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Flecher MC, Balabram D, Salles YA, Souza FR, Estrela-Lima A, Nakagaki KYR, Cassali GD. Evaluation of immunophenotype and inflammation in canine mammary neoplasms with solid arrangement. J Comp Pathol 2024; 213:1-9. [PMID: 39018987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of solid arrangement canine mammary carcinomas have shown that the different histological types may be characterized by proliferation of epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells. However, little is known about immunophenotypes and the importance of inflammation as prognostic factors in these neoplasms. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunophenotype and degree of inflammation in the solid type of canine mammary neoplasm and to investigate their association with metastasis, Ki-67 index, tumour size, necrosis and survival. Sixty-five carcinomas with solid pattern, basaloid carcinomas, solid papillary carcinomas, malignant adenomyoepitheliomas (MAMEs) or malignant myoepitheliomas (MMEs) were investigated. Luminal A, luminal B HER2 negative and HER2 positive, HER2 overexpressed and triple negative immunophenotypes were immunolabelled as were Ki-67 protein and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Histological peritumoural and intratumoural inflammatory infiltrates were graded (distribution × intensity) and the presence of necrosis identified. We found a statistical difference between histological types and immunophenotypes, with MME and MAME having a higher occurrence of luminal A, whereas most neoplasms had the luminal B HER-negative immunophenotype. There was no correlation between immunophenotype and degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation, nodal metastasis, necrosis or tumour size. An increased degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, and more severe intratumoural inflammation was associated with the presence of tumour necrosis. Tumour size, Ki-67 index and Cox-2 score were not associated with inflammation in either peri- or intratumoural regions. No difference was observed in survival in relation to immunophenotype or degree of inflammation, but the Cox regression model revealed that nodal metastasis influenced the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C Flecher
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Débora Balabram
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Yasmin A Salles
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Souza
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 401170-110, Brazil
| | - Karen Y R Nakagaki
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil.
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Rodrigues-Jesus J, Canadas-Sousa A, Oliveira P, Figueira AC, Marrinhas C, Petrucci GN, Gregório H, Tinoco F, Goulart A, Felga H, Vilhena H, Dias-Pereira P. Distribution of Inflammatory Infiltrate in Feline Mammary Lesions: Relationship With Clinicopathological Features. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38863270 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a frequent finding in feline mammary neoplasms. Recent research suggests that the presence and location of tumour-associated immune cells might play a significant role in the clinical outcome of feline mammary carcinomas. The present study aimed to characterise the overall inflammatory infiltrates in healthy, hyperplastic/dysplastic, benign and malignant lesions of the feline mammary gland, and to evaluate its association with clinicopathological features. Perilesional and intralesional inflammatory foci were evaluated in 307 lesions from 185 queens, and categorised according to its distribution and intensity. The presence, location and density of tertiary lymphoid structures were also assessed. A control group included 24 queens without mammary changes. The presence of intralesional and perilesional inflammatory infiltrate was observed in a majority of the lesions (80.8% and 90.2%, respectively), but differed according to the type of mammary lesion, being more remarkable in malignant neoplasms. Only scarce individual cells were observed in 28.1% of the normal mammary glands. Data analysis revealed statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) between the presence of a more prominent intralesional and perilesional inflammatory reaction and several clinicopathological features associated with worse prognosis, including clinical stage, tumour size, mitotic count, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, tertiary lymphoid structures were significantly more frequent in tumours with an infiltrative growth and lymph node metastasis. According to our results, the inflammatory reaction present in different types of feline mammary lesions is associated with the development of more aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues-Jesus
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Populations Studies, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Figueira
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marrinhas
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Baixo Vouga (HVBV), Águeda, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo N Petrucci
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Porto (HVP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gregório
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- AniCura Veterinary Hospital Centre (CHV), Porto, Portugal
| | - Flora Tinoco
- Dra. Flora Tinoco Veterinary Clinic, Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Felga
- Clínica dos Gatos Veterinary Clinic, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences AL4AnimaLS, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Filippo D, Guardone L, Listorti V, Elisabetta R. Microbiome in cancer: A comparative analysis between humans and dogs. Vet J 2024; 305:106145. [PMID: 38788999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death in humans and animals worldwide. While cancer survival rates have increased over recent decades, further research to identify risk factors for the onset and progression of disease, and safe and highly efficacious treatments, is needed. Spontaneous tumours in pets represent an excellent model for neoplastic disease in humans. In this regard, dogs are an interesting species, as the divergence between the dog and human genome is low, humans and dogs have important similarities in the development and functioning of the immune system, and both species often share the same physical environment. There is also a higher homology between the canine and human microbiome than murine model. This review aims to describe and organize recently published information on canine microbiome assemblages and their relationship with the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma, and to compare this with human disease. In both species, dysbiosis can induce variations in the gut microbiota that strongly influence shifts in status between health and disease. This can produce an inflammatory state, potentially leading to neoplasia, especially in the intestine, thus supporting canine studies in comparative oncology. Intestinal dysbiosis can also alter the efficacy and side effects of cancer treatments. Fewer published studies are available on changes in the relevant microbiomes in canine lymphoma and mammary cancer, and further research in this area could improve our understanding of the role of microbiota in the development of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dell'Anno Filippo
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Guardone
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy
| | - Valeria Listorti
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy
| | - Razzuoli Elisabetta
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy.
