Ab initio HF and DFT simulations, FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational analysis of alpha-chlorotoluene

Chitosan hydrogels embedding hyper-crosslinked polymer particles as reusable broad-spectrum adsorbents for dye removal

The removal of dye and toxic ionic pollutants from water is an extremely important issue that requires systematic and efficient adsorbent preparation strategies. To address this challenge, we developed composite chitosan (CS)-based hydrogels containing hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP) particles to be used as broad-spectrum adsorbents. The goal is to efficiently combine the dye adsorption ability of chitosan and the capacity of the porous particles of trapping pollutant molecules. The HCP particles are well distributed and firmly embedded into the chitosan matrix and the composite hydrogels exhibit improved mechanical properties. Adsorption experiments reveal a synergistic effect between CS and HCP particles, and the samples are able to remove both anionic and cationic dyes (indigo carmine, rhodamine 6G and sunset yellow) from water. The maximum dye uptake is higher than that of comparable biosorbents. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels are enhanced respect to pure CS, and the samples can be regenerated and reused keeping their adsorption ability unaltered over successive cycles of adsorption, desorption, and washing.

Structural, electronic and optical properties of 2,5-dichloro-p-xylene: experimental and theoretical calculations using DFT method

The vibrational spectra including FT-IR and FT-Raman for 2,5-dichloro-p-xylene (DCPX) have been recorded.

Synthesis and adsorption study of hyper-crosslinked styrene-based nanocomposites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes

New nanocomposite microporous materials obtained by adding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes to styrene/vinylbenzyl chloride/divinylbenzene hyper-crosslinked resins were prepared and characterized.

Molecular structure, vibrational spectral assignments, HOMO-LUMO, MESP, Mulliken analysis and thermodynamic properties of 2,6-xylenol and 2,5-dimethyl cyclohexanol based on DFT calculation

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2,6-xylenol and 2,5-dimethyl cyclohexanol are recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1) respectively. The spectral data obtained are assigned to different normal modes by using of comparison with the theoretical values obtained by applying density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31+G and 6-31++G basis set. The total energy distribution contributions of vibrations modes are distinguished through scaling factors. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that the charge transfers occur within the molecules. The harmonic frequencies obtained from these two methods are compared. The Mulliken, molecular electrostatic potentials analysis are calculated theoretically.

Molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopy, NBO and HOMO, LUMO studies of o-methoxybenzonitrile

In the present study, the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of o-methoxybenzonitrile (O-MBN) have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1), respectively. The fundamental modes of vibrational frequencies of O-MBN are assigned. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) gradient calculations with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational frequencies which were determined experimentally from the spectral data are compared with those obtained theoretically from ab initio and DFT calculations. A close agreement was achieved between the observed and calculated frequencies by refinement of the scale factors. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Thermodynamic properties like entropy, heat capacity, zero point energy, have been calculated for the molecule. The predicted first hyperpolarizability also shows that the molecule might have a reasonably good non-linear optical (NLO) behavior. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap reveals that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization have been analyzed using natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis. Unambiguous vibrational assignment of all the fundamentals was made using the total energy distribution (TED).

Molecular structure, vibrational spectra, NBO, UV and first order hyperpolarizability, analysis of 4-Chloro-dl-phenylalanine by density functional theory

The Fourier transform infrared (4000-400cm(-1)) and Fourier transform Raman (3500-50cm(-1)) spectra of 4-Chloro-dl-phenylalanine (4CLPA) were recorded and analyzed. The equilibrium geometry, bonding features and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were investigated with the help of density functional theory (DFT) method using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The observed vibrational wavenumbers were compared with the calculated results. Natural bond orbital analysis confirms the presence of intramolecular charge transfer and the hydrogen bonding interaction. Predicted electronic absorption spectra from TD-DFT calculation have been analyzed comparing with the UV-Vis (200-800nm) spectrum. The effects of chlorine and ethylene group substituent in benzene ring in the vibrational wavenumbers have been analyzed. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap explains the charge interaction taking place within the molecule. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (β, α0 and Δα) of 4CLPA were calculated. The Chemical reactivity and chemical potential of 4CLPA is calculated. In addition, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis were investigated using theoretical calculations.

