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Nazar Z, Naseralallah LM, Stewart D, Paudyal V, Shafei L, Weidmann A. Application of behavioural theories, models, and frameworks in pharmacy practice research based on published evidence: a scoping review. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:559-573. [PMID: 38175323 PMCID: PMC11133055 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy practice research often focuses on the design, implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services and interventions. The use of behavioural theory in intervention research allows understanding of interventions' mechanisms of action and are more likely to result in effective and sustained interventions. AIM To collate, summarise and categorise the reported behavioural frameworks, models and theories used in pharmacy practice research. METHOD PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and EBSCO (CINAHL PLUS, British Education index, ERIC) were systematically searched to capture all pharmacy practice articles that had reported the use of behavioural frameworks, theories, or models since inception of the database. Results were filtered to include articles published in English in pharmacy practice journals. Full-text screening and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the data was adopted. Studies were reviewed for alignment to the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework to identify in which phase(s) of the research that the theory/model/framework had been employed. RESULTS Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria; a trend indicating an increasing frequency of behavioural theory/frameworks/models within pharmacy practice research was identified; the most frequently reported were Theory of Planned Behaviour and Theoretical Domains Framework. Few studies provided explicit and comprehensive justification for adopting a specific theory/model/framework and description of how it underpinned the research was lacking. The majority were investigations exploring determinants of behaviours, or facilitators and barriers to implementing or delivering a wide range of pharmacy services and initiatives within a variety of clinical settings (aligned to Phase 1 UK MRC framework). CONCLUSION This review serves as a useful resource for future researchers to inform their investigations. Greater emphasis to adopt a systematic approach in the reporting of the use of behavioural theories/models/frameworks will benefit pharmacy practice research and will support researchers in utilizing behavioural theories/models/framework in aspects of pharmacy practice research beyond intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Nazar
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Lina Mohammad Naseralallah
- Pharmacy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laila Shafei
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anita Weidmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Dhital R, Sakulwach S, Robert G, Vasilikou C, Sin J. Systematic review on the effects of the physical and social aspects of community pharmacy spaces on service users and staff. Perspect Public Health 2022; 142:77-93. [PMID: 35274562 PMCID: PMC8918882 DOI: 10.1177/17579139221080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This systematic review aimed to provide new insights into how pharmacy spaces, or the architecture of pharmacies, are experienced by pharmacy service users and staff. The review sought to identify environmental factors which may influence service users’ and staff participation in community-based pharmacy health services. Method: Ten databases were searched for English language publications, using a combination of search terms relating to pharmacy service users and staff; pharmacy spaces; and health and social care outcomes. Data from the final selected studies were extracted, thematically analysed using a narrative approach and the quality of each study assessed using the Integrated quality Criteria for the Review of Multiple Study designs (ICROMS). Results: 80 articles reporting 80 studies published between 1994 and 2020 were identified; they were from 28 countries, involving around 3234 community pharmacies, 13,615 pharmacy service users, 5056 pharmacists and 78 pharmacy health staff. Most studies (94%) met the ICROMS minimum score, and half did not meet the mandatory quality criteria. Four themes likely to influence service users’ and staff experiences of pharmacy health services were identified: (1) privacy; (2) experience of the physical environment; (3) professional image; and (4) risk of error. Conclusion: To optimise the delivery and experience of pharmacy health services, these spaces should be made more engaging. Future applied research could focus on optimising inclusive pharmacy design features.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dhital
- Arts and Sciences Department, University College London, 33-35 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7LA, UK
| | | | - G Robert
- King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - J Sin
- University of London, London, UK
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Instruments measuring community pharmacist role stress and strain measures: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1029-1058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lauzier S, Guillaumie L, Humphries B, Grégoire JP, Moisan J, Villeneuve D. Reprint of: Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' antidepressant drug treatment monitoring. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S34-S43. [PMID: 32977929 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) may face challenges regarding its adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Community pharmacists are well positioned to manage ADT-related problems. Little is known about the factors influencing pharmacists' ADT monitoring. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to perform systematic ADT monitoring and report on this monitoring. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Community pharmacists in the province of Quebec, Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on their performance of ADT monitoring, TPB constructs (intention; attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioral control; and attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs), and professional identity. Systematic ADT monitoring was defined as pharmacists' reporting 4 or more consultations with each patient during the first year of ADT to address adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify the factors associated with the intention and reporting of systematic ADT monitoring and Poisson working models to identify the beliefs associated with intention. RESULTS A total of 1609 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (participation = 29.6%). Systematic ADT monitoring was not widely reported (mean score = 2.0 out of 5.0), and intention was moderate (mean = 3.2). Pharmacists' intention was the sole psychosocial factor associated with reporting systematic ADT monitoring (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.370). All TPB constructs and professional identity were associated with intention (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.611). Perceived behavioral control had the strongest association. CONCLUSION Interventions to promote systematic ADT monitoring should focus on developing a strong intention among pharmacists, which could, in turn, influence their practice. To influence intention, priority should be given to ensuring that pharmacists feel capable of performing this monitoring. The main barriers to overcome were the presence of only 1 pharmacist at work and limited time. Other factors identified offer complementary intervention targets.
