Validated spectrofluorimetric method for determination of mirabegron by utilizing its quenching effect on acetoxymercuric fluorescein reagent

Integrated approach of white analytical chemistry and design of experiments to microwave-assisted sensitive and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron using 4-chloro-7-nitrobezofuran as biosensing fluorescent probe

The USFDA recently approved mirabegron, a novel once-daily β-3 adrenoceptor agonist for oral administration, as a transformative treatment for overactive bladder. Despite the existence of numerous analytical methods for the assay and bioanalysis of mirabegron, it's perplexing that none have explored the domain of microwave-assisted sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for mirabegron estimation, even after extensive literature review. Adding to the enigma is the insistence of current analytical methods on using expensive and harmful organic solvents, posing a threat to marine life and the broader environment. Recently, the white analytical chemistry approach has been introduced to develop analytical methods that are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and user-friendly. Consequently, a white analytical chemistry-based, sensitive, and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron has been initiated, using 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a fluorescent biosensing probe. The development of this robust method involved a series of experiments designed to minimize solvent and time wastage. Through a combination of fractional factorial and Box-Behnken designs, researchers identified the critical variables and optimized the method to perfection. This method was validated according to the stringent ICH Q2 (R2) and USFDA guidelines, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. Once approved, this sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was tested, accurately estimating mirabegron levels in commercial formulations and rat plasma samples. To further enrich the study, a comprehensive evaluation of existing analytical methods was conducted alongside the proposed spectrofluorimetric method, using advanced tools like the AGREE calculator, GAPI software, and RGB model to assess their eco-friendliness and effectiveness in mirabegron estimation.

Diaryl pyrrolone fluorescent probing strategy for Mirabegron determination through condensation with ninhydrin and phenylacetaldehyde: Application to dosage forms, human urine and plasma

Mirabegron (MRB) is a β3-adrenoceptor agonist used for managing overactive bladder syndrome. A cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was suggested to serve the purpose of quantifying MRB in its pure state, pharmaceutical tablets, spiked human plasma and urine, and testing content uniformity. In the present study, ninhydrin and phenylacetaldehyde react with the amino group moiety of MRB in Teorell-Stenhagen buffer (pH 7.5) to generate a strongly fluorescent diaryl pyrrolone compound that emits fluorescence at a wavelength of 477 nm upon excitation at 385 nm. The obtained calibration curve showed a linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.9997) in the concentration range of 0.25 to 5.0 µg mL-1. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.082 and 0.248 µg mL-1 respectively. The procedure was verified in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The suggested approach could be utilized for the selective analysis of MRB in its pharmaceuticals, either containing a single drug or co-formulated with solifenacin succinate. The greenness of the suggested method was confirmed using different green analytical metrics.

Determination of baloxavir marboxil in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma using its quenching action on acetoxymercuric fluorescein reagent: Assessment of greenness and whiteness

A straightforward, reliable, and cost-effective spectrofluorimetric approach has been established for the analysis of baloxavir marboxil (BXM) in raw material, tablets, as well as spiked human plasma. The approach relies on BXM's quenching impact on acetoxymercuric fluorescein (AMF) fluorescence intensity. To improve the reaction, factors such as AMF's concentration, solution's pH, diluting solvents, and reaction time were examined and optimized. Linearity, range, accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ were all verified in compliance with ICH criteria. The concentration range was shown to be linear between 0.2 and 2 μg/mL. The technique was effectively utilized for BXM analysis in both its tablet as well as spiked human plasma, with mean % recoveries of 101 ± 0.36 and 98.77 ± 0.65, respectively. Two assessment models (AGREE and RGB-12) were used to compare the proposed process's greenness and sustainability to four previously published chromatographic techniques. Higher green and sustainability qualities were declared by the suggested approach than by earlier ones.

