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Giannoulis A, Ackermann K, Bogdanov A, Cordes DB, Higgins C, Ward J, Slawin AMZ, Taylor JE, Bode BE. Synthesis of mono-nitroxides and of bis-nitroxides with varying electronic through-bond communication. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:375-385. [PMID: 36524609 PMCID: PMC9811921 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01863b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides are a unique class of persistent radicals finding a wide range of applications, from spin probes to polarizing agents, and recently bis-nitroxides have been used as proof-of-concept molecules for quantum information processing. Here we present the syntheses of pyrroline-based nitroxide (NO) radicals and give a comparision of two possible synthetic routes to form two key intermediates, namely 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-1-oxyl-3-acetylene (TPA) and 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-carboxylic acid (TPC). TPC and TPA were then used as precursors for the synthesis of three model compounds featuring two distant NO groups with a variable degree of conjugation and thus electronic communication between them. Using relatively facile synthetic routes, we produced a number of mono- and bis-nitroxides with the structures of multiple compounds unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography, while Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (CW-EPR) allowed us to quantify the electronic communication in the bis-nitroxides. Our study expands the repertoire of mono- and bis-nitroxides with possibilities of exploiting them for studying quantum coherence effects and as polarizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Giannoulis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Catherine Higgins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Joshua Ward
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - James E. Taylor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK,Department of Chemistry, University of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Bela E. Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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2
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Akari AS, Hodgson GK, Golian KP, Impellizzeri S. Photochemical Insights on Intramolecular Dye‐Sensitized Free‐Radical Processes with a Quinoline Antenna. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aviya S. Akari
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Gregory K. Hodgson
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Karol P. Golian
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Stefania Impellizzeri
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
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3
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Golian KP, Akari AS, Hodgson GK, Impellizzeri S. Fluorescence activation, patterning and enhancement with photogenerated radicals, a prefluorescent probe and silver nanostructures. RSC Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a switchable fluorophore activated by UVA light and a radical initiator, for optical lithography with concomitant metal-enhanced fluorescence by silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol P. Golian
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Ryerson University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Aviya S. Akari
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Ryerson University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Gregory K. Hodgson
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Ryerson University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Stefania Impellizzeri
- Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Molecular Plasmonics
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Ryerson University
- Toronto
- Canada
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4
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Yousif MNM, Soliman HA, Said MM, Hassan NA, Abdel-Megeid FME. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Triacetonamine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Sato S, Sugawara K, Konno H, Ito T. Synthesis and Evaluation of β-Galactosidase-Targeting Spin-Label Probe: 5-O-β-D-Galactosyl-5-hydroxy-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindoline-2-oxyl. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Suzuki T, Mate NA, Adhikari AA, Chisholm JD. Dialkylation of Indoles with Trichloroacetimidates to Access 3,3-Disubstituted Indolenines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224143. [PMID: 31731742 PMCID: PMC6891773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Substituted indoles may be directly transformed to 3,3-dialkyl indolenines with trichloroacetimidate electrophiles and the Lewis acid TMSOTf. These reactions provide rapid access to complex indolenines which are present in a variety of complex natural products and medicinally relevant small molecule structures. This method provides an alternative to the use of transition metal catalysis. The indolenines are readily transformed into spiroindoline systems which are privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
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7
