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Semeniak D, Cruz DF, Chilkoti A, Mikkelsen MH. Plasmonic Fluorescence Enhancement in Diagnostics for Clinical Tests at Point-of-Care: A Review of Recent Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107986. [PMID: 35332957 PMCID: PMC9986847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based biosensors have widely been used in the life-sciences and biomedical applications due to their low limit of detection and a diverse selection of fluorophores that enable simultaneous measurements of multiple biomarkers. Recent research effort has been made to implement fluorescent biosensors into the exploding field of point-of-care testing (POCT), which uses cost-effective strategies for rapid and affordable diagnostic testing. However, fluorescence-based assays often suffer from their feeble signal at low analyte concentrations, which often requires sophisticated, costly, and bulky instrumentation to maintain high detection sensitivity. Metal- and metal oxide-based nanostructures offer a simple solution to increase the output signal from fluorescent biosensors due to the generation of high field enhancements close to a metal or metal oxide surface, which has been shown to improve the excitation rate, quantum yield, photostability, and radiation pattern of fluorophores. This article provides an overview of existing biosensors that employ various strategies for fluorescence enhancement via nanostructures and have demonstrated the potential for use as POCT. Biosensors using nanostructures such as planar substrates, freestanding nanoparticles, and metal-dielectric-metal nanocavities are discussed with an emphasis placed on technologies that have shown promise towards POCT applications without the need for centralized laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Semeniak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniela F. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maiken H. Mikkelsen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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2
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Choi JH. Proteolytic Biosensors with Functional Nanomaterials: Current Approaches and Future Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 36831937 PMCID: PMC9953628 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are one of the important biomarkers that enable the early diagnosis of several diseases, such as cancers. A specific proteolytic enzyme selectively degrades a certain sequence of a polypeptide. Therefore, a particular proteolytic enzyme can be selectively quantified by changing detectable signals causing degradation of the peptide chain. In addition, by combining polypeptides with various functional nanomaterials, proteolytic enzymes can be measured more sensitively and rapidly. In this paper, proteolytic enzymes that can be measured using a polypeptide degradation method are reviewed and recently studied functional nanomaterials-based proteolytic biosensors are discussed. We anticipate that the proteolytic nanobiosensors addressed in this review will provide valuable information on physiological changes from a cellular level for individual and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ha Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kulakovich O, Scherbovich A, Koktysh I, Melnikova Y, Ramanenka A, Gaponenko S, Maskevich S. Optical and topographic characteristics of silver films deposited from a colloidal solution on polyelectrolytes for IgG-FITC fluorescence analysis. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The optimization of the fluorescence enhancement factor of the IgG-FITC conjugate as an immunofluorescent marker, depending on the optical and topographic parameters of the colloidal silver film on the surface of a polystyrene plate for immunoassay, was carried out for the first time, and the factors effecting the enhancement were identified. By means of time-resolved spectroscopy as well as by detection the relative concentrations of IgG-FITC adsorbed on the solid phase with enzyme-linked immunoassay, it was shown that fluorescence enhancement in the presence of silver nanoparticles is a resonance process associated with plasmon effects. The most important parameters correlating with the fluorescence enhancement factor are the optical density value at the wavelength of excitation and emission of the fluorophore. The maximum enhancement factor of 10.2 times was obtained for Ag films with the highest optical density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kulakovich
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , 68-2 Nezaliezhnasci Avenue , 220072 , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Anastasia Scherbovich
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , 68-2 Nezaliezhnasci Avenue , 220072 , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
- Belarusian State University, International Sakharov Environmental Institute of BSU , Dolgobrodskaya Str. , Minsk 220070 , Republic of Belarus
| | - Irina Koktysh
- Belarusian State University, International Sakharov Environmental Institute of BSU , Dolgobrodskaya Str. , Minsk 220070 , Republic of Belarus
| | - Yanina Melnikova
- Belarusian State University, International Sakharov Environmental Institute of BSU , Dolgobrodskaya Str. , Minsk 220070 , Republic of Belarus
