FTIR, FT-Raman spectra and ab initio, DFT vibrational analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

Cyclohexylammonium Hexaisothiocyanatonickelate(II) Dihydrate as a Single-Source Precursor for High Surface Area Nickel Oxide and Sulfide Nanocrystals

Cyclohexylammonium hexaisothiocyanatonickelate(II) dihydrate, (C6H11NH3)4[Ni(NCS)6]·2H2O, was synthesized, for the first time, by a four-step method in a yield of 95%. The compound was fully characterized by elemental microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. A single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) gave the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 15.8179 (5) Å, b = 10.6222 (3) Å, c = 13.8751 (4) Å, β = 109.362 (1)°, V = 2199.45 (11) Å3, Z = 2 (T = 293 K) for this novel hybrid organic–inorganic compound. The title compound was employed as a single-source precursor for the synthesis of mesoporous, high surface area nickel oxide (53 Å; 452 m2/g) and nickel sulfide (46 Å; 220 m2/g) via pyrolysis under air at 550 °C or helium atmosphere at 500 °C, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) demonstrated the nanocrystalline nature of both NiO and NiS with an average crystallite size of 16 and 54 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated the formation of agglomerated, quasi-spherical particles of nickel oxide and agglomerated flake-like structures of nickel sulfide. The high surface area, porosity, and nanocrystallinity of both NiO and NiS, obtained via this approach, are promising for a wide spectrum of applications.

Electrochemical sensor based on polyoxometalate immobilized using a layer-by-layer assembly process to detect 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

An electrochemical sensor for the detection of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was developed by utilizing the reversible redox properties of W-containing polyoxometalates.

Quantum chemical calculation, performance of selective antimicrobial activity using molecular docking analysis, RDG and experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman) investigation of 4-[{2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-propan-2-yl) phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro- 1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-4-oxo-1, 3- thiazol-5(4H)-ylidene} methyl] benzonitrile

The research received a great deal of worldwide attention due to the nature of interpretation before the experimental process. Based on the systematic process the structure of thiazole -pyrazole compound 4-[{2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-propan-2-yl) phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro- 1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-4-oxo-1, 3- thiazol-5(4H)-ylidene} methyl] benzonitrile [CPTBN] was investigated. In the first level, the spectral statistics on experimental FT-IR and FT- Raman was reported. At the next level, geometrical parameters was theoretically acquired from density functional theory (DFT) using B3LPY/6-31G and 6-311G basis set. The computed Wavenumber were collected and compared with the experimental data. The vibrational modes were interpreted in terms of potential energy distribution (PED) results. The FMO, MEP, and NBO analysis further validated the electrophilic and nucleophilic interaction in the molecular systems. Two grams-positive bacteria: staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and two gram-negative bacteria: Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed for antibacterial activity. Two fungal strain Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger was carried out against a ligand using anti-fungal activity. The molecular docking analysis explores the antimicrobial and selective potential inhibitory nature of the binding molecule. Besides, RDG and ELF analysis were also performed to show the nature of interactions between the molecule.

Comparison study on microwave irradiation-activated persulfate and hydrogen peroxide systems in the treatment of dinitrodiazophenol industrial wastewater

In this study, refractory organics in industrial wastewater containing dinitrodiazophenol (DDNP) were treated by microwave (MW) irradiation-activated persulfate (PS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The organics degradation effect of MW output power, oxidant dosage and initial pH were investigated. Spectral analysis and radical scavenging experiments were used to investigate the degradation pathway and identify reactive oxygen species in the two systems. As the MW output power increased, k_obs of both systems increased, but excessively high-power output inhibited organics degradation in the MW-PS system. The impact of initial pH on MW-PS system performance was not obvious compared to that of the MW-H₂O₂ system (in which alkalinity significantly limited the reaction with organics). Under the same reaction condition, COD removals reached 89.89% (MW-PS) and 54.56% (MW-H₂O₂) and biodegradability improved from 0.060 to 0.561 (MW-PS) and 0.535 (MW-H₂O₂). In addition, SO₄and ·OHwere identified in the MW-PS system but only ·OHexisted in the MW-H₂O₂ system, indicating that the MW-PS system could oxidize more types of organics in DDNP wastewater than the MW-H₂O₂ system. Furthermore, UV-Vis and FITR analyses showed that organics with diazo groups and nitro-groups could be decomposed and intermediate products with C-O-H (which are biodegradable) will be generated. The MW-PS system also produced a better economic benefit than the MW-H₂O₂ system. Therefore, this study provides valuable references for the use of MW irradiation-activated oxidants to treat DDNP industrial wastewater.