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Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Roa L, Vargas-Hernández G, Botero-Espinosa L, Parra-López C, Patarroyo MA. Strategies for studying immune and non-immune human and canine mammary gland cancer tumour infiltrate. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189064. [PMID: 38158026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is usually defined as a cell environment associated with tumours or cancerous stem cells where conditions are established affecting tumour development and progression through malignant cell interaction with non-malignant cells. The TME is made up of endothelial, immune and non-immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and signalling molecules acting specifically on tumour and non-tumour cells. Breast cancer (BC) is the commonest malignant neoplasm worldwide and the main cause of mortality in women globally; advances regarding BC study and understanding it are relevant for acquiring novel, personalised therapeutic tools. Studying canine mammary gland tumours (CMGT) is one of the most relevant options for understanding BC using animal models as they share common epidemiological, clinical, pathological, biological, environmental, genetic and molecular characteristics with human BC. In-depth, detailed investigation regarding knowledge of human BC-related TME and in its canine model is considered extremely relevant for understanding changes in TME composition during tumour development. This review addresses important aspects concerned with different methods used for studying BC- and CMGT-related TME that are important for developing new and more effective therapeutic strategies for attacking a tumour during specific evolutionary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernán Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Roa
- Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Carrera 7 #179-03, Bogotá 110141, Colombia
| | - Giovanni Vargas-Hernández
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Lucía Botero-Espinosa
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Carlos Parra-López
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
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Abbate JM, Arfuso F, Riolo K, Giudice E, Brunetti B, Lanteri G. Upregulation of miR-21 and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-6 and TNF-α in promoting a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment in canine mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105014. [PMID: 37741040 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in canine mammary tumors (CMTs), and correlated them with gene expression of miRNAs expected to regulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, gene expression of cytokines and miRNAs involved in tumor cell proliferation and invasion (i.e. miR-21; miR-124; miR-145) were correlated with tumor proliferation index (Ki67 index) to determine the prognostic value in CMTs. Twenty-six canine mammary samples were used, including 22 CMTs and 4 control samples. MiR-21, IL-6 and TNF-α were upregulated in mammary carcinomas compared with controls (p < 0.05). MiR-146b was downregulated in CMTs compared with control cases (p < 0.05). IL-6 expression showed a significant positive correlation with miR-21 and a negative correlation with miR-146b; while, TNF-α gene expression was positively correlated with miR-21 and miR-145 in mammary carcinomas. In carcinomas, the Ki67 index correlated positively with gene expression of IL-6 and miR-21 and negatively correlated with miR-145 and miR-146b. Specifically, gene expression of IL-6 and miR-21 was positively correlated with ki67 index >33.3%, whereas, expression of miR-145 and miR-146b was negatively correlated with ki67 index <33.3%. Results reinforce the concept of interaction between tumor cells and inflammatory cells within the TME, with a central role of IL-6 and TNF-α. Since the upregulation of miR-21 reflects the gene overexpression of interleukins and the high proliferation index of tumor cells, this miRNA may be considered a biomarker with prognostic value in CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maria Abbate
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario Papardo, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Medical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lanteri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario Papardo, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Huang SKH, Bueno PRP, Garcia PJB, Lee MJ, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Effects of Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. Flower Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3168. [PMID: 37687413 PMCID: PMC10489841 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. flowers (OF-F) have been traditionally consumed as a functional food and utilized as folk medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of OF-F extracts on prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and determined possible protein-ligand interactions of its compounds in silico. The crude OF-F extracts-water (W) and ethanol (E) were tested for phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Network and molecular docking analyses of chemical markers were executed to establish their application for anticancer drug development. OF-F-E possessed higher total polyphenols (233.360 ± 3.613 g/kg) and tannin (93.350 ± 1.003 g/kg) contents than OF-F-W. In addition, OF-F-E extract demonstrated effective DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.173 ± 0.004 kg/L) and contained a high FRAP value (830.620 ± 6.843 g Trolox/kg). In cell culture experiments, OF-F-E significantly reduced NO levels and inhibited cell proliferation of RAW-264.7 and DU-145 cell lines, respectively. Network analysis revealed O. fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. metabolites could affect thirteen molecular functions and thirteen biological processes in four cellular components. These metabolites inhibited key proteins of DU-145 prostate cancer using molecular docking with rutin owning the highest binding affinity with PIKR31 and AR. Hence, this study offered a new rationale for O. fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. metabolites as a medicinal herb for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Robert P. Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila 1000, Philippines;
