, Vanier G, Desmarais G, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Arsenault J, Fairbrother JM. A new multidrug-resistant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pulsed-field gel electrophoresis cluster associated with enrofloxacin non-susceptibility in diseased pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:707-721. [PMID: 32767832 PMCID: PMC7984379 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims To describe the temporal trends in Escherichia coli pathotypes and antimicrobial resistance detected in isolates from diseased‐pig cases submitted to the EcL from 2008 to 2016, in Quebec, Canada, and to investigate the presence of spatiotemporal and phylogenetic clusters. Methods and Results Detection of 12 genes coding for virulence factors in pathogenic E. coli in pigs by PCR and antimicrobial resistance standard disc diffusion assay were performed. Demographic and clinical data were entered in the Animal Pathogenic and Zoonotic E. coli (APZEC) database. ETEC:F4 was the most prevalent pathovirotype among the 3773 cases submitted. The LT:STb:F4 virotype was predominant until 2014, then was overtaken by the LT:STb:STa:F4 virotype. More than 90% of the ETEC:F4 isolates were multidrug resistant. A spatiotemporal cluster of LT:STb:STa:F4 isolates non‐susceptible to enrofloxacin was detected between 4/2015 and 9/2016. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis of 137 ETEC:F4 isolates revealed the presence of a cluster composed mainly of LT:STb:STa:F4 isolates non‐susceptible to enrofloxacin. Conclusions The APZEC database was useful to highlight temporal trends in E. coli pathotypes. A high‐risk ETEC:F4 clone might disseminate in the pig population in Quebec since 2015. Significance and Impact of the Study Surveillance is crucial to identify new clones and develop control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - G Vanier
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - G Desmarais
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - H-R Kohan-Ghadr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - J Arsenault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), and Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J M Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), and Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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12
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Effects of Biochar and Clinoptilolite on Composition and Gaseous Emissions during the Storage of Separated Liquid Fraction of Pig Slurry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The storage of animal manure is a major source of gaseous emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and clinoptilolite on the composition and gaseous emissions during the storage of separated liquid fraction of pig slurry. The experiment was carried out using containers with 6 L of pig slurry each. The additives biochar and clinoptilolite were added alone and mixed to the pig slurry at a rate of 2.5% each, in a total of four treatments with three replicates including the control. Gaseous emissions were monitored by a photoacoustic multigas monitor, and slurry samples were collected at 0 and 85 days and their composition assessed. Results showed that the addition of biochar could modify the physicochemical properties of the slurry. The addition of biochar did not reduce the E. coli during the experiment while clinoptilolite decreased its prevalence. The addition of biochar or clinoptilolite reduced significantly the NH3 emission during the storage of slurry, but no advantages were gained with their combination. The addition of biochar significantly reduced the CO2 and CH4 emissions relative to clinoptilolite, however N2O emissions and global warming potential did not differ among the additives. We conclude that the biochar and clinoptilolite are recommended as a mitigation measure to reduce gaseous emissions and preserve the fertiliser value at slurry storage.
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Jaja IF, Oguttu J, Jaja CJI, Green E. Prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from meat in South Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216914. [PMID: 32453796 PMCID: PMC7250413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterise antibiotics resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from the formal meat sector (FMS) and informal meat sectors (INMS). METHOD A total of 162 and 102 E. coli isolates from the FMS, and INMS respectively were isolated by standard culture-based, and biochemical reactions. The isolates were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disc diffusion method was used to screen for antimicrobial susceptibility against 19 different antibiotics. The presence of class 1-2 integrons in each E. coli isolates was assessed using 3'-CS and 5'-CS regions specific primers. RESULT Among the 19 antimicrobials, resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and nitrofurans were found to be more frequent than carbapenems and chloramphenicol. The number of multi-drug resistance ranged from three to ten antimicrobials. The resistant determinants with the highest prevalence in the FMS and INMS were; [aminoglycosides: aadA (40.6%; 31.9%), and strA (6.5%; 9.4%)], [β-lactams: ampC (20%; 45%),], [Chloramphenicol: catI (1.7%; 1.7%), and [tetracyclines: tetB (11.5%; 24%),], and [sulfonamides: sul1 (22.2%; 26.7%),]. CONCLUSION Higher phenotypic resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems were found in the FMS than in INMS. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes for FMS and INMS ranged from 0.2-0.5. The results reveal a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates and resistance determinants, suggesting that consumers and handlers of such meat are at risk of contracting antibiotic-resistant E. coli-related foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bessalah S, Fairbrother JM, Salhi I, Vanier G, Khorchani T, Seddik MM, Hammadi M. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals in Tunisia. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:748-757. [PMID: 32293994 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1752702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Healthy animals can constitute a reservoir for Escherichia coli potentially dangerous for humans. Our objectives were to investigate virulence genes in E. coli isolated from healthy animals in southern Tunisia and to determine their resistance to antimicrobials of high importance in humans and animals. 126 fecal samples were collected from healthy animals (cattle, sheep, goats, chicken, camel, bustard and rabbit) and assayed by PCR for virulence genes and by disk diffusion for antimicrobial resistance. STEC were isolated most frequently from goats (27.7%), sheep (20%) and cattle (14.2%). ExPEC prevalence of iucD (41.6%), papC (27.7%), sfa (13.8%), afa8 (13.8%) and iron (72.2%) was highest in camels. Prevalence of the ExPEC associated genes iss and cnf and the EPEC defining gene eae was highest in rabbits (53.3, 13.3, and 53.3%, respectively). The genes defining enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive and enteroaggregative E. coli were not detected and faeG was found only in camels (5.5%). The most common phylogenetic groups were B1 (54.5%) and B2 (16.6%). Virulence gene profiles varied greatly between animal species. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was not highly prevalent, the highest resistance being observed against tetracycline, 43.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mabrouk-Mouldi Seddik
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
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Awasthi MK, Chen H, Liu T, Awasthi SK, Wang Q, Ren X, Duan Y, Zhang Z. Respond of clay amendment in chicken manure composts to understand the antibiotic resistant bacterial diversity and its correlation with physicochemical parameters. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2019; 236:117715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Lv G, Li Z, Elliott L, Schmidt MJ, MacWilliams MP, Zhang B. Impact of tetracycline-clay interactions on bacterial growth. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:91-97. [PMID: 28954700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are extremely effective against bacterial infections due to their selective toxicity for bacteria rather than the host. Extensive use and misuse of antibiotics resulted in significant increases in antibiotic levels in aquatic and soil environments. Bacteria exposed to antibiotics with low concentrations may develop antibiotic resistance. In this study a swelling 2:1 clay mineral montmorillonite (MMT) and a non-swelling 1:1 clay mineral kaolinite were premixed with tetracycline (TC) of varying concentrations. The gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) of both TC sensitive and TC resistant strains were tested for their growth in the presence TC-loaded clay minerals of different amounts and under different physico-chemical conditions. The antimicrobial activity of TC was significantly decreased in the presence of MMT. In the absence of MMT, no bacteria growth was found at a TC concentration 0.25mg/mL and above. On the contrast, in the presence of MMT, 50% growth was still found for a TC resistant E. coli at a TC concentration of 5mg/g. The influence of kaolinite was to a lesser degree. These results suggest that antimicrobial agents present in clayey soils could be responsible for possible mutation of bacteria of high antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA.
| | - Lisa Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA
| | - Monica J Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA
| | - Maria P MacWilliams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA
| | - Baogang Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution (China University of Geosciences Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China.
