1
|
Wang S, Gai L, Chen Y, Ji X, Lu H, Guo Z. Mitochondria-targeted BODIPY dyes for small molecule recognition, bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3976-4019. [PMID: 38450547 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for a diverse array of biological functions. There is increasing research focus on developing efficient tools for mitochondria-targeted detection and treatment. BODIPY dyes, known for their structural versatility and excellent spectroscopic properties, are being actively explored in this context. Numerous studies have focused on developing innovative BODIPYs that utilize optical signals for imaging mitochondria. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the progress made in this field, aiming to investigate mitochondria-related biological events. It covers key factors such as design strategies, spectroscopic properties, and cytotoxicity, as well as mechanism to facilitate their future application in organelle imaging and targeted therapy. This work is anticipated to provide valuable insights for guiding future development and facilitating further investigation into mitochondria-related biological sensing and phototherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lizhi Gai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumarasamy K, Devendhiran T, Chien WJ, Lin MC, Ramasamy SK, Yang JJ. Bodipy-based quinoline derivative as a highly Hg 2+-selective fluorescent chemosensor and its potential applications. Methods 2024; 223:35-44. [PMID: 38228195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient sensor has been successfully developed using quinoline-based BODIPY compounds (8-quinoline-4,4-difluoro-4-boro-3a, 4a-diazaindacene (C1) and 7-hydroxy-8-quinoline-4,4-difluoro-4-boro-3a, 4a-diazindacene (C2) to detect Hg2+ ions. The sensor C1 exhibits remarkable selectivity in detecting Hg2+ with a limit of detection 3.06 × 10-8 mol/L. The developed chemical sensors have shown stability, cost-effectiveness, ease of preparation, and remarkable selectivity towards Hg2+ ions compared to other commonly occurring metal ions. The total recovery of the sensor C1 can be achieved by using a 0.1 mol/L solution of KI. The proposed sensor C1 has been applied to determine Hg2+ in tap and distilled water, yielding excellent results. In addition, the binding mode of C1-Hg2+ and C2-Hg2+ complexes was a 1:1 ratio confirmed by mass spectra, Job's plot, and DFT study. Moreover, the sensor C1 successfully applied for the biological studies results in negligible cytotoxicity, which demonstrates it can be used to determine Hg2+ in HT22 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthika Kumarasamy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tamiloli Devendhiran
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Jyun Chien
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Ching Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Selva Kumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Ji-Jhang Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crawford H, Dimitriadi M, Bassin J, Cook MT, Abelha TF, Calvo‐Castro J. Mitochondrial Targeting and Imaging with Small Organic Conjugated Fluorophores: A Review. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202366. [PMID: 36121738 PMCID: PMC10092527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increasingly large number of studies reporting on the development of novel small organic conjugated systems for mitochondrial imaging exploiting optical signal transduction pathways. Mitochondria are known to play a critical role in a number of key biological processes, including cellular metabolism. Importantly, irregularities on their working function are nowadays understood to be intimately linked to a range of clinical conditions, highlighting the importance of targeting mitochondria for therapeutic benefits. In this work we carry out an in-depth evaluation on the progress to date in the field to pave the way for the realization of superior alternatives to those currently existing. The manuscript is structured by commonly used chemical scaffolds and comprehensively covers key aspects factored in design strategies such as synthetic approaches as well as photophysical and biological characterization, to foster collaborative work among organic and physical chemists as well as cell biologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crawford
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Maria Dimitriadi
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Jatinder Bassin
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Michael T. Cook
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Thais Fedatto Abelha
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Nanoscience and NanotechnologyUniversity of Barcelona (IN2UB)08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jesus Calvo‐Castro
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Photophysics of α-azinyl-substituted 4,4-difluoro-8-(4-R-phenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
5
|
pH indicator and rotary fluorescent properties of the Sn(IV)-octaetylporphyrin-(BODIPY)2 triad. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Zlatić K, Bogomolec M, Cindrić M, Uzelac L, Basarić N. Synthesis, photophysical properties, anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity and biological activity of vinyl- and alkynyl-BODIPY derivatives. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Zhou J, Zhou Q, Chu C. Dyes-modified metal − organic frameworks composite as a sensitive, reversible and ratiometric fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of malachite green. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Application of meso-CF 3-Fluorophore BODIPY with Phenyl and Pyrazolyl Substituents for Lifetime Visualization of Lysosomes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27155018. [PMID: 35956971 PMCID: PMC9370186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A bright far-red emitting unsymmetrical meso-CF3-BODIPY fluorescent dye with phenyl and pyrazolyl substituents was synthesized by condensation of trifluoropyrrolylethanol with pyrazolyl-pyrrole, with subsequent oxidation and complexation of the formed dipyrromethane. This BODIPY dye exhibits optical absorption at λab ≈ 610-620 nm and emission at λem ≈ 640-650 nm. The BODIPY was studied on Ehrlich carcinoma cells as a lysosome-specific fluorescent dye that allows intravital staining of cell structures with subsequent real-time monitoring of changes occurring in the cells. It was also shown that the rate of uptake by cells, the rate of intracellular transport into lysosomes, and the rate of saturation of cells with the dye depend on its concentration in the culture medium. A concentration of 5 μM was chosen as the most suitable BODIPY concentration for fluorescent staining of living cell lysosomes, while a concentration of 100 μM was found to be toxic to Ehrlich carcinoma cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Li X, Gao P, Pan Y, Liu J. A BODIPY-based turn-off fluorescent probe for mercury ion detection in solution and on test strips. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
A Colormetric and Fluorescence Probe for Highly Specific Cu 2+ and its Application in Live Cell Imaging. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2015-2021. [PMID: 35829842 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are intriguing material for ion detection. In this study, 4,4-difluoro-4-bora3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) containing a dipicolylethylenediamine unit was developed as a colorimetric and fluorescence "turn-off" probe for Cu2+. The probe exhibited higher selectivity for Cu2+ than other common metal ions with a detection limit of 8.49 μM. With increasing Cu2+ concentration, the probe showed a red-shift in the absorption spectrum as well as fluorescence quenching, possibly due to the intramolecular charge transfer effect of the probe-Cu(II) complex. Furthermore, the probe was used for imaging Cu2+ in living cells based on confocal fluorescence imaging. The results show that the probe is an effective tool for detection copper ions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gai L, Sun W. Recent advances in estrogen receptor-targeted probes conjugated to BODIPY dyes. Steroids 2022; 183:109031. [PMID: 35381270 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens, is a class of steroid hormones associated with the occurrence and development of breast cancer, that bind to estrogen receptors (ER). The development of BODIPY-based fluorescent ligands for the ER has continued to gain tremendous attention over the past 20 years. This review focuses on the synthesis methods, optical properties, and biological activity of BODIPY fluorescent probes conjugated to ER ligands. These will provide new strategy for designing fluorescent probes for targeting estrogen receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gai
- Central Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, PR China.