Development of Green HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of a promising combination Tamsulosin and Mirabegron: stability-indicating assay was examined

Recently, mirabegron has been added to tamsulosin to treat overactive bladder in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy. A Rapid, selective, sensitive, and green high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) approach was developed for the simultaneous determination of tamsulosin (TAM) and mirabegron (MIR) in pure and laboratory-prepared mixture. Complete separation was obtained on silica gel F254 using the solvent system methanol-ethyl acetate-ammonia (3:7:0.1, v/v). Short-wave ultraviolet light at 270 nm was used to view the chromatographic bands. For MIR and TAM, the suggested technique revealed compact spots with retention factor Rf values of 0.42 and 0.63, respectively. Within concentration ranges of 0.15-7.5 µg/band and 0.05-2.5 µg/band, good linearity was observed, with mean percentage recoveries of 100.04 ± 0.56 and 99.98% ± 0.95 for MIR and TAM, respectively. Green assessment of the developed HPTLC technique was estimated using different green analytical chemistry metrics such as Analytical eco-scale Analytical GREEness (AGREE), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metrics. The proposed method was effectively used as a stability-indicating assay to assess the presence of MIR and TAM in the pharmaceutical dosage form in the presence of their degradation product. The statistical analysis showed high precision and accuracy.

Spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of mirabegron by quenching tyrosine and L-tryptophan fluorophores: Recognition of quenching mechanism by stern volmer relationship, evaluation of binding constants and binding sites

Green spectrofluorimetric methods have been adopted for the determination of Mirabegron (MG) in pure drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed methods based on fluorescence quenching of tyrosine and L-tryptophan amino acids fluorophores by the effect of Mirabegron as a quencher. Experimental conditions of the reaction were studied and optimized. The Fluorescence quenching (ΔF) values were proportional to the concentration range of MG 2-20 μg/ml for the tyrosine-MG system in buffered media pH 2 and 1-30 μg/ml for L-tryptophan-MG system pH 6. Good correlation coefficients with low detection limits of 0.163 and 0.234 μg/ml for the two systems respectively. Method validation was applied according to ICH guidelines. The cited methods were successively applied for MG determination in tablet formulation. No statistically significant difference between the results of the cited and the reference methods regarding t and F tests. The proposed spectrofluorimetric methods are simple, rapid, eco-friendly and can contribute to MG's methodologies in quality control labs. Stern-Volmer relationship, the effect of temperature, quenching constant (K_q), and UV spectra were studied to identify the mechanism by which the quenching might occur. The results demonstrated that fluorescence quenching of tyrosine was a dynamic quenching process and L-tryptophan was static. The double log plots were constructed to determine the binding constants and binding sites. The greenness profile of the developed methods has been assessed by Green Analytical procedure index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE).

Determination of rivaroxaban by utilizing its quenching effect on acetoxymercuric fluorescein reagent in pharmaceutical preparations and in spiked biological matrices

A simple, precise and inexpensive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for assay of rivaroxaban raw material and its tablets. The method depends on the quenching effect of rivaroxaban on the fluorescence intensity of acetoxymercuric fluorescein (AMF). Parameters that may affect the reaction such as pH, AMF solution concentration, reaction time and diluting solvents were studied and optimized. The proposed method was applied for determination of rivaroxaban in tablets with percentage recovery of 100.4 ± 0.28, and in organic extract of spiked plasma samples with percentage recovery of 98.40 ± 1.08. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ).

Unique liquid chromatography technique for the determination of mirabegron in the presence of polymers; robustness by design expert in the light of quality by design

The current study is designed to estimate mirabegron in the presence of high molecular weight of polymers using a unique liquid chromatography method and sample preparation technique. The proposed method is significant because of many analytical issues faced during the development studies. Based on the experimental results, we finally achieved the stability-indicating power of the method. The adequately prepared mobile phase in the ratio of pH 2.0 buffer and acetonitrile (80:20) v/v, respectively. And the buffer pH 2.0 was prepared as follows 8.7 ml of perchloric acid, 2 ml of triethylamine, and 3.0 g sodium hydroxide into 1L of water mixed well. The system suitability parameters were achieved by waters X-Bridge C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) column and mobile phase. The optimized chromatographic conditions include column temperature of 45°C, a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^-1 ; an injection volume of 5μL; UV 247 nm, and 15 minutes runtime. It's been validated and transferred to QC as per ICH Q2(R1) and Chinese pharmacopeia 2020 edition <9101> & <9100>. Found the recovery and linearity results between 99.0% to 101.0%; (r² ) 0.9998. Established the method robustness study by utilizing the Design of Experiments (DoE) part of the Quality by Design (QbD) concept. The method's stability-indicating nature was proven by a forced degradation study, all the conditions analyte peak purity were passed, and achieved mass balance. It has been used to determination of mirabegron in the assay, content uniformity, blend uniformity, and cleaning samples. It's a user-friendly and cost-effective method.