Simultaneous quantitative determination of paracetamol and tramadol in tablet formulation using UV spectrophotometry and chemometric methods

A highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for the simultaneous analysis of the anti-breast cancer co-administered drugs, letrozole and tramadol in dosage forms and human plasma at nanogram levels

Letrozole is an anticancer medication prescribed for the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Chronic pain is prevalent in patients receiving chemotherapy, leading to the use of adjuvant analgesics such as tramadol. This work introduces the first analytical approach for the concurrent quantification of letrozole and tramadol, two co-administered drugs, employing a rapid, highly sensitive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique. The fluorescence of tramadol and letrozole was measured at wavelengths of 235.9 nm and 241.9 nm, respectively using a wavelength difference (Δλ) of 60.0 nm. The developed approach demonstrated exceptional linearity (r ˃ 0.999) within the specified concentration ranges for tramadol (10.0-1200.0 ng/mL) and letrozole (1.0-140.0 ng/mL). The results demonstrated that the proposed technique exhibits a high level of sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.569 and 0.143 ng/mL for tramadol and letrozole, respectively, indicating the good bioanalytical applicability. The within-run precisions, both intra-day and inter-day, for both analytes, were less than 0.71 % RSD. The developed approach was effectively applied to simultaneously estimate the mentioned drugs in their tablets and human plasma samples, achieving high percentage recoveries and low % RSD values. In order to assess the environmental sustainability of the developed approach, Analytical GREEnnessNNESS (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metric tools were employed. Both tools revealed that the developed approach is excellent green, suggesting its usage as an environmentally-friendly alternative for the routine assayof the investigated pharmaceuticals. The developed approach was validated according to the ICHQ2 (R1) requirements.

Ultra-Sensitive Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Acetaminophen over Hollow Porous AuAg Alloy Nanospheres

Hollow porous AuAg nanospheres (AuAg HPNSs) were obtained through a simple solvothermal synthesis, complemented by a dealloying strategy. The hollow interior, open pore voids, and integral interconnected skeleton shell in AuAg HPNSs are beneficial for providing sufficient electrolyte diffusion and contacts, abundant active sites, and efficient electron transport. This specific structure and the favorable alloy synergism contribute to the superior electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC). AuAg HPNSs show high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent sensing durability, and outstanding repeatability for amperometric assays of AC and DA. In particular, the AuAg-based sensors achieve effective ultrasensitive simultaneous analyses of AC and DA, exhibiting the characteristics of the wide linear range and low detection limit. With their prominent electrocatalytic activity and simple preparation methods, AuAg HPNSs present broad application prospects for constructing a highly responsive electrochemical sensing system.

A comparative analysis of univariate versus multivariate eco-friendly spectrophotometric manipulations for resolving severely overlapped spectra of vonoprazan and amoxicillin new combination

Vonoprazan and amoxicillin are pharmacological combinations that demonstrate synergistic effects in treating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a global public health concern associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Four spectrophotometric methods were developed, including two univariate techniques (Fourier self-deconvolution and ratio difference) and two multivariate chemometric approaches (partial least squares and principal component regression). These methods provide innovative solutions for effectively resolving and accurately quantifying the overlapping spectra of vonoprazan and amoxicillin. The concentration ranges covered were 3-60 μg ml-1 for vonoprazan and 5-140 μg ml-1 for amoxicillin. To assess the environmental sustainability of the methodologies, various measures such as the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical GREEnness Calculator, and Analytical Eco-scale, as well as RGB12 and hexagon toll were implemented. The validation of the developed techniques was carried out in compliance with ICH standards. The present study is highly significant because it is the first time that the mixture has been determined using the current approaches. The comparative analysis demonstrated no significant difference in terms of accuracy and precision compared to reference HPLC method (p = 0.05). The established spectrophotometric methods offer a straightforward, rapid, and cost-effective alternative to complex analytical techniques for determining the vonoprazan and amoxicillin mixture. They show potential for routine analysis in research laboratories and pharmaceutical industries.

First derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and celecoxib in their dosage forms and human plasma

One of the most common features of many different clinical conditions is pain; hence, there is a crucial need for eliminating or reducing it to a tolerable level to retrieve physical, psychological and social functioning. A first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry technique is proposed for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and tramadol HCl, a recent coformulation authorized for treating acute pain in adults. The method includes using synchronous spectrofluorimetry at ∆λ = 80 nm where tramadol HCl was determined using first derivative technique at λ = 230.2 nm, while celecoxib was determined at λ = 288.24 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied to their co-formulated dosage forms in addition to spiked human plasma and validated in agreement with the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The linear ranges were found to be 0.50-5.0 and 0.15-0.50, the limits of detection to be 0.088 and 0.011 and the limits of quantification to be 0.266 and 0.032 μg/ml for celecoxib and tramadol, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference when compared with previously reported methods as evidenced by the values of the variance ratio F-test and Student t-test. The proposed method was successfully applied to commercial dosage forms and spiked human samples. Moreover, the greenness of the proposed method was investigated based on the analytical eco-scale approach, with the results showing an excellent green scale with a score of 95.

Methylene blue-assisted molecularly-imprinted film modified nitrogen and sulfur co-doped molybdenum carbide for simultaneous electrochemical determination of two hepatotoxic drugs

A novel electrochemical sensor with a dual-template molecular imprinting technology was fabricated for the simultaneous detection of paracetamol (PAR) and isoniazid (INZ). The sensor was constructed using nitrogen and sulfur co-doped molybdenum carbide (N, S@Mo2C) and a thin layer of electro-polymerized methylene blue was applied onto the surface of the N, S@Mo2C. The electrochemical sensor demonstrated remarkable analytical efficiency for the concurrent PAR and INZ quantification under optimal circumstances. The system achieved an exceptionally low limit of detection (S/N = 3) of  3.7 nM for PAR, with a concentration range  of  0.013 and 140 µM.  A LOD of 7.6 nM was attained for INZ, with a linear range  between 0.025 and 140 µM. Furthermore, the platform's selectivity was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry  (DPV). The designed platform successfully detected PAR and INZ in authentic samples with recoveries varying between 98.3% and 104.9%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for these measurements ranged from 2.7 to 4.0%, demonstrating that the proposed sensor is extremely stable, repeatable, and reproducible. These promising results suggest that the sensor holds potential for the detection of various (bio) molecules, paving the way for future applications in sensing fields.

Eco-friendly simultaneous multi-spectrophotometric estimation of the newly approved drug combination of celecoxib and tramadol hydrochloride tablets in its dosage form

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved co-formulated celecoxib and tramadol for the treatment of acute pain in adults. Three spectrophotometric methods were efficiently applied to estimate the co-formulated Celecoxib and Tramadol in their tablets; second derivative 2D-spectrophotometry technique (method I), induced dual-wavelength technique (method II) and dual-wavelength resolution technique (method III). The proposed methods were successfully validated following the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and statistically assessed based on the correlation coefficients, relative standard deviations as well as detection and quantitation limits. The obtained results revealed non-significant differences compared to the reported results as revealed by the variance ratio F test and Student t test. Moreover, the applied techniques were further assessed concerning their greenness based on the analytical eco-scale method revealing an excellent green scale with a final score of 95. The proposed spectrophotometric techniques could be applied for the routine analysis and quality control of the studied drugs in their dosage form.

Fe–Decorated Nitrogen–Doped Carbon Nanospheres as an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of Acetaminophen

In this work, Fe–decorated nitrogen–doped carbon nanospheres are prepared for electrochemical monitoring of acetaminophen. Via a direct pyrolysis of the melamine–formaldehyde resin spheres, the well–distributed Fe–NC spheres were obtained. The as–prepared Fe–NC possesses enhanced catalysis towards the redox of acetaminophen for abundant active sites and high–speed charge transfer. The effect of loading Fe species on the electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen is investigated in detail. The synergistic effect of nitrogen doping along with the above–mentioned properties is taken advantage of in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors for the acetaminophen determination. Based on the calibration plot, the limits of detection (LOD) were calculated to be 0.026 μM with a linear range from 0–100 μM. Additionally satisfactory repeatability, stability, and selectivity are obtained.

