1
|
Determination of trace manganese in soil samples by using eco-friendly switchable solvent based liquid phase microextraction-3 holes cut slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
2
|
Development of green vortex-assisted supramolecular solvent-based liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration of mercury in environmental and biological samples prior to spectrophotometric determination. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
3
|
Gouda AA, Subaihi A, El Hay SSA. Green Supramolecular Solvent-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction Method for Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminum in Food, Water, Hair and Urine Samples. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190117130822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Aluminum Al(III) is the most significant metal in the earth's crust to which
humans are frequently exposed and has several industrial applications. On the other hand, Al (III) has
high potential toxic impacts on some human pathologies like Parkinson and Alzheimer's disease. So,
it is very important to monitor and determine the trace level of Al (III) in various environmental and
biological samples.
Objective:
In the present work, a novel green supramolecular Solvent-Based Liquid-Phase
Microextraction (SS-LPME) procedure has been developed to preconcentrate and determine
aluminum (III) in various real samples.
Methods:
The proposed procedure was based on the application of 1-decanol/THF as a
Supramolecular Solvent (SS) system and quinalizarin as a chelating agent. Al(III)-quinalizarin
hydrophobic complex was obtained at pH 7.0, extracted into supramolecular solvent phase (1-
decanol/THF), centrifuged and then measured spectrophotometrically at 580 nm. The impact of
different analytical parameters on the microextraction efficiency was studied and optimized. The
validation of the proposed preconcentration procedure was checked using certified reference
materials.
Results:
The calibration curve was linear in the range of 2.0-150 μg L-1. The developed method has
preconcentration factor of 40 and detection limit (LOD) was 0.20 μg L-1. The precision of the method
was confirmed with low relative standard deviation (RSD ≤ 1.0%).
Conclusion:
This study explores the effectiveness of quinalizarin for the first time together with SS
to develop green SS-LPME method to preconcentrate and separate trace quantities of Al (III) in real
water, fruit juice, food, hair, and urine samples collected from Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. Gouda
- Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- Chemistry Department, Al-Qunfidhah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad S. Abd El Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Background:
Green chemistry is the application of methodologies and techniques to reduce
the use of hazardous substances, minimize waste generation and apply benign and cheap applications.
Methods:
In this article, the following issues were considered: greener solvents and reagents, miniaturization
of analytical instrumentation, reagent-free methodologies, greening with automation, greener
sample preparation methods, and greener detection systems. Moreover, the tables along with the investigated
topics including environmental analysis were included. The future aspects and the challenges
in green analytical chemistry were also discussed.
Results:
The prevention of waste generation, atomic economy, use of less hazardous materials for
chemical synthesis and design, use of safer solvents, auxiliaries and renewable raw materials, reduction
of unnecessary derivatization, design degradation products, prevention of accidents and development
of real-time analytical methods are important for the development of greener methodologies.
Conclusion:
Efforts should also be given for the evaluation of novel solid phases, new solvents, and
sustainable reagents to reduce the risks associated with the environment. Moreover, greener methodologies
enable energy efficient, safe and faster that reduce the use of reagents, solvents and preservatives
which are hazardous to both environment and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Yayayürük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmadreza Amraei, Niazi A, Alimoradi M, Hosseini M. Cloud Point Extraction and Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Allura Red and Carmoisine using Wavelet Orthogonal Signal Correction–Partial Least Squares Method. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Daşbaşı T, Soykan C, Çankaya N, Ülgen A. Determination of some trace metals with a new synthesized polymer resin by FAAS in various tea and herbal plants samples. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1470464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teslima Daşbaşı
- Cumhuriyet University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Gemerek Vocational School, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Soykan
- Uşak University, Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Nevin Çankaya
- Uşak University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ülgen
- Erciyes University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manganese Preconcentration and Speciation in Bioaccessible Fraction of Enteral Nutrition Formulas by Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
8
|
Masrournia M, Vaziry A. Preconcentration of Ti(IV) in Ore and Water by Cloud Point Extraction and Determination by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Daşbaşi T, Muğlu H, Soykan C, Ülgen A. SPE and determination by FAAS of heavy metals using a new synthesized polymer resin in various water and dried vegetables samples. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1424556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teslima Daşbaşi
