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Li J, Cao L, Xu J, Dou Y, Yu J, He J, Xu L, Zhang C, Yu J, Kong D, Wu W. Adsorption-desorption of Atrazine with 9 Agricultural Soils in China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:32. [PMID: 38294690 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the characteristics and mechanisms for atrazine adsorption-desorption with 9 types of soils were investigated with batch equilibrium studies, elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and UV‒visible spectroscopy. The atrazine sorption data for the 9 soils showed better fits with the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model, except with Red earth in Jiangxi (REJ) The results showed that the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the organic matter (OM) content and negatively correlated with cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and pH. UV‒visible spectroscopy showed that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soil enhanced atrazine adsorption, but the adsorption on different DOM fractions was quite different. In addition, the infrared spectra revealed differences in the functional groups of soils and these functional groups may drive the adsorption process via hydrogen bonding and coordination with the -NH2 groups in atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juying Li
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Li Cao
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yezhi Dou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jian He
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Linghao Xu
- Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Cunliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Ji Nan Shi, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Wenzhu Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Alnahdi HS, Mousa RMA, El‐Said WA. Development of Organochlorine Pesticide Electrochemical Sensor Based on Fe
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Nanoparticles@indium Tin Oxide Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S. Alnahdi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry P.O. 80327 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Mousa Ahmed Mousa
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry P.O. 80327 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed A. El‐Said
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry P.O. 80327 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
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Moreira AJ, Lemos SG, Coelho D, Mascaro LH, Freschi GPG, Pereira EC. UV-Vis spectrophotometry coupled to chemometric analysis for the performance evaluation of atrazine photolysis and photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24010-24023. [PMID: 34820752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a spectrophotometric-chemometric (Spec-Chem) approach was applied as an alternative to chromatography to monitor ATZ and by-products after photolytic and photocatalytic oxidation aiming to unveil the ATZ degradation mechanism. Spec-Chem is an accessible, easy-to-operate, low-cost analytical approach to monitor atrazine (ATZ) and by-products, and its applicability was validated by HPLC, the reference technique for the evaluation of pollutant degradation mechanisms. The chromatographic (DChro) and spectrophotometric (DSpec) data found 95% and 57% ATZ removal after 30 min, respectively, proving that the DSpec erroneously induces a 38% loss in removal efficiency. When DSpec was treated by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis for providing chemometric data (DChem), it found ATZ removal and hydroxyatrazine (HAT) formation statistically equal to DChro (t-test, p = 0.05). After unraveling the ATZ degradation mechanism using Spec-Chem, a new hypothesis for the kinetic calculation of ATZ degradation was presented, where the concentrations of ATZ and HAT were used to find k and R2 values representative for the ATZ degradation mechanism. The values found for k were compatible with the literature under similar conditions of ATZ degradation, and the linear correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.99) showed an optimal fit for the proposed hypothesis. Thus, Spec-Chem was successfully applied to unravel the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of ATZ in the presence of TiO2, while k was obtained by the new hypothesis proposed that considered ATZ and HAT concentration as parameters of kinetic interest. Therefore, the importance of monitoring quantitatively ATZ and HAT were provided in this study, providing new information for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton J Moreira
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Campus Poços de Caldas, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sherlan G Lemos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Dyovani Coelho
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Mascaro
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gian P G Freschi
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Campus Poços de Caldas, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ernesto C Pereira
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Pereira RAF, Ugucione C, Pereira-Filho ER. Determination of inosine 5’-monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP) in yeast extracts using UV spectroscopy and chemometrics. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract This study proposed a method to determine the sum of the concentrations of inosine 5’-monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP) in final and intermediate products through a combination of UV spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Partial Least Squares regression (PLS regression) was used for the data analysis and the proposed methods presented errors of around 4 mg/L. In addition, the analysis cost is 10 times lower than the reference chromatographic method and the analytical frequency is 20 samples/hour.