- School of Medicine, The Manila Times College of Subic, Zambales 2222, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Adamson University, Metro Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
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Elahirad E, Gharagozlou MJ, Khosravi A, Sasani F. TLRs expression in canine mammary gland neoplasms: a pathological and molecular study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 261:110611. [PMID: 37245345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
TLRs are a class of PRRs that play a vital role in innate immunity. TLRs are expressed on immune cells and mammary epithelial cells. They can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and viability signaling. The current study aimed to test the correlation between histologic types and grades of neoplasms and TLRs gene expression levels. Twenty-one tissue samples of canine mammary neoplasms were stained with H&E. Then, it evaluated histologic type and grade according to the methods of Goldschmidt et al. and Peña, respectively. We established real-time PCR quantification assays to measure the mRNA abundances of TLRs in normal and neoplastic mammary glands. Profile pattern of TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 genes expression in canine mammary glands performed in 21 samples of mammary gland neoplasms and three non-neoplastic mammary gland samples from normal dogs. TLR 3, 4, and 9 mRNA overexpression were detected. In addition, tubulopapillary carcinoma grade II, SCC grade III, and carcinoma mixed type grade II demonstrated the highest relative TLR-3, and 9 mRNA expression levels. Complex carcinoma grade I, ductal carcinoma grade II, and anaplastic carcinoma grade II showed the highest relative TLR4 mRNA expression level. Although histopathological characteristics of tumors, including histologic type, grade, and inflammation, influenced TLRs mRNA expression level, such correlation was insignificant (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Elahirad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Costa GMJ, Lacerda SMSN, Figueiredo AFA, Wnuk NT, Brener MRG, Andrade LM, Campolina-Silva GH, Kauffmann-Zeh A, Pacifico LGG, Versiani AF, Antunes MM, Souza FR, Cassali GD, Caldeira-Brant AL, Chiarini-Garcia H, de Souza FG, Costa VV, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Campos GRF, Kangussu LM, Martins EMN, Antonio LM, Bittar C, Rahal P, Aguiar RS, Mendes BP, Procópio MS, Furtado TP, Guimaraes YL, Menezes GB, Martinez-Marchal A, Orwig KE, Brieño-Enríquez M, Furtado MH. High SARS-CoV-2 tropism and activation of immune cells in the testes of non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19 patients. BMC Biol 2023; 21:36. [PMID: 36797789 PMCID: PMC9933832 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to rely on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, whose expression in the testis is among the highest in the body. Additionally, the risk of mortality seems higher among male COVID-19 patients, and though much has been published since the first cases of COVID-19, there remain unanswered questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 impact on testes and potential consequences for reproductive health. We investigated testicular alterations in non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19-patients, the precise location of the virus, its replicative activity, and the immune, vascular, and molecular fluctuations involved in the pathogenesis. RESULTS We found that SARS-CoV-2 testicular tropism is higher than previously thought and that reliable viral detection in the testis requires sensitive nanosensors or RT-qPCR using a specific methodology. Through an in vitro experiment exposing VERO cells to testicular macerates, we observed viral content in all samples, and the subgenomic RNA's presence reinforced the replicative activity of SARS-CoV-2 in testes of the severe COVID-19 patients. The cellular structures and viral particles, observed by transmission electron microscopy, indicated that macrophages and spermatogonial cells are the main SARS-CoV-2 lodging sites, where new virions form inside the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate complex. Moreover, we showed infiltrative infected monocytes migrating into the testicular parenchyma. SARS-CoV-2 maintains its replicative and infective abilities long after the patient's infection. Further, we demonstrated high levels of angiotensin II and activated immune cells in the testes of deceased patients. The infected testes show thickening of the tunica propria, germ cell apoptosis, Sertoli cell barrier loss, evident hemorrhage, angiogenesis, Leydig cell inhibition, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that high angiotensin II levels and activation of mast cells and macrophages may be critical for testicular pathogenesis. Importantly, our findings suggest that patients who become critically ill may exhibit severe alterations and harbor the active virus in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. J. Costa