Electrochemical Sensor for Carbonyl Groups in Oxidized Proteins

The interaction of proteins with free radicals leads, among other types of damages, to the production of stable carbonyl groups, which can be used as a quantification of oxidative stress at proteins level. The aim of this study was the development of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of carbonyl groups in proteins oxidized by reactive oxygen species. Its working principle is based on the redox properties of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). BSA was used as a model protein and its oxidation achieved through Fenton reactions. Using differential pulse voltammetry at glassy carbon electrode, the electrochemical behavior of DNPH and of the native and oxidized BSA was investigated in solution. It has been shown that the hydrazine moiety of the DNPH is the electroactive center and is responsible for carbonyl complexation. Special attention was paid to the immobilization of the DNPH in order to retain its redox properties, and this was achieved on a mixed 4-styrenesulfonic acid-nafion matrix. The sensor's surface characterization and the detection of carbonyl groups in oxidized protein were performed by voltammetry, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy while the voltammetric results were confirmed by surface plasmon resonance measurements. It has been shown that upon interaction with carbonyl groups of the oxidized protein, the oxidation peak of the hydrazine moiety of DNPH decreases as a function of incubation time and protein concentration. The sensor sensitivity was 0.015 nmol carbonyl per mg of oxidized protein and detection limits of 50 μg oxidized BSA and 0.75 pmol carbonyls.

Infrared spectrum, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, MEP and molecular docking studies (2E)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-[4-piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

FT-IR spectrum of (2E)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-[4-piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one was recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF and DFT quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained from wavenumber calculations are used to assign IR bands. Potential energy distribution was done using GAR2PED software. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the XRD results. NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO, first and second hyperpolarizability and molecular electrostatic potential results are also reported. The possible electrophile attacking sites of the title molecule is identified using MEP surface plot study. Molecular docking results predicted the anti-leishmanic activity for the compound.

Electronic structure investigations of 4-aminophthal hydrazide by UV-visible, NMR spectral studies and HOMO-LUMO analysis by ab initio and DFT calculations

Combined experimental and theoretical studies were conducted on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 4-AminoPhthalhydrazide (APH). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of APH were recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of APH in the ground state have been calculated by using the ab initio HF (Hartree-Fock) and density functional methods (B3LYP) invoking 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by HF and B3LYP method show best agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of APH with calculated results by HF and density functional methods indicates that B3LYP is superior to the scaled Hartree-Fock approach for molecular vibrational problems. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals is very small. A detailed interpretation of the NMR spectra of APH was also reported. The theoretical spectrograms for infrared and Raman spectra of the title molecule have been constructed. UV-vis spectrum of the compound was recorded and the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Finally the calculations results were applied to simulated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which show good agreement with observed spectra. And the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties of constant pressure (Cp), entropy (S) and enthalpy change (ΔH0→T) for APH were also determined.

Infrared spectrum, structural and optical properties and molecular docking study of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbaldehyde

The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbaldehyde have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The title compound was optimized using at HF and DFT levels of calculations. The B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) (5D,7F) results and in agreement with experimental infrared bands. The normal modes are assigned using potential energy distribution. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bonding orbital analysis. The frontier molecular orbital analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. From molecular electrostatic potential map, it is evident that the negative electrostatic potential regions are mainly localized over the carbonyl group and mono substituted phenyl ring and are possible sites for electrophilic attack and, positive regions are localized around all para substituted phenyl and pyrazole ring, indicating possible sites for nucleophilic attack. First hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in nonlinear optics. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with experimental data. From the molecular docking studies, it is evident that the fluorine atom attached to phenyl ring and the carbonyl group attached to pyrazole ring are crucial for binding and the results draw us to the conclusion that the compound might exhibit phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity.

FT-IR, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, MEP analysis and molecular docking study of 1-[3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone

The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 1-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with XRD data. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. From the MEP it is evident that the negative charge covers the carbonyl group and the positive region is over the remaining groups. The more electronegativity in the carbonyl group makes it the most reactive part in the molecule. First hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in nonlinear optics. From the molecular docking studies, it is evident that the fluorine atom attached to benzene ring and ethanone attached to the pyrazoline ring are crucial for binding and the compound might exhibit inhibitory activity against TPII and may act as anti-neoplastic agent.

