A novel biphenyl-derived salicylhydrazone Schiff base fluorescent probes for identification of Cu2+ and application in living cells

Self-healing cellulose-based hydrogels: From molecular design to multifarious applications

Self-healing cellulose-based hydrogels (SHCHs) exhibit wide-ranging potential applications in the fields of biomedicine, environmental management, energy storage, and smart materials due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This review delves into the molecular design principles, performance characteristics, and diverse applications of SHCHs. Firstly, the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of cellulose are analyzed, along with strategies for achieving self-healing properties through molecular design, with particular emphasis on the importance of self-healing mechanisms. Subsequently, methods for optimizing the performance of SHCHs through chemical modification, composite reinforcement, stimulus responsiveness, and functional integration technologies are discussed in detail. Furthermore, applications of SHCHs in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, smart sensing, supercapacitors, electronic circuits, anti-counterfeiting systems, oil/water separation, and food packaging are explored. Finally, future research directions for SHCHs are outlined, including the innovative development of new SHCHs, in-depth elucidation of cooperative strengthening mechanisms, a further expansion of application scope, and the establishment of intelligent systems. This review provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of SHCHs and serves as a reference and guide for future research and development.

Fabrication of chitosan-based fluorescent hydrogel membranes cross-linked with bisbenzaldehyde for efficient selective detection and adsorption of Fe2

Chitosan, as a natural biomass material, is green, recyclable, sustainable and well biocompatible. The molecular chain is rich in active groups such as amino and hydroxyl groups, and its preparation of fluorescent probes has the advantages of biocompatibility and efficient detection performance. In this study, a bis(benzaldehyde) (BHD) fluorescent functional molecule was designed. Then a series of fluorescent chitosan-based hydrogel films (CSBHD) were prepared using chitosan as raw material and BHD as cross-linking agent. As a fluorescent probe for metal ions, CSBHD was able to efficiently detect Fe2+ with a linear correlation of fluorescence intensity in the range of 0-160 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.55 μM. Moreover, it has excellent adsorption performance for Fe2+ ions, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 223.5 g/mg at 500 mg/L Fe2+ concentration. Finally, we characterised the structure and microscopic morphology of CSBHD films and found that CSBHD as a hydrogel film has a high cross-linking density, good water resistance, excellent thermal stability, strong resistance to swelling, and excellent stability in cycling tests. Hence, it has great potential for application in adsorption and detection of Fe2+ ions. It also provides a good strategy for the application of chitosan based fluorescent probe materials in environmental monitoring and heavy metal ion adsorption.

Configuration of super-fast Cu2+-responsive chemosensor by attaching diaminomaleonitrile to BODIPY scaffold for high-contrast fluorescence imaging of living cells

A highly fluorescent Cu2+-responsive sensor, 2-amino-3-(BODIPYmethyleneamino)maleonitrile (BD) was constructed by attaching diaminomaleonitrile to a BODIPY scaffold. Cu2+ can be selectively recognized on a 2-s time-scale by way of fluorescence emission. When Cu2+ and BD coexist in solution, typical BODIPY emission was observed and the emission intensity could be increased to 334 times that of the blank dye solution. The mechanism of fluorescence increase is based on the generation of highly fluorescent species by Cu2+-triggered oxidative cyclization of the attached diaminomaleonitrile. The absolute fluorescence quantum yield (AFQY) of the cyclization product is 98% determined by integrating sphere. The highly emissive character can be attributed to the imidazole ring and dicarbonitrile on the BODIPY scaffold. It surpasses the meso-phenyl substituted analogue in AFQY and detection limits (DL). The specific Cu2+ recognition behavior was also validated in Hela cells with high-contrast fluorescence images.

A self-healing carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel with fluorescent bioprobes for glucose detection

Self-healing hydrogel as a soft material with high durability and life-time has been successfully applied in various fields, including electronic skins, wearable electronic devices, and soft sensors. However, it is still a challenge to design a hydrogel with rapid self-healing, biodegradable and biosensing properties. Here, a self-healing carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC) hydrogel with fluorescent bioprobes was developed for glucose detection. In this biosensing system, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and glucose oxidase (GOx) were encapsulated into the CMCS/OCMC hydrogel matrix as the fluorescent bioprobes. The CMCS/OCMC hydrogel with fluorescent bioprobes exhibited high sensitivity for glucose sensing with a linearly detection range of 100 μM to 5 mM and a detection limit of 0.029 mM, which covered the level of glucose in clinical detection. Furthermore, this hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility. Finally, In vitro blood fluorescence tests and in vivo fluorescence investigation of the AuNCs-CMCS/OCMC hydrogel in diabetic mice indicated that this biocompatible and self-healing hydrogel based on fluorescent sensing system had potential application in implantable biosensing area for glucose monitoring.

A novel coumarin-derived acylhydrazone Schiff base gelator for synthesis of organogels and identification of Fe3

A novel coumarin-derived acylhydrazone Schiff base fluorescent organogel (G₁) was designed and synthesized. Gelator G₁ can form stable organogels in isopropanol, tert-amyl alcohol, n-butanol and phenylamine. The organogel could be converted to solution by heating and the solution could be restored to gel state by cooling. The self-assemble mechanism of G1 was investigated by XRD, FT-IR and SEM techniques. The results indicated the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interaction and π-π stacking are the forces for the self-assembly of the gelator to form the organogel. The optical properties of the compound were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectra. Further study presented that gelator G1 could selectively and sensitively response to Fe³⁺ only among tested cations. Beside the above functions, the organic gel factor G1 could also response to irradiation, heating and shaking, thus endowing the organogel with multi stimulus responsive properties.