| | - Andrei Ramanenka
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , 68-2 Nezaliezhnasci Avenue , 220072 , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Sergey Gaponenko
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , 68-2 Nezaliezhnasci Avenue , 220072 , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Sergey Maskevich
- Belarusian State University, International Sakharov Environmental Institute of BSU , Dolgobrodskaya Str. , Minsk 220070 , Republic of Belarus
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Jia W, Xu L, Xu W, Yang M, Zhang Y. Application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1949-1961. [PMID: 36133408 PMCID: PMC9419146 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common digestive system disease. The severity of AP ranges from mild edema in the pancreas to severe systemic inflammatory responses leading to peripancreatic/pancreatic necrosis, multi-organ failure and death. Improving the sensitivity of AP diagnosis and developing alternatives to traditional methods to treat AP have gained the attention of researchers. With the continuous rise of nanotechnology, it is being widely used in daily life, biomedicine, chemical energy and many other fields. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of AP. Nanotechnology has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity and sensitivity in detecting biomarkers of AP, as well as enhancing imaging, which helps in the early diagnosis of AP. On the other hand, nanoparticles (NPs) have oxidative stress inhibiting and anti-inflammatory effects, and can also be loaded with drugs as well as being used in anti-infection therapy, providing a new approach for the treatment of AP. In this article, we elaborate and summarize on the potential of nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in AP from the current reported literature and experimental results to provide useful guidelines for further research on the application of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiLu Jia
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - LinFeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - WenJing Xu
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China
| | - YeWei Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
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5
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Minopoli A, Scardapane E, Ventura BD, Tanner JA, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D, Velotta R. Double-Resonant Nanostructured Gold Surface for Multiplexed Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6417-6427. [PMID: 35089707 PMCID: PMC8832399 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel double-resonant plasmonic substrate for fluorescence amplification in a chip-based apta-immunoassay is herein reported. The amplification mechanism relies on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) effect. The substrate consists of an assembly of plasmon-coupled and plasmon-uncoupled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) immobilized onto a glass slide. Plasmon-coupled AuNPs are hexagonally arranged along branch patterns whose resonance lies in the red band (∼675 nm). Plasmon-uncoupled AuNPs are sprinkled onto the substrate, and they exhibit a narrow resonance at 524 nm. Numerical simulations of the plasmonic response of the substrate through the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method reveal the presence of electromagnetic hot spots mainly confined in the interparticle junctions. In order to realize a PEF-based device for potential multiplexing applications, the plasmon resonances are coupled with the emission peak of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) fluorophore and with the excitation/emission peaks of cyanine 5 (Cy5). The substrate is implemented in a malaria apta-immunoassay to detect Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) in human whole blood. Antibodies against Plasmodium biomarkers constitute the capture layer, whereas fluorescently labeled aptamers recognizing PfLDH are adopted as the top layer. The fluorescence emitted by 5-FAM and Cy5 fluorophores are linearly correlated (logarithm scale) to the PfLDH concentration over five decades. The limits of detection are 50 pM (1.6 ng/mL) with the 5-FAM probe and 260 fM (8.6 pg./mL) with the Cy5 probe. No sample preconcentration and complex pretreatments are required. Average fluorescence amplifications of 160 and 4500 are measured in the 5-FAM and Cy5 channel, respectively. These results are reasonably consistent with those worked out by FDTD simulations. The implementation of the proposed approach in multiwell-plate-based bioassays would lead to either signal redundancy (two dyes for a single analyte) or to a simultaneous detection of two analytes by different dyes, the latter being a key step toward high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Minopoli
- Department
of Physics “E. Pancini”, University
Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Emanuela Scardapane
- Department
of Physics “E. Pancini”, University
Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Julian A. Tanner
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Raffaele Velotta
- Department
of Physics “E. Pancini”, University
Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Thao NT, Hoang TX, Phan TB, Kim JY, Ta HKT, Trinh KTL, Tran NHT. Metal-enhanced sensing platform for the highly sensitive detection of C-reactive protein antibody and rhodamine B with applications in cardiovascular diseases and food safety. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6962-6974. [PMID: 33929466 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04353b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential applications of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) devices include biosensors for the detection of trace amounts in biosciences, biotechnology, and pathogens that are relevant to medical diagnostics and food control. In the present study, the silver (Ag) film thickness (56 nm) of an MEF system was calibrated to maximize the depth-to-width ratio (Γ) of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) active metal from reflectance dip curves. Upon plasmon coupling with thermally evaporated Ag, we demonstrated a 2.21-fold enhancement compared to the pristine flat substrate with the coefficient of variation (CV) ≈0.22% and the limit of detection (LOD) 0.001 mg L-1 of the concentration of an Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-C-reactive protein antibody (CRP@Alexa fluor 488). The structure was developed to simplify the in situ generation of biosensors for the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to determine Rhodamine B (RhB) with a highly robust performance. The procedure presented a simple and rapid sample pretreatment for the determination of RhB with a limit of quantification of 10-10 M and a satisfactory linear response (0.98). The results showed the excellent performance of the surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE), which opens up possibilities for the accurate detection of small-volume and low-concentration target analytes due to the improved sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Thao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Wang M, Wang M, Zheng G, Dai Z, Ma Y. Recent progress in sensing application of metal nanoarchitecture-enhanced fluorescence. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2448-2465. [PMID: 36134167 PMCID: PMC9417471 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence analytical methods, as real time and in situ analytical approaches to target analytes, can offer advantages of high sensitivity/selectivity, great versatility, non-invasive measurement and easy transmission over long distances. However, the conventional fluorescence assay still suffers from low specificity, insufficient sensitivity, poor reliability and false-positive responses. By exploiting various metal nanoarchitectures to manipulate fluorescence, both increased fluorescence quantum yield and improved photostability can be realized. This metal nanoarchitecture-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) phenomenon has been extensively studied and used in various sensors over the past years, which greatly improved their sensing performance. Thus in this review, we primarily give a general overview of MEF based sensors from mechanisms to state-of-the-art applications in environmental assays, biological/medical analysis and diagnosis areas. Finally, their pros and cons as well as further development directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
| | - Min Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
| | - Ganhong Zheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
| | - Zhenxiang Dai
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
| | - Yongqing Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230039 China
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8
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Randomly positioned gold nanoparticles as fluorescence enhancers in apta-immunosensor for malaria test. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:88. [PMID: 33594523 PMCID: PMC7886758 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A plasmon-enhanced fluorescence-based antibody-aptamer biosensor - consisting of gold nanoparticles randomly immobilized onto a glass substrate via electrostatic self-assembly - is described for specific detection of proteins in whole blood. Analyte recognition is realized through a sandwich scheme with a capture bioreceptor layer of antibodies - covalently immobilized onto the gold nanoparticle surface in upright orientation and close-packed configuration by photochemical immobilization technique (PIT) - and a top bioreceptor layer of fluorescently labelled aptamers. Such a sandwich configuration warrants not only extremely high specificity, but also an ideal fluorophore-nanostructure distance (approximately 10-15 nm) for achieving strong fluorescence amplification. For a specific application, we tested the biosensor performance in a case study for the detection of malaria-related marker Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). The proposed biosensor can specifically detect PfLDH in spiked whole blood down to 10 pM (0.3 ng/mL) without any sample pretreatment. The combination of simple and scalable fabrication, potentially high-throughput analysis, and excellent sensing performance provides a new approach to biosensing with significant advantages compared to conventional fluorescence immunoassays.