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Samyra M. S. N. Lacerda
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - André F. A. Figueiredo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Natália T. Wnuk
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Marcos R. G. Brener
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Lídia M. Andrade
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alice F. Versiani
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Maísa M. Antunes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Souza
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - André L. Caldeira-Brant
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. de Souza
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Flavio G. da Fonseca
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Guilherme R. F. Campos
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lucas M. Kangussu
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Estefânia M. N. Martins
- grid.466576.00000 0004 0635 4678Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear-CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Loudiana M. Antonio
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XUniversidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XUniversidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Renato S. Aguiar
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Yuri L. Guimaraes
- Clínica MF Fertilidade Masculina, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,Departamentos de Urologia e de Reprodução Humana da Rede Mater Dei de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Gustavo B. Menezes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Ana Martinez-Marchal
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kyle E. Orwig
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Miguel Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Marcelo H. Furtado
- Clínica MF Fertilidade Masculina, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,Departamentos de Urologia e de Reprodução Humana da Rede Mater Dei de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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9
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Parisi F, Millanta F, Nicastro M, Vannozzi I, Poli A. Confirmation of the Prognostic Value of Foxp3+ Cells in Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030505. [PMID: 36766393 PMCID: PMC9913641 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ cell counts were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 59 canine mammary tumors, 20 adenomas, and 39 carcinomas in three different compartments: intratumoral, within the adjacent stroma, and in the distant stroma. Foxp3+ lymphocyte counts were compared with histotype, grading, presence of lymphatic invasion, immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, expression of c-erbB-2, and the overall survival (OS). Our findings confirmed that Foxp3+ cells were significantly higher in canine mammary carcinomas compared to adenomas. A significantly higher number of Foxp3+ cells were detected in grade III carcinomas compared to grade II carcinomas, as well as in tumors with lymphatic invasion and loss of ER-expression. Finally, a high number of Foxp3+ cells was associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, our findings highlighted the association of Foxp3+ lymphocytes with negative clinicopathological features and shorter overall survival (OS), thus confirming the role of Tregs as a negative prognostic marker in canine mammary carcinomas.
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10
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:526. [PMID: 36288138 PMCID: PMC9610006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Sakalauskaitė S, Riškevičienė V, Šengaut J, Juodžiukynienė N. Association of mast cell density, microvascular density and endothelial area with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in canine mammary gland carcinomas. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:14. [PMID: 35761297 PMCID: PMC9235230 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cell density has been shown to have both enhancing and inhibiting effects on tumour progression and the ability to predict breast cancer behaviour in humans. However, prognostic results have been contradictory. Some previous studies suggested involvement of mast cells in the progression of canine mammary tumours. This study investigated total, intratumoural and peritumoural mast cell densities by Giemsa staining, and their association with clinicopathological parameters and the disease outcome of canine mammary tumours. In addition, since mast cells promote angiogenesis, the microvascular density and endothelial area were evaluated by CD31 immunostaining. Results Intratumoural mast cell density was associated with tumour size, lymph node involvement and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte count, while peritumoural mast cell density was associated with grade. The endothelial area was associated with grade, mitotic index, tubular formation and proliferation index. Tumours with a high grade, high total intratumoural mast cell density and a larger endothelial area were associated with shorter disease-free survival. Intratumoural mast cell density and grade were found to be independent prognostic factors. Conclusions These results suggest that intratumoural mast cell density and the endothelial area can be used to evaluate the aggressiveness of canine mammary carcinomas, while intratumoural mast cell density could be of use as an independent predictor of a prognosis of disease-free survival. Peritumoural mast cell density does not seem to influence tumour behaviour.