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Bayat M, Shemirani F, Ghasemi JB. Simultaneous determination of binary solution of triphenylmethane dyes in complex matrices onto magnetic amino-rich SWCNT using second-order calibration method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:594. [PMID: 29086095 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study suggested a new method for simultaneous quantification of two dyes in complex matrices using second-order data by spectrophotometry. Second-order data was generated simply without any expensive instrument using two independent variables including wavelength and the monotonic addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on amino-rich magnetic single-walled carbon nanotube as an adsorbent was employed prior to second-order data generation. SPE optimization was performed by Box-Behnken design, and parameters and their interaction which were dependent on the simultaneous extraction of dyes were examined. Competitive Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for a binary system and individual dyes could all represent the equilibrium data well. The second-order data was processed by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC and PARAFAC2) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). Figures of merit of the model including a limit of detection of 3.0 and 2.5 ng mL-1 for crystal violet and malachite green, respectively, were estimated using the MCR-ALS method. The combination of the second-order calibration and SPE presents an easy and versatile method for determination of the mixture of two dyes in the presence of uncalibrated interferences in environmental water, synthetic, and fish samples with the recoveries of 94-104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shemirani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
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Appah E, Elzey B, Fakayode SO. Investigation of the binding and simultaneous quantifications of propanil and bromoxynil herbicide concentrations in human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:495-504. [PMID: 28541121 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1303323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reported the use of UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and partial-least-square (PLS) multivariate regression for accurate and simultaneous quantifications of two widely used herbicides, propanil, 3',4'-dichloropropionanilide (PPL) and bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (BXL) in human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological conditions. The binding affinity and thermodynamic properties of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes were also investigated. Partial-least-square (PLS) regression was used to collate the variability in the absorption or emission spectra of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes with PPL and/or BXL concentrations in HSA samples. The binding constants of 7.66× 108 M-1 for PPL-HSA and 4.88× 106 M-1 for BXL-HSA complexes were calculated at physiological conditions (temperature, 310 K; pH 7.4). Thermodynamic parameter values: enthalpy (ΔH) (13.99 kJ mol-1), entropy (ΔS) (0.078 kJ mol-1 K-1), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) (-10.19 kJ mol-1) were determined for PPL-HSA complexation at physiological conditions. However, differences in thermodynamic property values of: ΔH (-214.3 kJ mol-1), ΔS (-0.563 kJ mol-1 K-1), and ΔG (-39.70 kJ mol-1) were observed for BXL-HSA complexes. The binding constants and negative ΔG values indicated strong binding affinity and thermodynamically favorability of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complex formation. Results of the PLS regression calibration showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.998289), high sensitivity, and impressive low limit-of-detections (LODs) of 1.38× 10-8 M for PPL and 1.68× 10-8 M for BXL that are comparable and/or lower than many previously reported LODs for herbicide and pesticide analyses. Most importantly, PLS regression is capable of simultaneous quantifications of PPL and BXL concentrations in HSA samples with good accuracy and low errors of 3.66%. UV-visible spectrophotometers and spectrofluorometers are fairly inexpensive, easy to use, and are readily available in almost every laboratory, making this protocol excellent and affordable for routine analysis of weed/pest control chemical residues in humans. The results of this study are significant and remarkable that will provide critical insight into the binding mechanism of herbicide toxicity in humans and non-target organisms, which are of special interest in the area of biomedical study, environmental risk assessment, and ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Appah
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
| | - Brianda Elzey
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
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Bogomolov A. Diagonal designs for a multi-component calibration experiment. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 951:46-57. [PMID: 27998485 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern spectroscopic and sensor technologies combined with multivariate modelling are increasingly used for the quantitative analysis of complex mixtures. Their performance depends directly on the data design chosen for model training and validation. A well-balanced calibration experiment with the fewest samples possible presents additional challenges when several mixture components (factors) need to be calibrated on the same dataset and subsequently quantified from the same multivariate measurement. This practically important problem stays poorly addressed by the theory of experimental design. This theoretical work systematically formulates the requirements to an optimal calibration/validation dataset and introduces a new family of calibration designs, where the samples are placed along the diagonals of an experimental space that is a hypercube. Such placement is appropriate due to reasonable assumptions about the linear nature of analytical response. Suggested filling schemes allow economical diagonal designs with intrinsic validation to be built for multiple factors presented in as many levels as the number of samples. The most important practical cases of two and three factors are considered in detail, and generalization to higher dimensions is outlined. Diagonal designs of any complexity can be generated using a simple geometrical scheme or with a supplied script.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Bogomolov
- Samara State Technical University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, 443100 Samara, Russia; Global Modelling, Rembrandtstraße 1, 73433 Aalen, Germany.