A green spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of nasal binary mixture used in respiratory diseases: Applying isosbestic point and chemometric approaches as a resolving tool, greenness evaluation

Nasal drug combination is a very useful therapy for elevating the symptoms of various respiratory diseases as seasonal allergic rhinitis and infectious respiratory illness as pandemic COVID-19. One of best combination is Fluticasone propionate (FLU) and Azelastine (AZE). In this study, different UV spectrophotometric and chemometric methods have been applied for quantitative analysis of FLU and AZE without previous separation in their pure form, laboratory prepared mixture and pharmaceutical dosage form. Absorbance subtraction (AS) and Amplitude modulation (AM) spectrophotometric methods have been applied for the simultaneous determination of the cited drugs. Besides, three well-known chemometric techniques; namely, classical least squares (CLS), partial least square (PLS), and principal component regression (PCR) have been applied for the simultaneous analysis of both drugs by using spectrophotometric data. To be friendly to the environment, the greenness of the proposed methods was taken into consideration and evaluation of the analytical methods' greenness was done using two green analytical chemistry metrics known as, Analytical Greenness Calculator and an eco-scale scoring method. They indicated that the methods were environmentally friendly in relation to numerous approaches like instrument, reagents, and safety of waste. Analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures including different quantities of FLU and AZE, as well as their marketed dose form, was used to assess the selectivity of the applied methods. The validity of the developed methods was investigated by applying the standard addition technique. The resulting data were statistically compared to those obtained by the official or reported HPLC methods for FLU and AZE, which revealed no significant difference in accuracy and precision at p = 0.05.

Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene

Because of the widespread acetaminophen usage and the danger of harmful overdosing effects, developing appropriate procedures for its quantitative and qualitative assay has always been an intriguing and fascinating problem. A quick, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approach based on direct voltage anodic graphite rod exfoliation in the presence of inorganic salt aqueous solution ((NH₄)₂SO₄-0.3 M) has been established for the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene (exf-NGr). The XRD analysis shows that the working material appears as a mixture of few (76.43%) and multi-layers (23.57%) of N-doped graphenes. From XPS, the C/O ratio was calculated to be 0.39, indicating a significant number of structural defects and the existence of multiple oxygen-containing groups at the surface of graphene sheets caused by heteroatom doping. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with exf-NGr for acetaminophen (AMP) detection and quantification have been assessed. The exf-NGr/GCE-modified electrode shows excellent reproducibility, stability, and anti-interfering characteristics with improved electrocatalytic activity over a wide detection range (0.1-100 µM), with a low limit for AMP detection (LOD = 3.03 nM). In addition, the developed sensor has been successfully applied in real sample analysis for the AMP quantification from different commercially available pharmaceutical formulations.

A bibliometric analysis of graphene in acetaminophen detection: Current status, development, and future directions

Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic throughout the world. Detection of acetaminophen has particular value in pharmacy and clinics. Electrochemical sensors assembled with advanced materials are an effective method for the rapid detection of acetaminophen. Graphene-based carbon nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for potential analytical applications in the last decade. In this article, we selected papers containing both graphene and acetaminophen. Bibliometrics was used to analyze the relationships and trends among these papers. The results show that the topic has grown at a high rate since 2009. Among them, the detection of acetaminophen by an electrochemical sensor based on graphene is the most important direction. Graphene has moved from being a primary sensing material to a substrate for immobilization of other active ingredients. In addition, the degradation of acetaminophen using graphene-modified electrodes is also an important direction. We analyzed the research history and current status of this topic through bibliometrics. Authors, institutions, countries, and key literature were discussed. We also proposed perspectives for this topic.

An Innovative Simple Electrochemical Levofloxacin Sensor Assembled from Carbon Paste Enhanced with Nano-Sized Fumed Silica

A new electrochemical sensor for the detection of levofloxacin (LV) was efficiently realized. The aim was to develop a new, cheap, and simple sensor for the detection of LV, which is used in various infections due to its pharmacological importance. It consists of carbon paste (CP) enhanced with nano-sized fumed silica (NFS). NFS has a very low bulk density and a large surface area. The carbon paste-enhanced NFS electrode (NFS/CPE) showed great electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of 1.0 mM LV in Britton–Robinson buffer (BR) at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 8.0. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used; the peak current value (I_p) of the NFS/CPE sensor was 2.7 times that of the bare electrode, ensuring its high electrocatalytic activity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at a peak potential (E_p) of +1066 mV, yielding a resistance of 10 kΩ for the designed NFS/CPE sensor compared to 2461 kΩ for the bare electrode, indicating the high conductivity of the modified sensor and verifying the data observed using the CV technique. Surface descriptions were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The variation in the concentration of LV (2.0 to 1000 µM) was considered in BR buffer (pH = 5.0) at a scan rate (SR) of 10 mV/s by the NFS/CPE. The detection and quantification limits were 0.09 µM and 0.30 µM, respectively. To evaluate the application of LV in real samples, this procedure was established on Quinostarmax 500 mg tablets and human plasma samples. Reasonable results were obtained for the detection of LV.