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Lauzier S, Guillaumie L, Humphries B, Grégoire JP, Moisan J, Villeneuve D. Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' antidepressant drug treatment monitoring. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:548-558. [PMID: 32173335 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) may face challenges regarding its adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Community pharmacists are well positioned to manage ADT-related problems. Little is known about the factors influencing pharmacists' ADT monitoring. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to perform systematic ADT monitoring and report on this monitoring. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Community pharmacists in the province of Quebec, Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on their performance of ADT monitoring, TPB constructs (intention; attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioral control; and attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs), and professional identity. Systematic ADT monitoring was defined as pharmacists' reporting 4 or more consultations with each patient during the first year of ADT to address adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify the factors associated with the intention and reporting of systematic ADT monitoring and Poisson working models to identify the beliefs associated with intention. RESULTS A total of 1609 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (participation = 29.6%). Systematic ADT monitoring was not widely reported (mean score = 2.0 out of 5.0), and intention was moderate (mean = 3.2). Pharmacists' intention was the sole psychosocial factor associated with reporting systematic ADT monitoring (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.370). All TPB constructs and professional identity were associated with intention (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.611). Perceived behavioral control had the strongest association. CONCLUSION Interventions to promote systematic ADT monitoring should focus on developing a strong intention among pharmacists, which could, in turn, influence their practice. To influence intention, priority should be given to ensuring that pharmacists feel capable of performing this monitoring. The main barriers to overcome were the presence of only 1 pharmacist at work and limited time. Other factors identified offer complementary intervention targets.
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Yong FR, Garcia-Cardenas V, Williams KA, (Charlie) Benrimoj SI. Factors affecting community pharmacist work: A scoping review and thematic synthesis using role theory. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:123-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wahab MSA, Sakthong P, Winit-Watjana W. Development and validation of novel scales to determine pharmacist's care for herbal and dietary supplement users. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:475-487. [PMID: 31255476 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors associated with the provision of pharmacist's care (PCare) for herbal and dietary supplement (HDS) users are multidimensional. These factors should be investigated to assess the needs for community pharmacists (CPs) to provide the service. However, at present, there are no validated and reliable theory-based instruments to measure the factors. OBJECTIVES The study aims to develop and validate scales (direct and indirect) based on a modified Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to measure factors associated with the provision of PCare for HDS users by Thai CPs. METHOD Item generation for the scales was based on the theoretical constructs of the modified TPB framework, literature review, and authors' previous qualitative study. Draft items were then subjected to content validity and face validity. Psychometric testing was carried out among CPs in Bangkok, Thailand. Refinement of the scales utilized factor analysis and validity was assessed using factor analysis and Rasch analysis. Internal consistency reliability and construct reliability were used to assess the scales' reliability. RESULTS Initially, the direct and indirect scales contained 15 and 28 items, respectively and were reduced to 12 and 16 items, after experts' review. Factor analysis further reduced the number of items of the indirect scale to 13. For both scales, confirmatory factor analysis showed model-data fit. Each construct of the direct scale was significant predictors of intention. Moreover, each construct of the direct scale correlated positively and significantly with the respective construct of the indirect scale, signifying concurrent validity. No misfit item was identified in the Rasch analysis and the majority of items were invariant across gender. Internal consistency reliability and construct reliability of the scales were acceptable. CONCLUSION This study presents the development and validation of theoretically-grounded scales to measure the factors associated with the provision of PCare for HDS users by Thai CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahezwan Abd Wahab
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Malaysia