FT-IR, molecular structure, first order hyperpolarizability, HOMO and LUMO analysis, MEP and NBO analysis of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl 3-nitrobenzoate

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl 3-nitrobenzoate is synthesized by reacting 4-chlorophenacyl bromide with 3-nitrobenzoic acid using a slight excess of potassium or sodium carbonate in DMF medium at room temperature. The structure of the compound was confirmed by IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. FT-IR spectrum of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl 3-nitrobenzoate was recorded and analyzed. The crystal structure is also described. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF and DFT methods and are assigned with the help of potential energy distribution method. The first hyperpolarizability and infrared intensities are also reported. The geometrical parameters of the title compound obtained from XRD studies are in agreement with the calculated (DFT) values. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis are used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. MEP was performed by the DFT method.

Conformational stability, molecular orbital studies (chemical hardness and potential), vibrational investigation and theoretical NBO analysis of 4-tert-butyl-3-methoxy-2,6-dinitrotoluene

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-tert-butyl-3-methoxy-2,6-dinitrotoluene (musk ambrette) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. The total energy calculations of musk ambrette were tried for the possible conformers. The molecular structure, geometry optimization, vibrational frequencies were obtained by the density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP and LSDA method with 6-311G(d,p) basis set for the most stable conformer "C1". The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes, calculated and the scaled values were compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugate interactions and the charge delocalization has been analyzed using bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap reveals that the energy gap reflects the chemical activity of the molecule. The dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α), anisotropy polarizability (Δα) and first hyperpolarizability (βtot) of the molecule have been reported. The thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy and enthalpy) were obtained for the range of temperature 100-1000 K. Information about the size, shape, charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecule has been obtained by mapping electron density isosurface with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP).

Molecular structure and vibrational spectroscopic investigation of melamine using DFT theory calculations

The FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra for melamine have been recorded in the region 4000-100cm(-1) and 4000-400cm(-1), respectively compared with the harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated using density functional theory method (B3LYP) by employing 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set with appropriate scaling factors. Optimized geometries of the molecule have been interpreted and compared with the reported experimental values. The experimental geometrical parameters prove satisfactory concurrence with the theoretical prediction from DFT. The scaled vibrational frequencies seem to coincide with the experimentally observed values with acceptable deviations. The theoretical spectrograms have been constructed and compared with the experimental FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra. The calculated Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule. The first order hyperpolarizability βtotal of this molecular system and related properties (α, β, μ and Δα) are calculated using DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set based on the finite-field approach. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interaction, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Thermodynamic properties like entropy, heat capacity and zero-point energy have been calculated for the molecule.

Synthesis, FT-IR investigation and computational study of 5-[(4-Bromophenyl)acetamido]-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl) benzoxazole

The synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 5-[(4-Bromophenyl)acetamido]-2-(4-tertbutylphenyl) benzoxazole are reported in the present work. The optimized molecular structure, (1)H NMR, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 5-[(4-Bromophenyl)acetamido]-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl) benzoxazole have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. Potential energy distribution of the normal modes of vibrations was done using GAR2PED program. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. MEP was performed by the SDD method and the predicted infrared intensities have also been reported. The calculated geometrical parameters are in agreement with that of similar derivates. The first hyperpolarizability is high and the title compound is suitable for further NLO studies. Microbiological results indicated that the title compound possessed a broad spectrum activity against the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria.

IR, Raman, SERS and computational study of 2-(benzylsulfanyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-(benzylsulfanyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid were recorded and analyzed. SERS spectra were recorded in silver colloid, silver electrode and silver substrate. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF and DFT quantum chemical calculation methods. The data obtained from wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in infrared and Raman spectra as well as in SERS of the studied molecule. Potential energy distribution was done using GAR2PED program. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported similar derivatives. The presence of phenyl ring modes in the SERS spectra suggests a tilted orientation with respect to the metal surface in all cases. In all the three SERS spectra the NO2 moiety shows an enhancement, which indicates the interaction with the metal surface. The first hyperpolarizability is high and the title compound is an attractive object for future studies of nonlinear optics.