Magnetic cryogels as a shape-selective and customizable platform for hyperthermia-mediated drug delivery

Cryogels consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and iron (II, III) oxide magnetic nanoparticles coated with a model drug—acetaminophen, were developed as a tunable platform for thermally triggered drug release, based on shape-selective heat transfer. Two different shapes of cryogels; discs and spherical caps, were formed via adding polymer-nanoparticle-drug mixtures into 3D printed molds, followed by freeze-thawing five times. No additional chemical crosslinking agents were used for gel formation and the iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with acetaminophen using only citric acid as a hydrogen-bonding linker. The two gel shapes displayed varying levels of acetaminophen release within 42–50 °C, which are ideal temperatures for hyperthermia induced drug delivery. The amount and time of drug-release were shown to be tunable by changing the temperature of the medium and the shape of the gels, while keeping all other factors (ex. gel volume, surface area, polymer/nanoparticle concentrations and drug-loading) constant. The discs displayed higher drug release at all temperatures while being particularly effective at lower temperatures (42–46 °C), in contrast to the spherical caps, which were more effective at higher temperatures (48–50 °C). Magnetic hyperthermia-mediated thermal imaging and temperature profiling studies revealed starkly different heat transfer behavior from the two shapes of gels. The disc gels retained their structural integrity up to 51 °C, while the spherical caps were stable up to 59 °C, demonstrating shape-dependent robustness. The highly customizable physicochemical features, facile synthesis, biocompatibility and tunable drug release ability of these cryogels offer potential for their application as a low cost, safe and effective platform for hyperthermia-mediated drug delivery, for external applications such as wound care/muscle repair or internal applications such as melanoma treatment.

Transition metal copper composite ionic liquid self-built ratiometric sensor for the detection of paracetamol

In this paper, a MOF derivative Cu-PF₆-MOF composed of transition metal copper and ionic liquid [BMIM] PF₆ was used to construct a ratiometric electrochemical sensor for paracetamol detection. Cu-PF₆-MOF was synthesized by chemical bath method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Owing to the introduction of ionic liquid [BMIM] PF₆ and the synthetic effect on transition metal copper and ionic liquid [BMIM] PF₆, Cu-PF₆-MOF has the higher conductivity, larger electroactive surface area and better intrinsic catalytic properties of the skeletal transition metal, exhibiting enhanced electrocatalytic response to the reduction of paracetamol. The stable reduction peak at -104 mV was used as the ratiometric signal for analytical paracetamol detection using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), with a linear range of 0.1-100 μM and a detection limit of 0.03 μM (S/N = 3). In addition, the constructed sensor showed good reproducibility, stability and interference resistance, as well as ideal recoveries (98.20%-104.40%) for the analysis of paracetamol in water samples.

Cost-effective and earth-friendly chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of Acetaminophen and Ascorbic Acid in pharmaceutical formulation

The development of analytical chemistry is omnipresent in all fields, this leads to considerable consumption of organic solvents and hazardous reagents with an increase in the production of waste to be treated. In this work, we developed simple, fast, cost-effective and above all environmentally friendly methods for the analysis of Acetaminophen (ACT) and Ascorbic acid (ASC) in synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulation, using UV spectroscopy. Four chemometric methods were studied, including PLS-1 with full-spectrum (Full-PLS) and PLS-1 using three variable selection methods, namely subset selection through a genetic algorithm (GA), uninformative variable elimination using iterative predictor weighting (IPW), and variable selection by sub-window permutation analysis (SwPA). The accuracy of the developed methods was evaluated through the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the recovery values. All methods showed more accurate prediction results in comparison with full-PLS calibration. Furthermore, the results indicate that the GA-PLS models showed the highest prediction accuracy among all other models with RMSEP and MAPE values of (0.0494 and 0.610) and (0.0163 and 0.321) for the estimation of ACT and ASC, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of ACT and ASC in their combined dosage form. In addition, the results obtained were statistically compared to those of the conventionally used HPLC method and were found to be in good agreement. The main advantages of the developed methods over HPLC during routine analysis are that they are faster, inexpensive, simple to perform, without the need for major pretreatment of samples. Besides, no organic solvents are used, and thus toxicity and pollution are avoided.