A diaminomaleonitrile-appended BODIPY chemosensor for the selective detection of Cu2+ via oxidative cyclization and imaging in SiHa cells and zebrafish

A specific Cu²⁺ sensor, 2-amino-3-(BODIPYmethyleneamino)maleonitrile (BDM), was established by a simple dehydration between BODIPY and diaminomaleonitrile. Cu²⁺ could be recognized by BDM over other competing metal ions in acetonitrile with distinct fluorescence emission signal response. Upon the addition of Cu²⁺ to BDM in acetonitrile, the maximum absorption at approximately 530 nm on the longer wavelength side was quenched, and the emission at 530 nm was ignited simultaneously. The fluorescence intensity enhancement could reach a maximum of 204 times the intensity of the BDM blank solution. The fluorescence "off-on" effect is established according to the Cu²⁺-induced fast intramolecular oxidative cyclization reaction, which could be deduced from the formation of an imidazole ring appended to the cyclization product (2-BODIPY-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, BMC). Single-crystal structure analysis of the sensor BDM and cyclization product BMC further demonstrated this oxidative cyclization. Finally, the Cu²⁺ recognition property of BDM was validated in SiHa cells and living zebrafish. Additionally, the blood-brain barrier of the zebrafish can be penetrated by the BDM dye and the neuron cells in the brain were stained.

A novel colorimetric and "turn-off" fluorescent probe based on catalyzed hydrolysis reaction for detection of Cu2+ in real water and in living cells

A novel and highly selective fluorescent 1,8-naphthalimide-based probe, 3, was designed and synthesized for rapid Cu²⁺ detection in a CH₃CN-H₂O (3:1, v/v, pH = 7.4) solution by means of a distinct hydrolysis mechanism via its Cu²⁺-promoting feature. Upon treatment with Cu²⁺, the fluorescence response of probe 3 at 550 nm abruptly decreased, which was visible to the naked eye, and this response was accompanied by a clear change of the color of the solution; the color changed from the original yellow color to colorless. This color change occurred due to the Cu²⁺-promoted hydrolysis of 3, which yielded a fluorescence-quenched product. It is inspiring that probe 3 exhibited excellent sensitivity, a short response time and strong anti-interference recognition. Compared with the allowable amount of Cu²⁺ (∼20 μM) in drinking water, the detection limit of 3 for Cu²⁺ is calculated to be 9.15 nM, which is much lower than the amount defined by standards. The probe can be successfully applied for the determination of Cu²⁺ in real aqueous samples. Furthermore, probe 3 can be used as a fluorescent sensor to detect Cu²⁺ in biological environments, demonstrating its low toxicity to organisms and good cell permeability in live cell imaging.

A nopinone based multi-functional probe for colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and ratiometric detection of Ag. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020;19:49-55. [PMID: 31793618 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00297a]

A dual-signal probe PPN based on the natural β-pinene derivative nopinone was synthesized for the colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and ratiometric detection of Ag+. Upon the addition of Ag+, a significant fluorescence change from blue to green was observed with a low detection limit (0.86 μM). However, upon the addition of Cu2+, a significant color change from colorless to yellow was observed with a low detection limit (0.56 μM). The novel probe PPN was applied as a probe for the colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and ratiometric detection of Ag+ with a high selectivity, good sensitivity and fast response time. The detection mechanisms of probe PPN for Cu2+/Ag+ were confirmed by 1H NMR and HRMS-ESI. Besides, probe PPN could sense Cu2+/Ag+ on test strips. Additionally, probe PPN could be applied to quantitatively detect the concentration of Ag+ in water samples and image Ag+ in living cells.

A coumarin derivative as a "turn-on" fluorescence probe toward Cd2+ in live cells

A novel coumarin-derived Schiff base fluorescence probe (CTB) has been successfully designed and synthesized through exploiting tris-(2-aminothyl)-amine moiety as a recognition unit for the highly selective and sensitive detection of Cd²⁺. It is based on CN isomerization and the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The investigation into the sensing processes showed that CTB exhibited an excellent selectivity for Cd²⁺. The sensitivity exceeded that of other competing metal ions, and had a high sensitivity, a detection limit of 1.16 × 10^-7 M with the association constants of 1.37 × 10¹¹ M^-2. The experiments including Job's plot, UV-Vis titration, ¹H NMR titration and ESI-MS spectrum established that the probe CTB binds to Cd²⁺ in a 1:2 ratio. Further studies also demonstrated that probe CTB can be successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of Cd²⁺ in HepG-2 cells.

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) from marigold for detection of Fe3+ ion and bioimaging

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are synthesized by the method of high-temperature pyrolysis from marigold granules and subsequently nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) are synthesized from ethylenediamine by hydrothermal treatment, which shows a strong blue emission with 7.84% quantum yield (QY). This will be used in detection of Fe³⁺ in water environments and the field of bioimaging.