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12
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The Dog as a Model to Study the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:123-152. [PMID: 34664237 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease with an outcome that depends on a strict crosstalk between tumor cells and other components in tumor microenvironment, namely, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, fibroblasts, cancer stem cells, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Within the tumor microenvironment, macrophages and T-lymphocytes appear to be key effectors during the several steps of tumor initiation and progression. Tumor cells, through the release of a plethora of signaling molecules, can induce immune tolerance, by avoiding immune surveillance, and inhibit immune cells cytotoxic functions. Furthermore, as the tumor grows, tumor microenvironment reveals a series of dysfunctional conditions that potentiate a polarization of harmful humoral Th2 and Th17, an upregulation of Treg cells, and a differentiation of macrophages into the M2 subtype, which contribute to the activation of several signaling pathways involving important tissue biomarkers (COX-2, EGFR, VEGF) implicated in cancer aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes. In order to maintain the tumor growth, cancer cells acquire several adaptations such as neovascularization and metabolic reprogramming. An extensive intracellular production of lactate and protons is observed in tumor cells as a result of their high glycolytic metabolism. This contributes not only for the microenvironment pH alteration but also to shape the immune response that ultimately impairs immune cells capabilities and effector functions.In this chapter, the complexity of tumor microenvironment, with special focus on macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and the impact of lactate efflux, was reviewed, always trying to demonstrate the strong similarities between data from studies of humans and dogs, a widely proposed model for comparative oncology studies.
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13
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Alonso-Miguel D, Valdivia G, García-San José P, Alonso-Diez Á, Clares I, Portero M, Peña L, Pérez-Alenza MD. Clinical outcome of dogs diagnosed with canine inflammatory mammary cancer treated with metronomic cyclophosphamide, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and toceranib phosphate. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:179-188. [PMID: 34390295 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) is highly malignant, invasive and a therapeutic challenge, because effective medical treatment is still unavailable. This retrospective study compares the efficacy of an oral cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor combined with toceranib phosphate and oral cyclophosphamide (multi-drug therapy [MT]) with COX-2 inhibitor therapy alone (single-drug therapy [ST]) in dogs diagnosed with secondary IMC. Clinical response, adverse events, overall survival time (OST), disease-free survival (DFS) and time to progression (TTP) were evaluated. Sixteen patients were included, eight received MT and eight receiving ST. Median OST was significantly higher in patients receiving MT (96.0 vs. 37.5 days; p = .046) and in patients with post-surgical rather than non-surgical IMC (86.5 vs. 41.5 days; p = .038). Additionally, median TTP was significantly higher in patients treated with MT (p = .010). In patients with non-surgical IMC, the clinical benefit (CB) was reached in 100% (n = 3) of patients receiving MT and in 33% (n = 1) of those receiving ST; the response duration was significantly longer in MT cases (p = .026). The absence of disease progression at day 30 of treatment was significantly associated with longer OST, DFS and TTP (p = .018, p = .002 and p < .001, respectively). Adverse events occurred more frequently in patients treated with MT compared with ST (p = .026). The MT protocol produced primarily mild to moderate toxicities, which were resolved with supportive care; therefore, the combination of drugs was adequately tolerated by most of the patients. The combination of toceranib, a COX-2 inhibitor and oral cyclophosphamide may be a protocol with potential therapeutic efficacy for dogs with IMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Valdivia
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula García-San José
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Clares
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Portero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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15
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Immune Cells and Immunoglobulin Expression in the Mammary Gland Tumors of Dog. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051189. [PMID: 33919282 PMCID: PMC8143349 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells have a role in tumor progression and have prognostic and therapeutic potential. The immunohistochemical expression for Mast Cell Tryptase, Macrophage Marker, CD79a, IgA, IgM and IgG on 43 cases of canine mammary gland lesions was analyzed. In hyperplasia, a few B cells (BCs) and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) were observed, while the number of Tumor-Associated Mast Cells (TAMCs) was the highest. In the peritumoral stroma of malignant lesions, low number of TAMCs and a high number of TAMAs and BCs were present. Immune cells of each type were always lower in the intratumoral than peritumoral stroma. Positivity to CD79a was also detected in the epithelial cells of simple and micropapillay carcinomas. Immunoglobulin reactivity was mainly located in the epithelial cells where an intense positivity to IgA and IgG and a weak positivity for IgM were detectable. On the basis of our preliminary results and literature data, we suggest that such cells and molecules could be directly involved in the biology of canine mammary gland tumors. In breast cancer, stromal inflammatory cells and cancer derived immunoglobulins have been correlated with the progression, malignancy and poor prognosis of the tumor. The results herein reported show that the dog's mammary gland epithelium also expresses immunoglobulins, and they mostly show a direct relationship with the infiltration of macrophages. In addition, this study shows that the infiltration of mast cells, B-cells and macrophages varies depending on the degree of malignancy of neoplasia.