| | - Phantipa Sakthong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Win Winit-Watjana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Mc Namara K, Alzubaidi H, Jackson JK. Cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death: how are pharmacists getting involved? INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 8:1-11. [PMID: 30788283 PMCID: PMC6366352 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s133088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death globally. This article explores the evidence surrounding community pharmacist interventions to reduce cardiovascular events and related mortality and to improve the management of CVD risk factors. We summarize a range of systematic reviews and leading randomized controlled trials and provide critical appraisal. Major observations are that very few trials directly measure clinical outcomes, potentially owing to a range of challenges in this regard. By contrast, there is an extensive, high-quality evidence to suggest that improvements can be achieved for key CVD risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, and elevated hemoglobin A1c. The heterogeneity of interventions tested and considerable variation of the context under which implementation occurred suggest that caution is warranted in the interpretation of meta-analyses. It is highly important to generate evidence for pharmacist interventions in developing countries where a majority of the global CVD burden will be experienced in the near future. A growing capacity for clinical registry trials and data linkage might allow future research to collect clinical outcomes data more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mc Namara
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,
- Centre for Medicine Use & Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
| | - Hamzah Alzubaidi
- Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - John Keith Jackson
- Centre for Medicine Use & Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
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Wahab MSA, Sakthong P, Winit-Watjana W. Qualitative exploration of pharmacist care for herbal and dietary supplement users in Thai community pharmacies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) can cause adverse effects or interact with diseases and medications. Community pharmacists have a role in ensuring the safe use of HDS, but they have been reported to not being proactive in providing pharmacist care (PCare) for HDS users. The reasons for this warranted investigation. The study aimed to explore pharmacists’ understanding of PCare for HDS users, and to investigate the underlying beliefs or factors influencing its provision by community pharmacists, guided by the theory of planned behaviour.
Methods
A qualitative study using a semi-structured interview guide was conducted in a purposive sample of community pharmacists working in Bangkok, Thailand, from December 2016 to June 2017. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.
Key findings
Twenty-two pharmacists were interviewed. Several professional pharmacy activities were regarded as PCare for HDS users. The pharmacists reported that the provision of such care was advantageous in terms of promoting rational use of HDS, ensuring safety of users, enhancing own knowledge and promote customers’ loyalty. Facilitators for PCare included the initiation of conversation about HDS by the users, professional training and the availability of reference materials. The reluctance of HDS users to accept pharmacists’ opinions, insufficient education in HDS and limited sources of information were identified as barriers. Most pharmacists believed that PCare for HDS users is part of their responsibilities.
Conclusions
The pharmacists expressed their views on the meaning of PCare for HDS users, and described the beliefs and factors that facilitate or impede its provision. Information from this study can be used to inform strategies that can promote pharmacists to become more proactive in providing PCare for HDS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahezwan Abd Wahab
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Phantipa Sakthong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Winit-Watjana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
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Ahmadvand A, Drennan J, Burgess J, Clark M, Kavanagh D, Burns K, Howard S, Kelly F, Campbell C, Nissen L. Novel augmented reality solution for improving health literacy around antihypertensives in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: protocol of a technology evaluation study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019422. [PMID: 29705754 PMCID: PMC5931308 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low health literacy is common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (up to 40%), associated with decreased self-efficacy in managing T2DM and its important complications, mainly hypertension. This study introduces, for the first time, an easy-to-use solution based on augmented reality (AR) on smartphones, to enhance health literacy around antihypertensive medicines. It assesses the feasibility of the solution for improving health literacy, oriented specifically to angiotensin II receptor blockers; embedding the health literacy improvement into the use cycle of angiotensin II receptor blockers and providing continuous access to information as a form of patient engagement. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a technology evaluation study with one technology group (AR plus usual care) and one non-technology group (usual care). Both groups receive face-to-face communications with community pharmacists regarding angiotensin II receptor blockers; the technology group receive additional AR-enhanced digital consumer medicine information throughout the use of their medications. The primary outcome is the change in health literacy and the hypothesis is that the proportions of people who show high health literacy will be larger in the technology group. Mixed effects models will be used to analyse solution effectiveness on outcomes. Multiple regression models will be used to find additional variables that might affect the relationship between health literacy and the AR solution. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Human Research Ethics Committee has approved the study as a low-risk technology evaluation study (approval number: 1700000275). Findings will be disseminated via attending scientific conferences and publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Facilitated by QUT, two press releases have been published in public media and two presentations have been made in university classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ahmadvand