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9
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Ultrasensitive antibody-aptamer plasmonic biosensor for malaria biomarker detection in whole blood. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6134. [PMID: 33262332 PMCID: PMC7708447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of plasmonic biosensors combining reliability and ease of use is still a challenge. Gold nanoparticle arrays made by block copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCMN) stand out for their scalability, cost-effectiveness and tunable plasmonic properties, making them ideal substrates for fluorescence enhancement. Here, we describe a plasmon-enhanced fluorescence immunosensor for the specific and ultrasensitive detection of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH)—a malaria marker—in whole blood. Analyte recognition is realized by oriented antibodies immobilized in a close-packed configuration via the photochemical immobilization technique (PIT), with a top bioreceptor of nucleic acid aptamers recognizing a different surface of PfLDH in a sandwich conformation. The combination of BCMN and PIT enabled maximum control over the nanoparticle size and lattice constant as well as the distance of the fluorophore from the sensing surface. The device achieved a limit of detection smaller than 1 pg/mL (<30 fM) with very high specificity without any sample pretreatment. This limit of detection is several orders of magnitude lower than that found in malaria rapid diagnostic tests or even commercial ELISA kits. Thanks to its overall dimensions, ease of use and high-throughput analysis, the device can be used as a substrate in automated multi-well plate readers and improve the efficiency of conventional fluorescence immunoassays. Reliable plasmonic biosensors with high throughput and ease of use are highly sought after. Here, the authors report a plasmon-enhanced fluorescence antibody-aptamer biosensor based on a gold nanoparticle array, and demonstrate its use for effective specific detection of a malaria marker, at femtomolar level, in whole blood.
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Yaraki MT, Tan YN. Metal Nanoparticles-Enhanced Biosensors: Synthesis, Design and Applications in Fluorescence Enhancement and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3180-3208. [PMID: 32808471 PMCID: PMC7693192 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NP) that exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance play an important role in metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Among the optical biosensors, MEF and SERS stand out to be the most sensitive techniques to detect a wide range of analytes from ions, biomolecules to macromolecules and microorganisms. Particularly, anisotropic metal NPs with strongly enhanced electric field at their sharp corners/edges under a wide range of excitation wavelengths are highly suitable for developing the ultrasensitive plasmon-enhanced biosensors. In this review, we first highlight the reliable methods for the synthesis of anisotropic gold NPs and silver NPs in high yield, as well as their alloys and composites with good control of size and shape. It is followed by the discussion of different sensing mechanisms and recent advances in the MEF and SERS biosensor designs. This includes the review of surface functionalization, bioconjugation and (directed/self) assembly methods as well as the selection/screening of specific biorecognition elements such as aptamers or antibodies for the highly selective bio-detection. The right combinations of metal nanoparticles, biorecognition element and assay design will lead to the successful development of MEF and SERS biosensors targeting different analytes both in-vitro and in-vivo. Finally, the prospects and challenges of metal-enhanced biosensors for future nanomedicine in achieving ultrasensitive and fast medical diagnostics, high-throughput drug discovery as well as effective and reliable theranostic treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 4Singapore117585Singapore
| | - Yen Nee Tan
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture & EngineeringNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE1 7RUUnited Kingdom
- Newcastle Research & Innovation Institute (NewRIIS)80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & EmployabilitySingapore609607Singapore
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Badshah MA, Koh NY, Zia AW, Abbas N, Zahra Z, Saleem MW. Recent Developments in Plasmonic Nanostructures for Metal Enhanced Fluorescence-Based Biosensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1749. [PMID: 32899375 PMCID: PMC7558009 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) is a unique phenomenon of surface plasmons, where light interacts with the metallic nanostructures and produces electromagnetic fields to enhance the sensitivity of fluorescence-based detection. In particular, this enhancement in sensing capacity is of importance to many research areas, including medical diagnostics, forensic science, and biotechnology. The article covers the basic mechanism of MEF and recent developments in plasmonic nanostructures fabrication for efficient fluorescence signal enhancement that are critically reviewed. The implications of current fluorescence-based technologies for biosensors are summarized, which are in practice to detect different analytes relevant to food control, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. Furthermore, characteristics of existing fabrication methods have been compared on the basis of their resolution, design flexibility, and throughput. The future projections emphasize exploring the potential of non-conventional materials and hybrid fabrication techniques to further enhance the sensitivity of MEF-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Badshah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Na Yoon Koh
- Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, MA 02163, USA;
| | - Abdul Wasy Zia
- Institute of Structural Health Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Naseem Abbas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Zahra Zahra
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Muhammad Wajid Saleem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan;
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