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Horne J, Beckers P, Sacré PY, De Bleye C, Francotte P, Thelen N, Hubert P, Ziemons E, Hubert C. Optimisation of a Microwave Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Quality by Design Approach to Improve SERS Analytical Performances. Molecules 2024; 29:3442. [PMID: 39065020 PMCID: PMC11280077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A major limitation preventing the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in routine analyses is the signal variability due to the heterogeneity of metallic nanoparticles used as SERS substrates. This study aimed to robustly optimise a synthesis process of silver nanoparticles to improve the measured SERS signal repeatability and the protocol synthesis repeatability. The process is inspired by a chemical reduction method associated with microwave irradiation to guarantee better controlled and uniform heating. The innovative Quality by Design strategy was implemented to optimise the different parameters of the process. A preliminary investigation design was firstly carried out to evaluate the influence of four parameters selected by means of an Ishikawa diagram. The critical quality attributes were to maximise the intensity of the SERS response and minimise its variance. The reaction time, temperature and stirring speed are critical process parameters. These were optimised using an I-optimal design. A robust operating zone covering the optimal reaction conditions (3.36 min-130 °C-600 rpm) associated with a probability of success was modelled. Validation of this point confirmed the prediction with intra- and inter-batch variabilities of less than 15%. In conclusion, this study successfully optimised silver nanoparticles by a rapid, low cost and simple technique enhancing the quantitative perspectives of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Horne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Beckers
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- Research Support Unit in Chemometrics, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Thelen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Cell Biology, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Cédric Hubert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, ViBra-Sante Hub, University of Liege (ULiege), 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Minh DTC, Tram LTB, Phong NH, Huong HTL, Vu LV, Thi LA, Anh NTK, Ha PTT. Single versus Double Coffee-Ring Effect Patterns in Thin-Layer Chromatography Coupled with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Anti-Diabetic Drugs Adulterated in Herbal Products. Molecules 2023; 28:5492. [PMID: 37513365 PMCID: PMC10386024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In thin-layer chromatography coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TLC-SERS), the coffee ring effect (CRE) describes the formation of a ring-shape spot (blank in the middle and darker on the edge) caused by the aggregation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), alone (single CRE) or with the analytes (double CRE). In this work, the SCRE and DCRE were investigated in two anti-diabetic drugs, hydrophobic glibenclamide (GLB) and more hydrophilic metformin (MET). The SCRE occurred in GLB analysis, as opposed to the DCRE that occurred in MET. It was proven that for optimization of the TLC-SERS analytical procedure, it is necessary to distinguish the CRE patterns of analytes. Additionally, MET and GLB were analyzed with the developed TLC-SERS method and confirmed by another validated method using high-performance liquid chromatography. Four herbal products collected on the market were found to be adulterated with GLB or/and MET; among those, one product was adulterated with both MET and GLB, and two products were adulterated with GLB at a higher concentration than the usual GLB prescription dose. The TLC-SERS method provided a useful tool for the simultaneous detection of adulterated anti-diabetic herbal products, and the comparison of the SCRE and DCRE provided more evidence to predict CRE patterns in TLC-SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Thi Cam Minh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Bao Tram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Phong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi Lan Huong
- Drug, Cosmetic and Food Quality Control Center of Thua Thien Hue Province, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Vu
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le Anh Thi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kieu Anh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Ha
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Liu W, Sun S, Liu Y, Deng H, Hong F, Liu C, Zheng L. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene in peanut oil based on Raman spectroscopy and machine learning methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122806. [PMID: 37167744 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) generated in the production process of oil is harmful to human severely as a kind of carcinogenic substance. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative detection of BaP concentration in peanut oil was investigated based on Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning methods. The glass substrates and magnetron sputtered gold substrates for the Raman spectra were compared and the data preprocessing methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) were used to process Raman signal. Back propagation neural network (BPNN), partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms were developed to obtain the qualitative and quantitative detection model of BaP concentration in peanut oil. The results showed that the Raman spectra with the glass substrate was more suitable for the BaP detection than magnetron sputtered gold substrates. RF combined with t-SNE could achieve an accuracy of 97.5% in the qualitative detection of BaP concentration levels in model validation experiment, and the correlation coefficient of the prediction set (Rp) in the quantitative detection was 0.9932, the root mean square error (RMSEP) was 0.8323 μg/kg and the bias was 0.1316 μg/kg. It can be concluded that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning methods could provide an effective method for the rapid determination of BaP concentration in peanut oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shengai Sun
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Haiyang Deng
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fei Hong
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Research Laboratory of Agricultural Environment and Food Safety, Anhui Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Hefei 230009, China.
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