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16
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Borecka P, Ratajczak-Wielgomas K, Ciaputa R, Kandefer-Gola M, Janus I, Piotrowska A, Kmiecik A, Podhorska-Okolów M, Dzięgiel P, Nowak M. Expression of Periostin in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts in Mammary Cancer in Female Dogs. In Vivo 2021; 34:1017-1026. [PMID: 32354887 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Mammary neoplasms, like breast neoplasms in women, are one of the most common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in the tumour stroma play a role in angiogenesis and increase cell migration, contributing to tumour growth and progression, as well as metastasis. The aim of our work was to determine the level of periostin (POSTN) expression in CAFs in mammary tumours of female dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research material consisted of 77 carcinomas and 24 adenomas of the mammary ridge in female dogs. Immunohistochemistry tests were performed using antibodies directed against the antigens POSTN, Ki-67, ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2), vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Expression of POSTN at the mRNA level was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods in 20 cases of mammary neoplasms. RESULTS Expression of POSTN in CAFs was observed in 92% of mammary cancer samples and in 25% of mammary adenoma samples in female dogs. A statistically significant increase in POSNT expression in CAFs was found in the carcinomas compared with mammary adenomas in female dogs. Expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas in female dogs positively correlated with the histological malignancy grade of tumours and the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of POSTN on the pathogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs. Moreover, POSTN may prove to be a useful marker in the evaluation of cancerous stroma of mammary tumours in female dogs, and may have prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Borecka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Ciaputa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kandefer-Gola
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Janus
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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17
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Gedon J, Wehrend A, Failing K, Kessler M. Canine mammary tumours: Size matters-a progression from low to highly malignant subtypes. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:707-713. [PMID: 32945086 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible association between mammary tumour size and increasing degree of malignancy. Data of 625 dogs with a total of 1459 mammary tumours were analysed retrospectively. 80.3% dogs were intact, mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 2.5 years, 75.8% were pure breed dogs. Median body weight was 20.0 kg. Malignant tumours (n = 580) were significantly larger than their benign counterparts (1.94 cm vs 0.90 cm in mean, respectively; P ≤ .0001), resulting in a positive correlation between increasing tumour size and a change from benign to malignant (P ≤ .0001; rs = 0.214). When malignant tumours were grouped into four degrees of increasing malignancy (complex/simple/solid/anaplastic carcinomas) a significant positive correlation between increasing tumour size and more malignant tumour degree (P ≤ .0001; rs = 0.195) could be demonstrated. In a number of cases, highly malignant tumours were found to arise within less malignant lesions, supporting the concept of a further progression within the malignant tumour subtypes. In patients with multiple tumours, mean tumour sizes for malignant tumours were significantly smaller compared to patients with only one tumour (1.67 vs 2.71 cm in mean, respectively; P < .0001). These findings suggest that mammary tumours progress not only from benign to malignant but also from low to highly malignant. An increase in diameter of only a few millimetres may therefore have a big impact on the patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing of the Veterinary Faculty of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Belluco S, Sammarco A, Sapin P, Lurier T, Marchal T. FOXP3, CD208, and CD206 Expression in Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:599-607. [PMID: 32783525 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820941818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH) is a noninfectious tumor that spontaneously regresses. It is suggested that this regression is due to tumor cell maturation, which is responsible for CD8 lymphocyte activation and tumor cell destruction. Nevertheless, the possible role of the immune microenvironment in tumor regression has not been investigated to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD208 and FoxP3 as markers of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes, respectively, and tumor cell expression of CD206 as a marker of Langerhans cell activation, and relate these parameters to the different phases of CCH and to intratumoral T cell infiltration. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 31 CCH were evaluated. In each case, the mitotic count and regression phase were recorded. Within the tumor, a quantitative evaluation of immunolabeled CD208+ cells, FoxP3+ cells, and CD3+ lymphocytes was performed, as well as the CD206+ tumor cell location. Intratumoral CD208+ cells correlated with CD3+ lymphocytic infiltration. The possible role of dendritic cells in tumor regression was not confirmed since CD208 seemed to be a nonspecific marker for canine dendritic cells. FoxP3+ lymphocyte density was not correlated with any parameter. Neoplastic Langerhans cells presented progressive CD206 expression, from the bottom of the tumor to the epidermis, which correlated with the tumor regression phase and with intratumoral T lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we confirmed a CD206 phenotype change in tumor cells in a spatial group-related pattern, supporting the hypothesis that tumoral Langerhans cells acquire a mature phenotype with tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belluco
- Université de Lyon, 88622VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Pierrick Sapin