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Huber F, Roesslein J, Gademann K. Preparation of Indolenines via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. Org Lett 2019; 21:2560-2564. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Roesslein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Smulik-Izydorczyk R, Dębowska K, Pięta J, Michalski R, Marcinek A, Sikora A. Fluorescent probes for the detection of nitroxyl (HNO). Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:69-83. [PMID: 29704623 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO), which according to the IUPAC recommended nomenclature should be named azanone, is the protonated one-electron reduction product of nitric oxide. Recently, it has gained a considerable attention due to the interesting pharmacological effects of its donors. Although there has been great progress in the understanding of HNO chemistry and chemical biology, it still remains the most elusive reactive nitrogen species, and its selective detection is a real challenge. The development of reliable methodologies for the direct detection of azanone is essential for the understanding of important signaling properties of this reactive intermediate and its pharmacological potential. Over the last decade, there has been considerable progress in the development of low-molecular-weight fluorogenic probes for the detection of HNO, and therefore, in this review, we have focused on the challenges and limitations of and perspectives on nitroxyl detection based on the use of such probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Smulik-Izydorczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pięta
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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9
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Sato S, Endo S, Kurokawa Y, Yamaguchi M, Nagai A, Ito T, Ogata T. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of six fluorescein-nitroxide radical hybrid-compounds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 169:66-71. [PMID: 27337053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six fluorescein-nitroxide radical hybrid-compounds (2ab, 3ab, 4, and 5) were synthesized by the condensation of 5- or 6-carboxy-fluorescein and 4-amino-TEMPO (2ab), 5- or 6-aminofluorescein and 4-carboxy-TEMPO (3ab), and fluorescein and 4-carboxy-TEMPO (4), or by reaction of the 3-hydroxyl group of fluorescein with DPROXYL-3-ylmethyl methanesulfonate (5). Fluorescence intensities (around 520nm) after reduction of the radical increased to 1.43-, 1.38-, and 1.61-folds for 2a, 2b and 3b respectively; 3a alone exhibited a decrease in intensity on reduction. Since 4 was readily solvolyzed in PBS or even methanol to afford fluorescein and 4-carboxy-TEMPO, its fluorescence change could not be measured. Hybrid compound 5 containing an ether-linkage between the fluorescein phenol and 3-hydroxymethyl-DPROXYL hydroxyl centers, was stable and on reduction, showed a maximum increase (3.21-fold) in relative fluorescence intensity in PBS (pH5.0), despite its remarkably low absolute fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Susumu Endo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akio Nagai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tateaki Ogata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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10
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Al-Karmi S, Albu SA, Vito A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Banevicius L, Nanao M, Zubieta J, Capretta A, Valliant JF. Preparation of an18F-Labeled Hydrocyanine Dye as a Multimodal Probe for Reactive Oxygen Species. Chemistry 2016; 23:254-258. [PMID: 27768812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Al-Karmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Silvia A. Albu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Laura Banevicius
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Max Nanao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Grenoble Outstation; 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry; Syracuse University; Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Alfredo Capretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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11
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X-ray structures of precursors of styrylpyridine-derivatives used to obtain 4-((E)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)benzamido-TEMPO: synthesis and characterization. Molecules 2015; 20:5793-811. [PMID: 25849803 PMCID: PMC6272471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the precursor isomers trans-4-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinylbenzaldehyde (I), trans-4-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinylbenzaldehyde (II), trans-4-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinylbenzoic acid (III) and (E)-4-(2-(pydridin-4-yl)vinylbenzoic acid (IV) are reported. These compounds were prepared in order to obtain trans-4-((E)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)benzamide-TEMPO (V). Compounds I and II were obtained by using a Knoevenagel reaction in the absence of a condensing agent and solvent. Oxidation of the aldehyde group using the Jones reagent afforded the corresponding acid forms III and IV. A condensation reaction with 4-amino-TEMPO using oxalyl chloride/DMF/CH2Cl2 provided the 4-((E)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)benzamide-TEMPO. Single crystals of compounds I, II and III were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Compound I belongs to space group P2(1)/c, a = 12.6674(19) Å, b = 7.2173(11) Å, c = 11.5877(14) Å, b = 97.203(13)° and the asymmetric unit was Z = 4, whereas compound II was in the space group P2(1), with a = 3.85728(9) Å, b = 10.62375(19) Å, c = 12.8625(2) Å, b = 91.722 (2)° and the asymmetric unit was Z = 2. Compound III crystallized as single colorless needle crystals, belonging to the monoclinic system with space group P2(1), with Z = 2, with a = 3.89359(7) Å, b = 17.7014(3) Å, c = 8.04530(12) Å, b = 94.4030 (16)°. All compounds were completely characterized by IR, (1)H-NMR, EI-MS and UV-Vis.