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Brown EEF, Cooper A, Carrillo C, Blais B. Selection of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Medicated Animal Feeds. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:456. [PMID: 30894847 PMCID: PMC6414793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria is a major public health issue which may, in part, have roots in food production practices that are conducive to the selection of AMR bacteria ultimately impacting the human microbiome through food consumption. Of particular concern is the prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, such as the medication of feeds with sulfonamides and other antibiotics not considered clinically relevant, but which may nonetheless co-select for multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria harboring resistance to medically important antibiotics. Using a MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae strain exhibiting resistance to sulfonamides and beta-lactams (including carbapenem) as a model, we examined the ability of non-medicated and commercially medicated (sulfonamide) animal feeds to select for the model strain when inoculated at low levels by measuring its recovery along with key AMR markers, sul1(sulfonamide) and blaKPC-3 (meropenem), under different incubation conditions. When non-medicated feeds were supplemented with defined amounts of sulfadiazine the model strain was significantly enriched after incubation in Mueller Hinton Broth at 37°C overnight, or in same at room temperature for a week, with consistent detection of both the sul1 and blaKPC-3 markers as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to screen colony isolates recovered on plating media. Significant recoveries of the inoculated strain and the sul1 and blaKPC-3 markers were observed with one of three commercially medicated (sulfamethazine) feeds tested under various incubation conditions. These results demonstrate that under certain conditions the prophylactic use of so-called non-priority antibiotics in feeds can potentially lead to co-selection of environmental AMR bacteria with resistance to medically important antibiotics, which may have far-reaching implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E F Brown
- Research and Development Section, Ottawa Laboratory Carling, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Cooper
- Research and Development Section, Ottawa Laboratory Carling, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine Carrillo
- Research and Development Section, Ottawa Laboratory Carling, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Burton Blais
- Research and Development Section, Ottawa Laboratory Carling, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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de Lagarde M, Larrieu C, Praud K, Schouler C, Doublet B, Sallé G, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J. Prevalence, risk factors, and characterization of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy horses in France in 2015. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:902-911. [PMID: 30648296 PMCID: PMC6430864 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remains scarce. OBJECTIVES We estimated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding of multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, and AmpC β-lactamase-producing, or some combination of these in Escherichia coli in horses in France. We characterized ESBL/AmpC isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence and ESBL/AmpC-associated resistance genes. ANIMALS Fecal samples from healthy adult horses at 41 premises were collected. A questionnaire was completed by each premises manager. A subset of these samples was tested to build 2 bacterial collections. METHODS Indicator (without enrichment) and specific (enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Prevalence of isolates nonsusceptible to antimicrobials was estimated at the horse and the premises level. The ESBL/AmpC and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates at premises. RESULTS Approximately 44% of horses shed MDR E. coli. Resistance most commonly was observed to ampicillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Twenty-nine percent of premises housed horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. The ESBL/AmpC gene most commonly identified was blaCTX-M-1 . Virulence gene iutA was identified in 1 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolate. Medical treatment, staff numbers, and activity were identified as risk factors for housing horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence of healthy horses harboring ESBL/AmpC genes and MDR isolates in their intestinal microbiota is substantial. Risk factors could be used to elaborate guidelines to prevent their dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Caroline Larrieu
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Karine Praud
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Catherine Schouler
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Benoît Doublet
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - John M. Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
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Kraljević Pavelić S, Simović Medica J, Gumbarević D, Filošević A, Pržulj N, Pavelić K. Critical Review on Zeolite Clinoptilolite Safety and Medical Applications in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1350. [PMID: 30538633 PMCID: PMC6277462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique and outstanding physical and chemical properties of zeolite materials make them extremely useful in a variety of applications including agronomy, ecology, manufacturing, and industrial processes. Recently, a more specific application of one naturally occurring zeolite material, clinoptilolite, has been widely studied in veterinary and human medicine. Due to a number of positive effects on health, including detoxification properties, the usage of clinoptilolite-based products in vivo has increased enormously. However, concerns have been raised in the public about the safety of clinoptilolite materials for in vivo applications. Here, we review the scientific literature on the health effects and safety in medical applications of different clinoptilolite-based materials and propose some comprehensive, scientifically-based hypotheses on possible biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects on the health and body homeostasis. We focus on the safety of the clinoptilolite material and the positive medical effects related to detoxification, immune response, and the general health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Darko Gumbarević
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Filošević
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nataša Pržulj
- Computer Science Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krešimir Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