- Université de Lyon, 88622VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Thibaut Lurier
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, 88622VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Usc 1233 UR RS2GP, Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, 88622VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- Université de Lyon, 88622VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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19
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Balea ŞS, Pârvu AE, Pârvu M, Vlase L, Dehelean CA, Pop TI. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Effects of the Vitis vinifera L. var. Fetească Neagră and Pinot Noir Pomace Extracts. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:990. [PMID: 32719600 PMCID: PMC7348048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammation and oxidative stress generated during different types of cancers and anticancer treatments is well documented. Traditionally, grape pomace is used for animal feed, organic fertilizers, ethanol production or is disposed as waste. Because grape pomace is a rich source of antioxidant compounds, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects of fresh and fermented grape pomace extracts of two Vitis vinifera L. varieties Fetească neagră and Pinot noir cultivated in Romania. Firstly, grape pomace phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant tests were performed. Secondly, the effect of a seven-day pretreatment with grape pomace extracts on the turpentine oil-induced inflammation in rats was assessed by measuring total oxidative status, total antioxidant response, oxidative stress index, malondialdehyde, total thiols, nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine. Thirdly, the antiproliferative properties were evaluated on human lung carcinoma (A549), human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231), murine melanoma (B164A5), and keratinocyte (HaCat) cell lines. Fetească neagră and Pinot noir grape pomace extracts have a rich content of polyphenols and in vitro antioxidant effect. Fermented samples had higher polyphenol content, but fresh samples had better antioxidant activity. Pretreatment with grape pomace extracts reduced inflammation-induced oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent way, fresh samples being more efficient. The malignant cells' proliferation was inhibited by all grape pomace extracts, fermented Fetească neagră extracts having the strongest effect. Conclusion: fresh and fermented pomace extracts of Vitis vinifera L. varieties Fetească neagră and Pinot noir cultivated in a Romanian wine region have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ştefania Silvia Balea
- Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Elena Pârvu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcel Pârvu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Tiberia Ioana Pop
- Department of Technical and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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20
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Controlled Drug Delivery Vehicles in Veterinary Oncology: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled drug delivery systems can be used to carry several anticancer agents, including classical chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel or cisplatin, and are also used for the encapsulation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Usually, the controlled systems are used to decrease drug toxicity, increase local drug concentration or target specific organs or systems. In dogs, liposomal doxorubicin is the most known controlled drug delivery vehicle in veterinary medicine. However, several antitumor drugs can be encapsulated within these systems. Since the delivery vehicles are a relatively new topic in veterinary oncology, this review aims to discuss the current knowledge regarding the controlled drug delivery vehicles and discuss the current challenges and future direction of its use in veterinary oncology.
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21
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Bujak JK, Szopa IM, Pingwara R, Kruczyk O, Krzemińska N, Mucha J, Majchrzak-Kuligowska K. The Expression of Selected Factors Related to T Lymphocyte Activity in Canine Mammary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2292. [PMID: 32225066 PMCID: PMC7178106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between neoplastic and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences the progression of disease in human and canine cancer patients. Given that canine mammary tumors are a useful model to study breast cancer biology, we aimed to evaluate the expression of genes associated with T lymphocyte activity in benign, malignant, and metastatic canine mammary tumors. Interestingly, metastatic tumors exhibit increased expression of CXCR3, CCR2, IL-4, IL-12p40, and IL-17. In particular, we focused on IL-17, a key interleukin associated with the Th17 lymphocyte phenotype. Th17 cells have been shown to play a contradictory role in tumor immunity. Although IL-17 showed a high expression in the metastatic tumors, the expression of RORγt, a crucial transcription factor for Th17 differentiation was barely detected. We further investigated IL-17 expression using immunohistochemistry, through which we confirmed the increased expression of this interleukin in malignant and metastatic mammary tumors. Finally, we compared the plasma levels of IL-17 in healthy and malignant mammary tumor-bearing dogs using ELISA but found no differences between the groups. Our data indicate that the IL-17 in metastatic tumors may be produced by other cell types, but not by Th17 lymphocytes. Overall, our results broaden the available knowledge on the interactions in canine mammary tumors and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies, with potential benefits for human immune oncology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/pathology
- Dogs
- Female
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kinga Majchrzak-Kuligowska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences -SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.B.); (I.M.S.); (R.P.); (O.K.); (N.K.); (J.M.)