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Martins EC, Melo VDF, Abate G. Evaluation of flow injection analysis method with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of atrazine in soil extracts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:609-615. [PMID: 27192103 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1181906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for determining atrazine in soil extracts was evaluated by flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection. The method is based on the reaction of atrazine with pyridine in an acid medium followed by the reaction with NaOH and sulfanilic acid. Several analytical conditions were previously studied and optimized. Under the best conditions of analysis, the limits of detection and quantification were 0.15 and 0.45 mg L(-1), respectively, for a linear response between 0.50 and 2.50 mg L(-1), and a sampling throughput of 21 determinations per hour. Using the standard addition method, the maximum relative standard deviation of 17% and recovery values between 80 and 100% were observed for three extracts from soil samples with different composition. The proposed method is simple, low-cost and easy to use, and can be employed for studies involving atrazine in soil samples or for screening of atrazine in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisandra C Martins
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Vander De F Melo
- b Department of Soil Science , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Gilberto Abate
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
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Riad SM, Salem H, Elbalkiny HT, Khattab FI. Validated univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals mixture in complex wastewater. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 140:451-461. [PMID: 25637816 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Five, accurate, precise, and sensitive univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of a ternary mixture containing Trimethoprim (TMP), Sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and Oxytetracycline (OTC) in waste water samples collected from different cites either production wastewater or livestock wastewater after their solid phase extraction using OASIS HLB cartridges. In univariate methods OTC was determined at its λmax 355.7 nm (0D), while (TMP) and (SMZ) were determined by three different univariate methods. Method (A) is based on successive spectrophotometric resolution technique (SSRT). The technique starts with the ratio subtraction method followed by ratio difference method for determination of TMP and SMZ. Method (B) is successive derivative ratio technique (SDR). Method (C) is mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR). The developed multivariate methods are principle component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS). The specificity of the developed methods is investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures containing different ratios of the three drugs. The obtained results are statistically compared with those obtained by the official methods, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision at p=0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa M Riad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham Salem
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Menia, Egypt
| | - Heba T Elbalkiny
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6th October City, Egypt.
| | - Fatma I Khattab
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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Li X, He Y, Zhao F, Zhang W, Ye Z. Molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for atrazine detection by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and selective atrazine (ATZ) electrochemical sensor was developed based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Yanfen He
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Fan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Zhuoliang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
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Amaral BD, de Araujo JA, Peralta-Zamora PG, Nagata N. Simultaneous determination of atrazine and metabolites (DIA and DEA) in natural water by multivariate electronic spectroscopy. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khani R, Ghasemi JB, Shemirani F. Simultaneous multicomponent spectrophotometric monitoring of methyl and propyl parabens using multivariate statistical methods after their preconcentration by robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 122:295-303. [PMID: 24317257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A powerful and efficient signal-preprocessing technique that combines local and multiscale properties of the wavelet prism with the global filtering capability of orthogonal signal correction (OSC) is applied for pretreatment of spectroscopic data of parabens as model compounds after their preconcentration by robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (IL-DLLME). In the proposed technique, a mixture of a water-immiscible ionic liquid (as extraction solvent) [Hmim][PF6] and disperser solvent is injected into an aqueous sample solution containing one of the IL's ions, NaPF6, as extraction solvent and common ion source. After preconcentration, the absorbance of the extracted compounds was measured in the wavelength range of 200-700 nm. The wavelet orthogonal signal correction with partial least squares (WOSC-PLS) method was then applied for simultaneous determination of each individual compound. Effective parameters, such as amount of IL, volume of the disperser solvent and amount of NaPF6, were inspected by central composite design to identify the most important parameters and their interactions. The effect of pH on the sensitivity and selectivity was studied according to the net analyte signal (NAS) for each component. Under optimum conditions, enrichment factors of the studied compounds were 75 for methyl paraben (MP) and 71 for propyl paraben (PP). Limits of detection for MP and PP were 4.2 and 4.8 ng mL(-)(1), respectively. The root mean square errors of prediction for MP and PP were 0.1046 and 0.1275 μg mL(-)(1), respectively. The practical applicability of the developed method was examined using hygienic, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and natural water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Khani
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 16617, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shemirani
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
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Lotfy HM, Saleh SS, Hassan NY, Elgizawy SM. Univariate versus Multivariate Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Complex Binary Mixtures with Overlapped Spectra: A Comparative Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2013.806410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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