Vibrational spectra, molecular structure, NBO, UV, NMR, first order hyperpolarizability, analysis of 4-Methoxy-4'-Nitrobiphenyl by density functional theory

In this study, geometrical optimization, spectroscopic analysis, electronic structure and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 4-Methoxy-4'-Nitrobiphenyl (abbreviated as 4M4'NBPL) were investigated by utilizing HF and DFT/B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers and the first order hyperpolarizability of the 4M4'NBPL have been calculated with the help of density functional theory computations. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1) respectively. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis is also used to explain the molecular stability. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the title compound dissolved in chloroform were recorded in the range of 200-800 cm(-1). The HOMO-LUMO energy gap explains the charge interaction taking place within the molecule. Good correlation between the experimental (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts in chloroform solution and calculated GIAO shielding tensors were found. The dipole moment, linear polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability values were also computed. The linear polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability of the studied molecule indicate that the compound is a good candidate of nonlinear optical materials. The chemical reactivity and thermodynamic properties of 4M4'NBPL at different temperature are calculated. In addition, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis were investigated using theoretical calculations.

Molecular structure, normal coordinate analysis, harmonic vibrational frequencies, NBO, HOMO-LUMO analysis and detonation properties of (S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) butanamide by density functional methods

Density functional theory (DFT) computations have become an efficient tool in the prediction of molecular structure, harmonic force fields, vibrational wave numbers as well as the IR and Raman intensities of pharmaceutically important molecule. In this work, we report harmonic vibrational frequencies, molecular structure, NBO and HOMO, LUMO analysis and detonation properties of (S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) butanamide. The solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) butanamide were recorded in the region 4000-450 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1) respectively. Harmonic frequencies of this compound were determined and analyzed by DFT utilizing 6-31G(d,p), 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. The assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the help of Normal Coordinate Analysis (NCA) following the Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Field Methodology (SQMFF). The calculated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compounds were also stimulated utilizing the scaled force fields and the computed dipole derivatives for IR intensities and polarizability derivatives for Raman intensities. The change in electron density (ED) in the σ(*) and π(*) antibonding orbital's and stabilization energies E(2) have been calculated by Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis to give clear evidence of stabilization originating in the hyperconjugation of hydrogen-bonded interaction. Heat of formation (HOF) and calculated density were estimated to evaluate detonation properties using Kamlet-Jacobs equations. The linear polarizability (α) and the first order hyperpolarizability (β) values of the investigated molecule have been computed using DFT calculations. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The observed and calculated wave numbers are found to be in good agreement. On the basis of vibrational analyses, the thermodynamic properties of title compound at different temperatures have been calculated.

DFT analysis of P-nitrobenzotrifluoride--a combined study of experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman) and theoretical calculations

In this, a combined experimental and theoretical study on molecular structure and vibrational analysis of P-nitrobenzotrifluoride (PNBTF) is reported. The Fourier transform infrared and FT-Raman was recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of PNBTF in the ground state have been calculated by using density functional method (B3LYP) with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies with calculated results by density functional methods indicates that B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) is superior to other methods for molecular vibrational problems. The bioactivity of the compound is analyzed by the HOMO-LUMO analysis. The reactivity sites are identified by mapping of electron density into electrostatic potential surface (MEP). Besides, (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts are calculated by using the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. Furthermore, the compound can be used as a good nonlinear optical material due to the higher value of first hyperpolarizability. Solventation effect of NMR spectra by CPCM model of P-nitrobenzotrifluoride has been analyzed.