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12
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Mehranpour AM, Hashemnia S, Azamifar F. Synthesis and Characterization of γ-Heteroaryl-substituted Pentamethine Cyanine Dyes with Carboxy or Methoxycarbonyl Substituents at the Two Heterocyclic End Groups. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Rimpelová S, Bříza T, Králová J, Záruba K, Kejík Z, Císařová I, Martásek P, Ruml T, Král V. Rational design of chemical ligands for selective mitochondrial targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1445-54. [PMID: 23961900 DOI: 10.1021/bc400291f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of molecules with selective intracellular targeting is a great challenge for contemporary chemistry and life sciences. Here, we demonstrate a rational approach to development of compartment-specific fluorescent dyes from the γ-aryl substituted pentamethine family. These novel dyes exhibit an extraordinary affinity and selectivity for cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membrane and possess excellent photostability, fluorescent properties, and low phototoxicity. Selective imaging of live and fixed mitochondria was achieved in various cell lines using nanomolar concentrations of these dyes. Their high localization specificity and low toxicity enables study of morphological changes, structural complexity, and dynamics of mitochondria playing a pivotal role in many pathological diseases. These far-red emitting dyes could also serve in a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and§Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague , Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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14
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Kálai T, Hideg É, Ayaydin F, Hideg K. Synthesis and potential use of 1,8-naphthalimide type (1)O2 sensor molecules. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:432-8. [PMID: 23160310 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
New double (fluorescent and spin) sensor molecules containing 4-amino substituted 1,8-naphthalimide as a fluorophore and a sterically hindered amine (pre-nitroxide) or pyrroline nitroxide as a quencher and radical capturing moiety were synthesized. All sensors were substituted with a diethylaminoethyl side-chain to increase the water solubility. Steady state fluorescence properties of these compounds and their responses to ROS in vitro are reported with perspectives of plant physiology use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kálai
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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15
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Li H, Liu F, Han J, Cai M, Sun S, Fan J, Song F, Peng X. Interaction of Cy3 dye with CCG and its application for BSA detection. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:693-697. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Takahashi S, Piao W, Matsumura Y, Komatsu T, Ueno T, Terai T, Kamachi T, Kohno M, Nagano T, Hanaoka K. Reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia and imaging of hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19588-91. [PMID: 23157219 DOI: 10.1021/ja310049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a fully reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia. The design employs QSY-21 as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor and cyanine dye Cy5 as a FRET donor, based on our finding that QSY-21 undergoes one-electron bioreduction to the radical under hypoxia, with an absorbance decrease at 660 nm. At that point, FRET can no longer occur, and the dye becomes strongly fluorescent. Upon recovery of normoxia, the radical is immediately reoxidized to QSY-21, with loss of fluorescence due to restoration of FRET. We show that this probe, RHyCy5, can monitor repeated hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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17
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Ahn HY, Fairfull-Smith K, Morrow BJ, Lussini V, Kim B, Bondar MV, Bottle S, Belfield KD. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging of cellular oxidative stress using profluorescent nitroxides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4721-30. [PMID: 22380794 PMCID: PMC3303203 DOI: 10.1021/ja210315x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A range of varying chromophore nitroxide free radicals and their nonradical methoxyamine analogues were synthesized and their linear photophysical properties examined. The presence of the proximate free radical masks the chromophore's usual fluorescence emission, and these species are described as profluorescent. Two nitroxides incorporating anthracene and fluorescein chromophores (compounds 7 and 19, respectively) exhibited two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections of approximately 400 G.M. when excited at wavelengths greater than 800 nm. Both of these profluorescent nitroxides demonstrated low cytotoxicity toward Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Imaging colocalization experiments with the commercially available CellROX Deep Red oxidative stress monitor demonstrated good cellular uptake of the nitroxide probes. Sensitivity of the nitroxide probes to H(2)O(2)-induced damage was also demonstrated by both one- and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. These profluorescent nitroxide probes are potentially powerful tools for imaging oxidative stress in biological systems, and they essentially "light up" in the presence of certain species generated from oxidative stress. The high ratio of the fluorescence quantum yield between the profluorescent nitroxide species and their nonradical adducts provides the sensitivity required for measuring a range of cellular redox environments. Furthermore, their reasonable 2PA cross sections provide for the option of using two-photon fluorescence microscopy, which circumvents commonly encountered disadvantages associated with one-photon imaging such as photobleaching and poor tissue penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Yang Ahn