- Cumhuriyet University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Gemerek Vocational School, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Halit Muğlu
- Kastamonu University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Soykan
- Uşak University, Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ülgen
- Erciyes University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Qin X, Gu W, Zhu X. Speciation analysis of Mn(II)/Mn(VII) using Fe3O4@ionic liquids-β-cyclodextrin polymer magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with ICP-OES. Talanta 2016; 161:325-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
"Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies". BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:57. [PMID: 27814772 PMCID: PMC5097420 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential heavy metal. However, Mn’s nutritional aspects are paralleled by its role as a neurotoxicant upon excessive exposure. In this review, we covered recent advances in identifying mechanisms of Mn uptake and its molecular actions in the brain as well as promising neuroprotective strategies. The authors focused on reporting findings regarding Mn transport mechanisms, Mn effects on cholinergic system, behavioral alterations induced by Mn exposure and studies of neuroprotective strategies against Mn intoxication. We report that exposure to Mn may arise from environmental sources, occupational settings, food, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), methcathinone drug abuse or even genetic factors, such as mutation in the transporter SLC30A10. Accumulation of Mn occurs mainly in the basal ganglia and leads to a syndrome called manganism, whose symptoms of cognitive dysfunction and motor impairment resemble Parkinson’s disease (PD). Various neurotransmitter systems may be impaired due to Mn, especially dopaminergic, but also cholinergic and GABAergic. Several proteins have been identified to transport Mn, including divalent metal tranporter-1 (DMT-1), SLC30A10, transferrin and ferroportin and allow its accumulation in the central nervous system. Parallel to identification of Mn neurotoxic properties, neuroprotective strategies have been reported, and these include endogenous antioxidants (for instance, vitamin E), plant extracts (complex mixtures containing polyphenols and non-characterized components), iron chelating agents, precursors of glutathione (GSH), and synthetic compounds that can experimentally afford protection against Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient sorbent for the solid phase extraction of trace amounts of heavy metal ions in food and water samples. Food Chem 2016; 202:409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Pakade VE, Monageng SM, Tavengwa NT. Removal of Ni(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Ion Imprinted Polymer Prepared from Dual Vinyl Monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2016.131.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Liu L, Li T, Wu M, Yu H. Determination of Manganese(II) with Preconcentration on Almond Skin and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1173048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Wang L, Cao P, Li W, Tong P, Zhang X, Du Y. Simultaneous detection of trace metal ions in water by solid phase extraction spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 159:151-156. [PMID: 26845581 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid Phase Extraction Spectroscopy (SPES) developed in this paper is a technique to measure spectrum directly on the solid phase material where the analytes are concentrated in SPE process. Membrane enrichment and UV-Visible spectroscopy were utilized to fulfill SPES, and multivariate calibration method of partial least squares (PLS) was used to simultaneously detect the concentrations of trace cobalt (II) and zinc (II) in water samples. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and selective. The complexes of analyte ions were collected on the cellulose acetate membranes via membrane filtration after the complexation reaction with 1-2-pyridylazo 2-naphthol (PAN). The spectra of the membranes which contained the complexes of metal ions and PAN were measured directly without eluting. The analytical conditions including pH, reaction time, sample volume, the amount of PAN, and flow rates were optimized. Nonionic surfactant Brij-30 was absorbed on the membranes prior to SPES to modify the membranes for improving the enrichment and spectrum measurement. The interference from other ions to the determination was investigated. Under the optimal condition, the absorbance was linearly related to the concentration at the range of 0.1-3.0 μg/L and 0.1-2.0 μg/L, with the correlation coefficients (R(2)) of 0.9977 and 0.9951 for Co (II) and Zn (II), respectively. The limits of detection were 0.066 μg/L for cobalt (II) and 0.104 μg/L for zinc (II). PLS regression with leave-one-out cross-validation was utilized to build models to detect cobalt (II) and zinc (II) in drinking water samples simultaneously. The correlation coefficient between ion concentration and spectrum of calibration set and independent prediction set were 1.0000 and 0.9974 for cobalt (II) and 1.0000 and 0.9956 for zinc (II). For cobalt (II) and zinc (II), the errors of the prediction set were in the range 0.0406-0.1353 μg/L and 0.0025-0.1884 μg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Yantai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beima Rd 66, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peijin Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiping Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd 130, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Determination of thorium(IV) in real samples by spectrophotometry after micelle-mediated cloud point extraction. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
