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Kathiravan S, Immadi S, Kurbet PS, Alimudeen S, Ajith Kumar KG, Varghese A, Deepa CK, Juliet S, Ravindran R. In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110285. [PMID: 39126894 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Economic importance of ticks for both humans and animals is significant primarily because of their involvement in disease transmission. The continuous use of synthetic chemical acaricides on animals and/or in the environment has resulted in the emergence of resistant tick populations. Consequently, there is a compelling need to explore newer natural alternatives that can address their adverse effects effectively. Since, there are no earlier reported studies on the acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus, the present study compared the in vitro adulticidal and larvicidal activities of these phytochemicals against R. annulatus. Concentration-dependent mortality and inhibition of fecundity were observed in the adult female ticks treated with both eugenol and benzaldehyde. The LC50 and LC90 values of eugenol against R. annulatus were 162.33 and 467.74 mg/mL for adult female, while it was 1.26 and 1.73 mg/mL for larvae respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of benzaldehyde against R. annulatus were 178 and 395 mg/mL for adult female and 0.69 and 4.32 mg/mL for larvae respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Kathiravan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Srikanth Immadi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Prashant Somalingappa Kurbet
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Sirajudeen Alimudeen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O,, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Chundayil Kalarikkal Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
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Ali AAB, Montasser AA, Mohamed SNA. Histopathological effects of the fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis on the ovary of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:275-295. [PMID: 38347254 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyalomma dromedarii is the predominant tick species parasitizing camels in Egypt which leads to mortalities in young animals that result in economic losses. It can transmit a lot of pathogens to animals and humans, such as the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, the Dhori virus, Kadam virus, Theileria annulata and spotted fever rickettsia. The continuous use of chemical acaricides has negative impact on the environment and almost led to acaricidal resistance, and hence the plant extracts represent alternative methods for controlling ticks. The present study was carried out to assess the histopathological effects on the ovary of fed female Hyalomma dromedarii following immersion in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (100 mg/mL). Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations provided evidence that Citrullus colocynthis caused extensive damage to oocytes. Destruction of the internal organelles of oocytes, along with delay and/or inhibition of vitellogenesis were demonstrated. This is the first histological study that points to damage in H. dromedarii ovaries following treatment with the ethanolic extract of fruits of C. colocynthis. The data presented suggest that the plant extract affects the ovary either directly by entering the oocytes and/or indirectly by damaging the gut cells and digestion of blood that interfere with the development of oocytes, so it can be used as a promising agent for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Ahmed Montasser
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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The current strategies and underlying mechanisms in the control of the vector tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis: Implications for future integrated management. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramachandran PD, Muniyappa MD, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Samraj S, Rajappan A, Varghese A, Kalarickal DC, Ravindran R, Ghosh S, Juliet S. Modulation of the PGE 2-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from Artemesia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164905. [PMID: 34443500 PMCID: PMC8401071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE2-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from Artemisia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE2 in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of A. nilagirica elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE2 were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE2 were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE2 can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE2 by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panicker Devyani Ramachandran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Sujith Samraj
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Anoopraj Rajappan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India;
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9447713422
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India;
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- Center for Ethnopharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
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