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22
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Markkanen E. Know Thy Model: Charting Molecular Homology in Stromal Reprogramming Between Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:348. [PMID: 31921858 PMCID: PMC6927989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine simple mammary tumors (CMTs) are often viewed as models of human breast cancer. Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is central for initiation and progression of human cancer, and is likely to play a key role in canine tumors as well. Until recently, however, canine CAS in general, and in CMT in particular, lacked detailed characterization and it remained unclear how canine and human CAS compare. This void in knowledge regarding canine CAS and the resulting lack of unbiased cross-species analysis of molecular homologies and differences undermined the validity of the canine model for human disease. To assess stromal reprogramming in canine breast tumors, we have recently established a protocol to specifically isolate and analyze CAS and matched normal stroma from archival, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical tumor samples using laser-capture microdissection followed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Using this approach, we have analyzed stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mammary carcinomas (mCAs) as well as benign canine mammary adenomas in a series of studies. Our results demonstrate strong stromal reprogramming in CMTs and identify high-grade molecular homology between human and canine CAS. Here, I aim to give a short background on the value of comparative oncology in general, and spontaneous CMT in particular. This will be followed by a concise review of the current knowledge of stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mCA and benign adenoma. Finally, I will conclude with insights on highly conserved aspects of stromal reprogramming between CMT and human breast cancer that accentuate the relevance of CAS in CMT as a model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Withers SS, Sparger EE, Boudreaux B, Mason NJ. Utilizing Microbes to Treat Naturally Occurring Cancer in Veterinary Species. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Ai K, Jia Y, Li J, Wang C, Wang Y. Systematic analysis of multigene predictors in gastric cancer exploiting gene expression signature. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8069-8077. [PMID: 30426570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide but could be more curable if diagnosed at an earlier stage. At present, the capability to predict the efficaciousness of molecular diagnosis for GC for each patient remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to identify tumor biomarkers through systems analysis of multigene predictors exploiting the available data resource. In this study, we investigated the top 10% overexpressed genes in GC from five data sets of the Oncomine platform, with 265 GC samples versus 174 normal gastric mucosa samples. Sixteen candidate genes were identified as predictors of GC, of which 14 genes were verified through the comparison of expression levels in specimens from normal (chronic gastritis, 21 samples) and GC groups (38 samples). In addition, unique molecular portraits of diffuse adenocarcinoma (DA), intestinal adenocarcinoma (IA), and mixed adenocarcinoma (MA) were studied through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, where DA showed higher extracellular matrix alteration while IA and MA showed higher cell-cycle alteration than other types. We also found that the elevated expressions of genes during GC progression were independent of gene mutations, and high core-binding factor subunit β expression is correlated with a high overall survival rate in GC patients. Our research may provide an efficient clinical diagnosis of GC at an early stage with high accuracy and thus help improve the overall survival rate through early therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuankuan Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
| | - Yanli Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanzhou Hospital of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Yanzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
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25
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Defourny SVP, Romanucci M, Grieco V, Quaglione GR, Santolini C, Della Salda L. Tumor⁻Microenvironment Interaction: Analysis of Mast Cell Populations in Normal Tissue and Proliferative Disorders of the Canine Prostate. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E16. [PMID: 30781786 PMCID: PMC6466327 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are involved in angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and immunomodulation in several human and animal tumors, although their exact role is still controversial. Since no information is available in canine prostate carcinoma (PC) and normal prostate tissues, the aims of this study were to evaluate the possible correlations between MC distribution, molecular expression and microvessel density (MVD) in normal prostatic tissue and proliferative disorders of the canine prostate. All samples (6 normal, 15 benign prostate hyperplasia-BPH, 8 PC) were stained with Toluidine Blue and immunohistochemically evaluated for tryptase, c-Kit (CD117) and CD31. Mast cell density (MCD) and MVD were quantified by the hot-spot method. MCD was significantly increased in periglandular/peritumoral areas, when compared with intraglandular/intratumoral areas, in all groups (p = 0.03). C-Kit expression was strongly associated with PC (ρ = 0.75 p = 0.03), whereas positive correlation between tryptase and c-Kit expression (ρ = 0.64 p = 0.01) was observed in periglandular areas of BPH. MVD showed a correlation with MCD in BPH (ρ = 0.54 p = 0.04). Our data support the importance of c-Kit in regulating MC proliferation. The predominant location of MCs in peritumoral areas of canine PC was similar to the human counterpart, in which PC cells are supposed to produce substances attracting MCs to the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gina Rosaria Quaglione
- Unità Ospedaliera Complessa, Anatomia patologica, Ospedale G. Mazzini, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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