Quality-by-design in pharmaceutical development: From current perspectives to practical applications

Current pharmaceutical research directions tend to follow a systematic approach in the field of applied research and development. The concept of quality-by-design (QbD) has been the focus of the current progress of pharmaceutical sciences. It is based on, but not limited, to risk assessment, design of experiments and other computational methods and process analytical technology. These tools offer a well-organized methodology, both to identify and analyse the hazards that should be handled as critical, and are therefore applicable in the control strategy. Once implemented, the QbD approach will augment the comprehension of experts concerning the developed analytical technique or manufacturing process. The main activities are oriented towards the identification of the quality target product profiles, along with the critical quality attributes, the risk management of these and their analysis through in silico aided methods. This review aims to offer an overview of the current standpoints and general applications of QbD methods in pharmaceutical development.

CuS nanoparticles-enhanced luminol-O2 chemiluminescence reaction used for determination of paracetamol and vancomycin

A new chemiluminescence (CL) method was proposed to measure two widely used drugs, including paracetamol (PCM) and vancomycin (VAN). The CL reaction used was the CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs)-luminol-O₂ system. In this system, CuS NPs played the role of catalyst and increased the CL intensity. CuS NPs were easily synthesized by quick-precipitation. CuS NPs were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the mean size of NPs was estimated to be about 9 nm. In the developed CL methods, PCM and VAN decreased the CL intensity. In the proposed method, the linear concentration ranges were 4.0 × 10^-5-4.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 of PCM and 2.0 × 10^-5-6.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 of VAN. The limit of detections were 2.9 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 and 8.9 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 for PCM and VAN, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the CL method were 2.99 and 4.31 (n = 6) for the determination of 3.0 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 PCM and VAN, respectively. It was also shown that the CL methods can measure PCM and VAN concentrations in various real samples.

Using least angular regression to model the antibacterial potential of metronidazole complexes

Imidazole has anti-inflammatory, antituberculotic, antimicrobial, antimycotic, antiviral, and antitumor properties in the human body, to name a few. Metronidazole [1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole] is a widely used antiprotozoan and antibacterial medication. Using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the current study models the antibacterial activity of already synthesised Metronidazole (MTZ) complexes (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Cu$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Cu, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Cu-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Cu-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ$$\end{document}MTZ, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Cu$$\end{document}MTZ-Cu, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Cu-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Cu-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Ag$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Ag, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Ag-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Ag-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Ag$$\end{document}MTZ-Ag and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Ag-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Ag-Cl2CHCOOH) against E. coli, B. bronceptica, S. epidermidis, B. pumilus and S. aureus. To characterise the Metronidazole complexes for antibacterial activity against 05 microbes, the least angular regression and least absolute shrinkage selection operators were used. Asymmetric Least Squares was used to correct the spectrum baseline. Least angular regression outperforms cross-validated root mean square error in the fitted models. Using Least angular regression, influential wavelengths that explain the variation in antibacterial activity of Metronidazole complexes were identified and mapped against functional groups.

Ecofriendly Simple UV Spectrophotometric and Chemometric Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Paracetamol Aceclofenac and Eperisone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation: Assessment of Greenness Profile

This work introduces three eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol, Aceclofenac and Eperisone Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The procedures employed were simultaneous equation method and multivariate chemometric methods with phosphate buffer pH 7.80 as diluent. The simultaneous equation method encompasses absorbance measurement at three different wavelengths (λmax of the drugs). It exhibits linearity between 12–18 µg mL−1 for paracetamol, 3.69–5.53 µg mL−1 for Aceclofenac, and 2.76–4.15 µg mL−1 Eperisone hydrochloride. The results obtained for accuracy and precision by the simultaneous equation method were within the permissible limits. Principal component regression and partial least squares were the tools used for chemometric methods. The calibration set and prediction set were constructed, and the UV spectra were recorded in zero order mode, further subjected to chemometric analysis. The % recoveries obtained for Paracetamol, Aceclofenac, and Eperisone Hydrochloride by chemometric techniques showed good accuracy, and the results obtained for analytical figures of merit were acceptable. Statistical comparison of the assay results obtained for the proposed methods showed no significant difference found among the methods using one way analysis of variance. Greenness evaluation tools revealed the greenness profile of the proposed methods and found them to be ecofriendly. The described methods were appropriate for routine quality control laboratories, facilitating eco-friendly, fast, and cost effective determination of Paracetamol, Aceclofenac, and Eperisone Hydrochloride in Acemyoset P tablets.

Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Carbon Sensor Modified with Anionic Surfactant (aSPCE/SDS) for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Diclofenac and Tramadol

In this work, an electrochemically activated screen-printed carbon electrode modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (aSPCE/SDS) was proposed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PA), diclofenac (DF), and tramadol (TR). Changes of surface morphology and electrochemical behaviour of the electrode after the electrochemical activation with H₂O₂ and SDS surface modification were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of various parameters on the responses of the aSPCE/SDS such as pH and concentration of the buffer, SDS concentration, and techniques parameters were investigated. Using optimised conditions (E_acc. of −0.4 V, t_acc. of 120 s, ΔE_A of 150 mV, ν of 250 mV s⁻¹, and t_m of 10 ms), the aSPCE/SDS showed a good linear response in the concentration ranges of 5.0 × 10⁻⁸–2.0 × 10⁻⁵ for PA, 1.0 × 10⁻⁹–2.0 × 10⁻⁷ for DF, and 1.0 × 10⁻⁸–2.0 × 10⁻⁷ and 2.0 × 10⁻⁷–2.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ for TR. The limits of detection obtained during the simultaneous determination of PA, DF, and TR are 1.49 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹, 2.10 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹, and 1.71 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹, respectively. The selectivity of the aSPCE/SDS was evaluated by examination of the impact of some inorganic and organic substances that are commonly present in environmental and biological samples on the responses of PA, DF, and TR. Finally, the differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric (DPAdSV) procedure using the aSPCE/SDS was successfully applied for the determination of PA, DF, and TR in river water and serum samples as well as pharmaceuticals.

Ratiometric electrochemical sensing based on Mo2C for detection of acetaminophen

In this work, MoO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and annealed to form Mo2C nanoparticles. This is the first report of a ratiometric electrochemical sensor (R-ECS) for the detection of acetaminophen (AP), in which Mo2C is used as the sensing agent and ferrocene (FC) is used as an internal reference. FC (100 μM) is added directly to the electrolyte solution for convenient operation. The synthesized materials were fully characterized with respect to composition, morphology and electrochemical performance. The oxidation peak potentials of FC (0.196 V) and AP (0.364 V) can be completely separated by the Mo2C modified glassy carbon electrode, and their ratiometric signals are used for the quantification of AP. It was found that the oxidation peak currents of AP at separated potentials on Mo2C/GCE are linear with concentration in the range of 0.5-600 μM, and the detection limit is 0.029 μM (S/N = 3). Mo2C/GCE exhibited decent repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity. The sensor was then applied to measure AP in tap water and river water.

Room Temperature Ionic Liquids-Based Electrochemical Sensors: An Overview on Paracetamol Detection

Paracetamol (PAR) is an effective antipyretic and analgesic drug utilized worldwide, safer at therapeutic levels but over-dosing and the chronic usage of PAR results in accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to kidney and liver damages. Hence, a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive analytical technique is needed for the accurate determination of PAR in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Though numerous techniques have been reported for PAR detection, electrochemical methods are being receiving more interest due to their advantages. Moreover, in the past few decades, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been utilized in electrochemical sensors due to their attractive properties. In this present review, authors gathered research findings available for the determination of PAR using RTIL-based electrochemical sensors and discussed. The advantages and limitations in these systems as well as the future research directions are summarized.

On line kinetic analysis of permeation profiles for UV filter loaded microemulsions using an automatic system with spectroscopic detection and a chemometric approach

On-line and green automatic methods with spectrophotometric detection were developed to the obtention of permeation kinetic constants of octyl p-methoxycinnamate in o/w microemulsions. The effect of interferences was overcome using chemometric tools.