BITIRMIS B, TRAK D, ARSLAN Y, KENDÜZLER E. A Novel Method Using Solid-Phase Extraction with Slotted Quartz Tube Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Manganese in Walnut Samples. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:667-71. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedrana BITIRMIS
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
| | - Digdem TRAK
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
| | - Yasin ARSLAN
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
| | - Erdal KENDÜZLER
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Selectivity of CK2 Inhibitor Quinalizarin: A Reevaluation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:734127. [PMID: 26558278 PMCID: PMC4628998 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many polyphenolic compounds have been reported to inhibit protein kinases, with special reference to CK2, a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase, implicated in neoplasia, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infections. In general however these compounds are not endowed with stringent selectivity. Among them quinalizarin (1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone) turned out to be particularly potent (Ki = 0.058 μM) and quite selective as judged by profiling it on a small panel of 70 protein kinases. Here, by profiling quinalizarin on a larger panel of 140 kinases we reach the conclusion that quinalizarin is one of the most selective inhibitors of CK2, superior to the first-in-class CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945, now in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Moreover here we show that quinalizarin is able to discriminate between the isolated CK2 catalytic subunit (CK2α) and CK2 holoenzyme (CK2α2 β2), consistent with in silico and in vitro analyses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Berg KE, Adkins JA, Boyle SE, Henry CS. Manganese Detection Using Stencil-printed Carbon Ink Electrodes on Transparency Film. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Gouda AA. A new coprecipitation method without carrier element for separation and preconcentration of some metal ions at trace levels in water and food samples. Talanta 2015; 146:435-41. [PMID: 26695287 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new simple and sensitive preconcentration, separation and environmentally friendly method based on carrier element free coprecipitation (CEFC) was developed using 4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-1,2-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (APSAL) as a new organic co-precipitant to precipitate Cr(3+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) ions from water and food samples. The levels of the studied elements were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The impact of several analytical parameters, such as pH, sample volume and coprecipitant amount as well as centrifugation rate and time was investigated to recover the examined metal ions. The influence of matrix ions was also tested, and no interferences were observed. The recovery values of the analyte ions were calculated and found to be in the range of 95-101%. The detection limits, corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank (N=10), were found to be in the range of 0.2-1.2 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated to evaluate the precision of the proposed method and was found to be ≤5.0%. The calculated preconcentration factor was 100. The proposed method was successfully applied to separate and preconcentrate trace amounts of ions in several water and food samples. To confirm the accuracy and validate the proposed method, certified reference materials were analyzed with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Gouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akl ZF. Micelle-mediated preconcentration using cationic surfactants for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium in aqueous solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Melnyk A, Namieśnik J, Wolska L. Theory and recent applications of coacervate-based extraction techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Silva WPN, Nascimento AEGD, Moura MCPDA, Oliveira HNMD, Barros Neto ELD. Study of phenol removal by cloud point extraction: A process optimization using experimental design. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Heydari R, Hosseini M, Zarabi S. A simple method for determination of carmine in food samples based on cloud point extraction and spectrophotometric detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:786-791. [PMID: 26103432 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and cost effective method was developed for extraction and pre-concentration of carmine in food samples by using cloud point extraction (CPE) prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Carmine was extracted from aqueous solution using Triton X-100 as extracting solvent. The effects of main parameters such as solution pH, surfactant and salt concentrations, incubation time and temperature were investigated and optimized. Calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.04-5.0 μg mL(-1) of carmine in the initial solution with regression coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification were 0.012 and 0.04 μg mL(-1), respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentration level (0.05 μg mL(-1)) of carmine was 4.8% (n=7). Recovery values in different concentration levels were in the range of 93.7-105.8%. The obtained results demonstrate the proposed method can be applied satisfactory to determine the carmine in food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Heydari
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 68149-89468, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Sanaz Zarabi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|