Vibrational spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, ¹H NMR and UV) investigations and computational study of 5-nitro-2-(4-nitrobenzyl) benzoxazole

The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 5-nitro-2-(4-nitrobenzyl) benzoxazole have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. Potential energy distribution of the normal modes of vibrations was done using GAR2PED program. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time dependent density functional theory almost compliments with experimental findings. Gauge-including atomic orbital (1)H NMR chemical shifts calculations were carried out by using B3LYP functional with 6-31G basis set. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization have been analyzed using NBO analysis. MEP was performed by the DFT method and the predicted infrared intensities and Raman activities have also been reported. The calculated geometrical parameters are in agreement with that of similar derivatives.

Infrared and Raman spectroscopic analyses and theoretical computation of 4-butyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione

Infrared and Raman spectroscopic analyses were carried out on 4-butyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione. The interpretation of the spectra was aided by DFT calculation of the molecule. The vibrational wavenumbers were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes and the normal modes were assigned by potential energy distribution calculations. A computation of the first hyperpolarizability of the compound indicates that the compound may be a good candidate as a NLO material. Optimized geometrical parameters are in agreement with the reported XRD results. The RMS error of the observed Raman bands and IR bands are found to be 35.09 and 39.57 for HF method and 14.31 and 17.17 for DFT method. The predicted infrared intensities and Raman activities are reported.

Molecular structure, heteronuclear resonance assisted hydrogen bond analysis, chemical reactivity and first hyperpolarizability of a novel ethyl-4-{[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-hydrazono]-ethyl}-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate: a combined DFT and AIM approach

A new ethyl-4-{[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-hydrazono]-ethyl}-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (EDPHEDPC) has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, UV-vis, DART-Mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed by DFT level of theory using B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The (1)H NMR chemical shifts are calculated using gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAO) approach in DMSO as solvent. The time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to find the various electronic transitions and their nature within molecule. A combined theoretical and experimental wavenumber analysis confirms the existence of dimer. Topological parameters such as electron density (ρ(BCP)), Laplacian of electron density (nabla(2)ρ(BCP)), kinetic electron energy density (G(BCP)), potential electron density (V(BCP)) and the total electron energy density (H(BCP)) at bond critical points (BCP) have been analyzed by Bader's 'Atoms in molecules' AIM theory in detail. The intermolecular hydrogen bond energy of dimer is calculated as -12.51 kcal/mol using AIM calculations. AIM ellipticity analysis is carried out to confirm the presence of resonance assisted intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in dimer. The calculated thermodynamic parameters show that reaction is exothermic and non-spontaneous at room temperature. The local reactivity descriptors such as Fukui functions (f(k)(+), f(k)(-)), local softnesses (s(k)(-), s(k)(+)) and electrophilicity indices (ω(k)(+), ω(k)(-)) analyses are performed to determine the reactive sites within molecule. Nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior of title compound is investigated by the computed value of first hyperpolarizability (β(0)).

Molecular structure, vibrational spectra, HOMO, LUMO and NMR studies of 2-chloro-4-nitrotoluene and 4-chloro-2-nitrotoluene

The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-chloro-4-nitrotoluene (2Cl4NT) and 4-chloro-2-nitrotoluene (4Cl2NT) were recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1) respectively. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensities of the vibrational bands were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP method and standard 6-31G* basis set combinations. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. The vibrational spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on a scaled quantum mechanical force field. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies showed that charge transfer had occurred within the molecule. Comparison of simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provided important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. (13)C NMR chemical shifts results were also compared with the experimental values.

Synthesis, molecular structure and spectral analysis of ethyl 4-[(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-hydrazonomethyl]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate: a combined experimental and quantum chemical approach

A new hydrazone, ethyl 4-[(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-hydrazonomethyl]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PDNBAH) has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy. All the quantum chemical calculations have been performed by density functional theory (DFT), using B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The calculated and experimental wavenumber analyses confirm the existence of dimer of PDNBAH. The calculated binding energies of dimer using DFT and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) theory are -14.32 and -15.41 kcal/mol respectively. The intermolecular hydrogen bond energy of dimer due to the involvement of intermolecular hetero-nuclear double hydrogen bonds (N-H···O=C) through pyrrolic N-H and C=O of ester is also calculated to be equal to -12.29 kcal/mol using AIM calculation. The strength and the nature of hydrogen bonding and weak interactions in dimer have been analyzed by AIM theory in detail. The presence of resonance assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHB) has been confirmed by calculated ellipticity parameters using AIM calculation. The calculated thermodynamic parameters show that the reaction is non spontaneous at room temperature. The local reactivity descriptors show that C(13) is most reactive site for nucleophilic attack.