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judy Drennan
- School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations, QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jean Burgess
- Digital Media Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele Clark
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Kavanagh
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kara Burns
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations, QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- QUT Library, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fleur Kelly
- Diabetes Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Campbell
- Business Management, Terry White Chemmart Group, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Nissen
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bakhireva LN, Bautista A, Cano S, Shrestha S, Bachyrycz AM, Cruz TH. Barriers and facilitators to dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists. Subst Abus 2017; 39:331-341. [PMID: 29043922 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2017.1391924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although misuse of prescription opioids has reached epidemic proportions, pharmacy-based preventive services to combat this epidemic are limited. The aims of this study were to identify barriers and facilitators to the dispensing of intranasal naloxone (INN) by pharmacists in New Mexico. METHODS For this mixed-methods study, a qualitative component (focus group) informed the development of a quantitative component (electronic survey) distributed to all pharmacists registered with the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy and practicing in the state. A 46-item survey included questions about pharmacists' concerns regarding dispensing INN, barriers and facilitators to dispensing INN, efforts needed to increase availability and utilization of pharmacist-dispensed INN, and characteristics of respondents and their pharmacies. RESULTS Pharmacists from all geographical regions and all types of pharmacy settings were represented in the sample (final N = 390, participation rate 23.5%, including a subset of 182 community pharmacists). The main barriers identified were (1) out-of-pocket costs for patients; (2) time constraints for pharmacists; and (3) inadequate reimbursement for pharmacists. The main facilitators were (1) increased awareness among opioid-using patients and family members about the need for INN; (2) additional education to the general public; and (3) additional training for pharmacists on how to initiate discussions about INN with high-risk patients. Some community pharmacists were concerned that INN dispensing would promote opioid abuse (16.5%) and attract undesirable clientele (14.3%). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis of a community pharmacy subset, a higher number of concerns about INN (odds ratio [OR] = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.93) and a pharmacy setting in a chain grocery or a "big box" store (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.16-0.92) were associated with decreased odds of dispensing INN. CONCLUSIONS Effective intervention strategies for increasing dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists should focus on pharmacists' concerns, include education to multiple audiences, and address provider-level, system-level, and society-level barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila N Bakhireva
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA.,b Department of Family and Community Medicine , School of Medicine, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Adriana Bautista
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Sandra Cano
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Shikhar Shrestha
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Amy M Bachyrycz
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Theresa H Cruz
- c Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
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Attitudes and attributes of pharmacists in relation to practice change - A scoping review and discussion. Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 13:440-455.e11. [PMID: 27459951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple barriers and facilitators to the uptake of cognitive services in pharmacy practice have been identified. Pharmacists' attitudes and attributes have been described as barriers and facilitators in relation to the uptake of extended pharmacy services, in addition to those of a more systemic nature. OBJECTIVES To systematically scope and review the literature describing pharmacists' attitudes and attributes in relation to the implementation of cognitive services or role extension and to critically analyze and discuss their relevance as barriers or facilitators. METHOD A scoping review of the literature on attitudes and attributes of pharmacists in relation to pharmacy practice was performed, including 47 articles on attitudes and 12 on attributes, forming the basis for a critical analysis within theoretical frameworks. RESULTS Pharmacists' attitudes toward role extensions and new pharmacy service models are generally positive and their personal attributes and personality traits appear favorable for roles as health professionals. Pharmacists perceived a number of barriers to the uptake of extended roles. CONCLUSION Pharmacists' attributes, including personality traits, and attitudes favor the implementation of cognitive and patient-focused health care services and should not be regarded as major barriers to the uptake of extended pharmacy practice roles. Framing their attitudes and attributes within the theories of planned behavior and personality trait theories indicates that individual motivation needs to be underscored by systemic support for pharmacy practice change to succeed on a wide scale.
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