| | - Weice Sun
- Vascular Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Geng C, Zhan J, Hao X, Song W, Lin W. Distinguishing normal and inflammatory models by viscosity changes with sensitively mitochondrial-trackable fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120271. [PMID: 34411771 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological microenvironment plays a momentous role in the regulation of various vital activities, and its abnormal changes are often closely related to some diseases. Viscosity, as an indispensable part of microenvironment parameters, has always been one of the research hotspots of investigators. Herein, we constructed a new red-emitting fluorescent probe (HVM) to identify the abnormal situation of mitochondria through viscosity changes in the biological microenvironment. Interestingly, HVM has excellent optical properties such as large stokes shift (160 nm), viscosity sensitivity (195-fold), high photostability, and biochemical properties with low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. For these reasons, the novel probe could successfully be used to identify the normal and inflammatory models via viscosity changes in biological experiments. Therefore, we provided a convenient synthetic route to obtain viscosity sensor HVM with excellent application properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Geng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Jingting Zhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Xinya Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Z, Sun C, Wang H, Wu T, Qiu B, Xiong X, Liu L. A far-red-emitting fluorescence probe for selective and sensitive detection of no in live cells and in C. elegans. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 261:120030. [PMID: 34118523 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a ubiquitous intracellular and intercellular messenger molecule, plays vital roles in many physiological processes and is closely related to many diseases. Although a lot of fluorescent probes have been developed for real-time detection of NO successfully, the probes still suffer from poor tissue permeability and limited selectivity. In this study, a novel far-red fluorescent probe ZJL-3 based on rhodamine fluorescent dye was designed, synthesized, and used for NO determination. The probe contains a rhodamine as fluorophore and o-phenylenediamino as recognition unit. Upon addition of NO, the probe ZJL-3 showed an obvious far-red emission at 637 nm. The results of fluorescence spectrum experiments indicated that probe ZJL-3 exhibited desirable selectivity to NO. Furthermore, probe ZJL-3 has low cytotoxicity and was applied for the detection of exogenous and endogenous NO in RAW264.7 cells and C. elegans with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengjin Liu
- Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Changzhen Sun
- Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Baoyu Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Resta IM, Lucantoni F, Apostolova N, Galindo F. Fluorescent styrylpyrylium probes for the imaging of mitochondria in live cells. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9043-9057. [PMID: 34617091 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01543e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eight styrylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate salts have been synthesized and fully optically characterized by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence steady-state/time-resolved spectroscopies. The new dyes exhibit strong emission bands with yellow-orange colours, depending on the substituents present in the structure. Notably, the Stokes shift recorded for some of them exceeds 100 nm, a very valuable feature for biological imaging. Four of them have been assayed as biological imaging agents by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B. It has been found that all the compounds efficiently stain intracellular structures which have been identified as mitochondria through colocalization assays with MitoView (a well-known mitochondrial marker) and using carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as a mitochondrial membrane potential uncoupler. Additionally, the potential ability of the studied dyes as cytotoxic drugs has been explored. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) against Hep3B was found to be in the range of 4.2 μM-11.5 μM, similar to other described anticancer drugs for the same hepatoma cell line. The combined features of a good imaging agent and potential anticancer drug make the family of the studied pyrylium salts good candidates for further theranostic studies. Remarkably, despite the extensive use of pyrylium dyes in several scientific areas (from photocatalysis to optics), there is no precedent description of a styrylpyrylium salt with potential theranostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Muñoz Resta
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Federico Lucantoni
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez n. 15-17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- FISABIO (Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana), Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez n. 15-17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- FISABIO (Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana), Spain
- CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas), Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramos-Torres Á, Avellanal-Zaballa E, García-Garrido F, Fernández-Martínez AB, Prieto-Castañeda A, Agarrabeitia AR, Bañuelos J, García-Moreno I, Lucio-Cazaña FJ, Ortiz MJ. Mitochondria selective trackers for long-term imaging based on readily accessible neutral BODIPYs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5318-5321. [PMID: 33913453 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the design of a new model based on a small neutral 8-aryl-3-formylBODIPY and its suitability to develop privileged highly bright and photostable fluorescent probes for selective and, more importantly, covalent staining of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Ramos-Torres
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Crtra A2, Km. 33,600 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ana B Fernández-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Lucio-Cazaña
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Crtra A2, Km. 33,600 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|