- Department
of Chemistry, and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando,
Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Kathryn
E. Fairfull-Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free
Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,
Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Morrow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free
Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,
Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lussini
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free
Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,
Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando,
Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Mykhailo V. Bondar
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 46, Kiev
03028, Ukraine
| | - Steven
E. Bottle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free
Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,
Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Kevin D. Belfield
- Department
of Chemistry, and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando,
Florida 32816-2366, United States
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18
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Belikova NA, Glumac AL, Kapralova V, Cheikhi A, Tyurina YY, Vagni VA, Kochanek PM, Kagan VE, Bayir H. A high-throughput screening assay of ascorbate in brain samples. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:185-90. [PMID: 21855575 PMCID: PMC3276367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a vital reductant/free radical scavenger in the CNS, whose content defines - to a large extent - the redox status and the antioxidant reserves. Quick, reliable and specific methods for its measurement in brain samples are highly desirable. We have developed a new high-throughput screening assay for measurements of ascorbate using a fluorescence plate-reader. This assay is based on a direct reaction of ascorbate with a nitroxide radical conjugated with a fluorogenic acridine moiety, 4-((9-acridinecarbonyl)-amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (AC-TEMPO), yielding fluorescent hydroxylamine product (AC-TEMPO-H). The reaction was monitored over time using fluorescence and electron spin resonance techniques. The appearance of fluorescent AC-TEMPO-H was linear within the range of 3.75-75μM AscH(-) in the sample (0.5-10μM AscH(-) in the well). Assay was validated with high performance liquid chromatography method. The concentration of ascorbate in murine tissue samples, including brain samples after traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock, was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Belikova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith KE, Morrow BJ, Bottle SE. Profluorescent Nitroxides as Sensitive Probes of Oxidative Change and Free Radical Reactions. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review on the use of tethered nitroxide–fluorophore molecules as probes of oxidative change and free radical generation and reaction. The proximity of the nitroxide free radical to the fluorophore suppresses the normal fluorescence emission process. Nitroxide free radical scavenging, metabolism or redox chemistry return the system to its natural fluorescent state and so these tethered nitroxide–fluorophore molecules are described as being profluorescent. A survey of profluorescent nitroxides found in the literature is provided as well as background on the mechanism of action and applications of these compounds as fluorometric probes within the fields of biological, materials and environmental sciences.
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Heterocyclic Dyes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mehranpour AM, Hashemnia S, Maghamifar R. Synthesis and Characterization of New γ-Substituted Pentamethine Cyanine Dyes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903457290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tansakul C, Lilie E, Walter ED, Rivera F, Wolcott A, Zhang JZ, Millhauser GL, Braslau R. Distance-dependent Fluorescence Quenching and Binding of CdSe Quantum Dots by Functionalized Nitroxide Radicals. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2010; 114:7793-7805. [PMID: 20473339 PMCID: PMC2867053 DOI: 10.1021/jp1005023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) fluorescence is effectively quenched at low concentration by nitroxides bearing amine or carboxylic acid ligands. The association constants and fluorescence quenching of CdSe QDs with these derivatized nitroxides have been examined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The EPR spectra in the non-protic solvent toluene are extremely sensitive to intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the functionalized nitroxides. Fluorescence measurements show that quenching of QD luminescence is nonlinear, with a strong dependence on the distance between the radical and the QD. The quenched fluorescence is restored when the surface-bound nitroxides are converted to hydroxylamines by mild reducing agents, or trapped by carbon radicals to form alkoxyamines. EPR studies indicate that photoreduction of the nitroxide occurs in toluene solution upon photoexcitation at 365 nm. However, photolysis in benzene solution gives no photoreduction, suggesting that photoreduction in toluene is independent of the quenching mechanism. The fluorescence quenching of QDs by nitroxide binding is a reversible process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittreeya Tansakul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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Long-Wavelength Probes and Labels Based on Cyanines and Squaraines. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04702-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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