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Jahanbakhsh S, Letellier A, Fairbrother JM. Circulating of CMY-2 β-lactamase gene in weaned pigs and their environment in a commercial farm and the effect of feed supplementation with a clay mineral. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:136-48. [PMID: 27138244 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the mechanisms leading to an increase in the prevalence of blaCMY -2 conferring resistance to ceftiofur in pigs receiving a feed medicated with chlortetracycline and penicillin, and to examine the effect of supplementation with a clay mineral on this phenomenon. METHODS AND RESULTS In 138 blaCMY -2 -positive Escherichia coli isolates from faeces of pigs receiving feed supplemented or not with 2% clinoptilolite, from day 2 to day 28 after weaning, isolates from the two groups differed significantly with respect to their phylogenetic group: phylotype A predominated in the supplemented group, whereas phylotypes B1 and D predominated in the control group, as determined by PCR. In 36 representative isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the blaCMY -2 -positive E. coli isolates were polyclonal with diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns and blaCMY -2 -carrying plasmids of incompatibility (Inc) groups, A/C, I1 and ColE were observed in transformants as detected by PCR. Enterobacter cloacae possessing blaCMY -2 -carrying IncA/C plasmids were found in the pens before introduction of this batch of pigs. The blaCMY -2 -positive E. coli isolates were more clonally diverse in the control group than the supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS The blaCMY -2 gene appears to have spread both horizontally and clonally in this batch of pigs and may have spread from previous batches of pigs via plasmids carried by Ent. cloacae and expanded in animals of the present batch in the presence of the selection pressure due to administration of chlortetracycline and penicillin in the feed. Feed supplementation may have an effect on clonal diversity of blaCMY -2 -positive isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Implementation of improved hygiene measures, decreased administration of certain antimicrobials on farm and feed supplementation with certain ingredients may limit antimicrobial resistance spread between and within batches of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jahanbakhsh
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - A Letellier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J M Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Jahanbakhsh S, Smith MG, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Letellier A, Abraham S, Trott DJ, Fairbrother JM. Dynamics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec, Canada. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:194-202. [PMID: 27286922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution with time of ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates from pigs in Québec, Canada, between 1997 and 2012 with respect to pathotypes, clones and antimicrobial resistance. Eighty-five ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates were obtained from the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli. The most prevalent pathovirotypes were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC):F4 (40%), extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) (16.5%) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC):F18 (8.2%). Susceptibility testing to 15 antimicrobial agents revealed a high prevalence of resistance to 13 antimicrobials, with all isolates being multidrug-resistant. blaCMY-2 (96.5%) was the most frequently detected β-lactamase gene, followed by blaTEM (49.4%) and blaCTX-M (3.5%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) applied to 45 representative E. coli isolates revealed that resistance to ceftiofur is spread both horizontally and clonally. In addition, the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates carrying blaCTX-M was observed in 2011 and 2012 in distinct clones. The most predominant plasmid incompatibility (Inc) groups were IncFIB, IncI1, IncA/C and IncFIC. Resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin and chloramphenicol as well as the frequency of blaTEM and IncA/C significantly decreased over the study period, whereas the frequency of IncI1 and multidrug resistance to seven antimicrobial categories significantly increased. These findings reveal that extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant porcine E. coli isolates in Québec belong to several different clones with diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmids. Furthermore, blaCMY-2 was the major β-lactamase gene in these isolates. From 2011, we report the emergence of blaCTX-M in distinct clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedehameneh Jahanbakhsh
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew G Smith
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Lawlor PG, Magowan E, Zebeli Q. Effect of Freezing Conditions on Fecal Bacterial Composition in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6030018. [PMID: 26927191 PMCID: PMC4810046 DOI: 10.3390/ani6030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Storage of gut samples may affect the extractability of intact DNA and analyzed bacterial composition. In this study, we compared the DNA yield and the abundance of total bacteria and eight bacterial taxa when DNA was extracted from fresh fecal samples of pigs or from freeze stored samples with or without prior snap-freezing in liquid nitrogen. Results showed that the greatest differences in DNA yield and bacterial abundances were found when DNA was extracted from fresh feces compared to freeze stored fecal samples. Abstract Sample preservation and recovery of intact DNA from gut samples may affect the inferred gut microbiota composition in pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the freezing process and storage temperature prior to DNA extraction on DNA recovery and bacterial community composition in pig feces using quantitative PCR. Fresh fecal samples from six growing pigs were collected and five aliquots of each prepared: (1) total DNA extracted immediately; (2) stored at −20 °C; (3) snap frozen and stored at −20 °C; (4) stored at −80 °C; and (5) snap frozen and stored at −80 °C. Results showed that DNA yields from fresh fecal samples were, on average, 25 to 30 ng higher than those from the various stored samples. The DNA extracted from fresh samples had more gene copies of total bacteria and all targeted bacterial groups per gram feces compared to DNA extraction from frozen samples. Data presentation also modified the observed effect of freeze storage; as results for Lactobacillus group, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Clostridium cluster IV, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas and Enterobacteriaceae showed the opposite effect when expressed as relative abundance, by being greater in freeze stored feces than in fresh feces. Snap freezing increased the relative proportion of Clostridium cluster IV by 24%. In conclusion, the freezing process affected DNA yield and bacterial abundances, whereas snap freezing and storage temperature had only little influence on abundances of bacterial populations in pig feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, UniversityClinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Elizabeth Magowan
- Agri-Food and and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, N. Ireland BT26 6DR, UK.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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