A Screen-Printed Electrode Modified With Graphene/Co3O4 Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Tramadol

In this paper, graphene (Gr)/Co₃O₄ nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized for the development of a novel electrochemical sensor to detect tramadol. Tramadol determination was examined by linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry on Gr/Co₃O₄ nanocomposite-modified screen-printed electrode (Gr/Co₃O₄/SPE) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Under the optimized condition, the detection limit of tramadol is 0.03 μM (S/N = 3) in the linear ranges of 0.1–500.0 μM. Furthermore, Gr/Co₃O₄/SPE was satisfactorily utilized to detect tramadol in tramadol tablet and urine specimens.

Analysis of quinary therapy targeting multiple cardiovascular diseases using UV spectrophotometry and chemometric tools

Herein, UV spectrophotometry assisted by multivariate chemometric analysis have been presented for quantitative determination of complex quinary therapy containing atenolol, ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide, simvastatin and aspirin without any prior separation. Such combination is very useful for treating various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia in addition to its antiplatelet aggregating activity. Calibration (15 samples) and validation (10 samples) sets were prepared of different concentrations for these drugs via implementing partial factorial experimental design. The zero order UV spectra of these sets were recorded and then subjected for further chemometric analysis. Partial least square (PLS) with/without variable selection procedure i.e. genetic algorithm (GA) were employed to untangle the UV spectral overlapping of these mixtures. The performance of these chemometric techniques were compared in terms of accuracy and predictive abilities using cross-validation and external validation methods. It was found that PLS provides good recoveries with prompt predictive ability albeit GA-PLS exhibited better analytical performance owing to its capability to remove redundant variables i.e. the number of absorbance variables had been reduced to about 19-28%. The developed methods allowed reliable determination of such complex therapy in its laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical preparation within comparable results to those reported by HPLC method, posing these chemometric methods as valuable and indispensable analytical tools in in-process testing and quality control analysis of many pharmaceutical compounds targeting CVD.

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019

This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.

Comparative Electroanalytical Studies of Graphite Flake and Multilayer Graphene Paste Electrodes

In this paper, the fabrication, surface characterisation and electrochemical properties of graphite flake (GFPE) and multilayer graphene (MLGPE) paste electrodes are described. The Raman investigations and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze and compare structure of both carbon materials. The electroanalytical performance of both electrodes was examined and compared on the basis of the square-wave and cyclic voltammetric behavior of acetaminophen and model redox systems. Results of those studies revealed that GFPE has a larger electroactive surface area and better conductive properties, whilst MLGPE demonstrate better analytical characteristic in case of acetaminophen (AC) determination. AC determination was developed using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV). For both working electrodes, the process of accumulation enabled us to obtain an extended linear range and to lower the detection limit. In pharmaceutical formulations, AC was determined with good recovery.

RP-HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric Analysis of Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Caffeine in Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms by Derivative, Fourier, and Wavelet Transforms: A Comparison Study

Different signal-transforming algorithms were applied for UV spectrophotometric analysis of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and caffeine in ternary mixtures. Phosphate buffer pH 7.2 was used as the spectrophotometric solvent. Severe overlapping spectra could be resolved into individual bands in the range of wavelengths 200-300 nm by using Savitzky-Golay smoothing and differentiation, trigonometric Fourier series, and mother wavelet functions (i.e., sym6, haar, coif3, and mexh). To optimize spectral recoveries, the concentration of various types of divisors (single, double, and successive) was tested. The developed spectrophotometric methods showed linearity over the ranges 20-40 mg/L for paracetamol, 12-32 mg/L for ibuprofen, and 1-3.5 mg/L for caffeine (R ² > 0.990). They could be successfully applied to the assay and dissolution test of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and caffeine in their combined tablets and capsules, with accuracy (99.1-101.5% recovery) and precision (RSD < 2%). For comparison, an isocratic RP-HPLC analysis was also developed and validated on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at an ambient temperature. A mixture of methanol : phosphate buffer 0.01 M pH 3 (30 : 70 v/v) was used as the mobile phase delivered at 2 mL/min, and the effluent was monitored at 225 nm. It was shown that spectrophotometric data were statistically comparable to HPLC (p > 0.05), suggesting possible interchange between UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for routine analysis of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and caffeine in their solid pharmaceutical dosage forms.