Experimental spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman, FT-NMR, UV-Visible) and DFT studies of 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4oxo-1,8 napthyridine-3-carboxylic acids

The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4oxo-1,8 napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (EDMONCA) have been recorded in the regions 4000-500 and 4000-400 cm(-1) respectively. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies have been investigated by DFT/B3LYP and B3PW91 methods with 6-311G (d,p) basis set. The different between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamental is very small. The assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQMFFM). Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. UV-Visible spectrum of the compound was recorded and the electronic properties HOMO and LOMO energies were measured. The electric dipole moment (μD) and first hyperpolarizability (βtot) values of the investigated molecule were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculated results also show that the EDMONCA molecule may have microscopic nonlinear optics (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift of the molecule were calculated using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. Thermal stability of EDMONCA was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Next Fukui function was calculated to explain the chemical selectivity or reactivity site in EDMONCA. Finally molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and other molecular properties were performed.

Spectroscopic studies (FTIR, FT-Raman and UV), potential energy surface scan, normal coordinate analysis and NBO analysis of (2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol by DFT methods

This work presents the characterization of (2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol (abbreviated as HEHMPT) by quantum chemical calculations and spectral techniques. The spectroscopic properties were investigated by FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-Vis techniques. The FT-IR spectrum (4000-400 cm(-1)) and FT-Raman spectrum (4000-100 cm(-1)) in solid phase was recorded for HEHMPT. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the HEHMPT that dissolved in water was recorded in the range of 100-400 nm. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule were obtained from B3LYP and M06-2X with 6-31G(d,p) basis set calculations. The theoretical wavenumbers were scaled and compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the normal co-ordinate analysis (NCA), experimental results and potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method, interpreted in terms of fundamental modes. The stable geometry of the compound has been determined from the potential energy surface scan. The stability of molecule has been analyzed by NBO analysis. The molecule orbital contributions were studied by using the total (TDOS), partial (PDOS), and overlap population (OPDOS) density of states. The electronic properties like UV spectral analysis and HOMO-LUMO energies were reported. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer interactions taking place within the molecule. Mulliken population analysis on atomic charges is also calculated.

Vibrational spectral investigation and Natural Bond Orbital analysis of anti-rheumatoid drug ethyl 4-nitrophenylacetate--DFT approach

Vibrational analysis of ethyl 4-nitrophenylacetate (ENPA) molecule was carried out using FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic techniques. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational wave numbers, various bonding features have been computed using density functional theory. The calculated molecular geometry parameters have been compared with XRD data. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra has been carried out by computing Potential Energy Distribution (PED). Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The results show that the charge in the electron density (ED) in the σ(*) and π(*) antibonding orbitals and second order delocalization energies (E(2)) confirm the occurrence of ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) within the molecule. The simulated spectra satisfactorily coincide with the experimental spectra.

Experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman) and theoretical (HF and DFT) investigation, NMR, NBO, electronic properties and frequency estimation analyses on 2,4,5-trichlorobenzene sulfonyl chloride

The present work deals with the structural, electronic, and vibrational analyses of the biomolecule 2,4,5-trichlorobenzene sulfonyl chloride (TCBSC). TCBSC is a novel pharmaceutical compound used in dyes, pesticides, pigments, fluorescence brighteners and intermediate for agricultural chemicals in the manufacture of insecticides. Quantum chemical calculation of geometrical structure and energies of TCBSC was carried out by density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio (HF) methods at 6-311+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) standard basis set. The stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. NMR analysis shows that the isotropic chemical shifts of carbon and hydrogen atom of TCBSC are giving the reasonable shielding to the molecule. Another interesting property shows nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior. Moreover, we have not only simulated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) but also determined the transition state and energy band gap.

Vibrational spectroscopic (FT-IR and FT-Raman) studies, natural bond orbital analysis and molecular electrostatic potential surface of 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-nitropyridine

The optimized molecular structure and corresponding vibrational assignments of 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-nitropyridine have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(2d,2p) and 6-311++G(3d,3p) basis sets. Investigation of the relative orientation of the hydroxyl group with respect to the nitro group has shown that two conformers (O-cis) and (O-trans) exist. The vibrational analysis of the stable conformer of the title compound is performed by means of infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy in combination with theoretical simulations. The molecular stability and bond strength were investigated by applying the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Information about the size, shape, charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecule has been obtained by mapping electron density isosurface with electrostatic potential (ESP). The isotropic chemical shift computed by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the HMNP calculated using the gauge invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method also shows good agreement with experimental observations.

α-Bromo-2,6-dichlorotoluene: molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopy, natural bond orbital analysis and NMR studies

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of α-bromo-2,6-dichlorotoluene (αBDCT) have been recorded. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state have been calculated using Hartree Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT)/B3LYP with the standard 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and atomic charges in the ground state are calculated. With the help of specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra have been analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of αBDCT is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts have been calculated by gauge-including atomic orbital method with B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) approach. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The theoretical results agree well with the observed spectra.

Vibrational spectroscopic, first-order hyperpolarizability and HOMO, LUMO studies of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) aniline based on DFT calculations

The Fourier-transform infrared and FT-Raman spectra of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) aniline (4C2TFA) were recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1) respectively. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 4C2TFA were carried out by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (μ) and the first order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated compound were computed using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. The calculated results also show that 4C2TFA might have microscopic non-linear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of infrared and Raman spectra of 4C2TFA is also reported. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap shows that charge transfer occurs within the molecule.

Vibrational spectroscopic (FT-IR and FT-Raman), first-order hyperpolarizablity, HOMO, LUMO, NBO, Mulliken charges and structure determination of 2-bromo-4-chlorotoluene

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-bromo-4-chlorotoluene (2B4CT) molecule have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1), respectively. Optimized geometrical structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, intensities, reduced mass, force constants and depolarization ratio have been computed by the B3 based (B3LYP) density functional methods using 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational frequencies are analysed and compared with theoretically predicted vibrational frequencies. The geometries and normal modes of vibration obtained from DFT method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The Mulliken charges, the natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis, the values of electric dipole moment (μ) and the first-order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated molecule were computed using DFT calculations. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within molecule. The influences of bromine atom, chlorine atom and methyl group on the geometry of benzene and its normal modes of vibrations have also been discussed.

Vibrational spectroscopic, first-order hyperpolarizability and HOMO, LUMO studies of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene based on Hartree-Fock and DFT calculations

The Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) was recorded in the region 4000-400cm(-1). The Fourier-transform Raman spectrum of DCNB was also recorded in the region 3500-50cm(-1). Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of DCNB were carried out by ab initio HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (μ) and the first-order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated compound were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculated results also show that the DCNB might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of DCNB is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The theoretical FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra for the title compound have also been constructed.

FTIR and FT-Raman spectra, assignments, ab initio HF and DFT analysis of xanthine

The molecular vibrations of xanthine were investigated in polycrystalline sample, at room temperature by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectroscopies. The spectra of the molecule have been recorded in the regions 4000-50 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) gradient calculations with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational frequencies which were determined experimentally from the spectral data are compared with those obtained theoretically from ab initio and DFT calculations. A close agreement was achieved between the observed and calculated frequencies by refinement of the scale factors. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Thermodynamic properties like entropy, heat capacity, zero point energy have been calculated for the molecule. Unambiguous vibrational assignment of all the fundamentals was made using the potential energy distribution (PED).

Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, and p-chlorotoluene by ab initio HF and DFT calculations

In this work, experimental and theoretical study on the molecular structure and the vibrational spectra of o-chlorotoluene (OCT), m-chlorotoluene (MCT) and p-chlorotoluene (PCT) are presented. The vibrational frequencies of these compounds were obtained theoretically by ab initio HF and DFT/B3LYP calculations employing the standard 6-311++G(d,p) basis set for optimized geometries and were compared with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in the region of 400-4000 cm(-1) and with Raman spectra in the region of 100-4000 cm(-1). Complete vibrational assignment, analysis and correlation of the fundamental modes for these compounds have been carried out. The vibrational harmonic frequencies were scaled using scale factors, yielding a good agreement between the experimentally recorded and the theoretically calculated values.