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Mohammed M, Kumar N, Zawiah M, Al-Ashwal FY, Bala AA, Lawal BK, Wada AS, Halboup A, Muhammad S, Ahmad R, Sha'aban A. Psychometric Properties and Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards ChatGPT in Pharmacy Practice and Education: a Study Protocol. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:2284-2293. [PMID: 37428357 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
ChatGPT represents an advanced conversational artificial intelligence (AI), providing a powerful tool for generating human-like responses that could change pharmacy prospects. This protocol aims to describe the development, validation, and utilization of a tool to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards ChatGPT (KAP-C) in pharmacy practice and education. The development and validation process of the KAP-C tool will include a comprehensive literature search to identify relevant constructs, content validation by a panel of experts for items relevancy using content validity index (CVI) and face validation by sample participants for items clarity using face validity index (FVI), readability and difficulty index using the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test, Gunning Fog Index, or Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), assessment of reliability using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to determine the underlying factor structures (eigenvalues, scree plot analysis, factor loadings, and varimax). The second phase will utilize the validated KAP-C tool to conduct KAP surveys among pharmacists and pharmacy students in selected low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Nigeria, Pakistan, and Yemen). The final data will be analyzed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range), and inferential statistics like Chi-square or regression analyses using IBM SPSS version 28. A p<0.05 will be considered statistically significant. ChatGPT holds the potential to revolutionize pharmacy practice and education. This study will highlight the psychometric properties of the KAP-C tool that assesses the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards ChatGPT in pharmacy practice and education. The findings will contribute to the potential ethical integration of ChatGPT into pharmacy practice and education in LMICs, serve as a reference to other economies, and provide valuable evidence for leveraging AI advancements in pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
- Vice President for Medical and Health Science Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Narendar Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Zawiah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Hodeidah University, Al Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Fahmi Y Al-Ashwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar, 31001, Iraq
| | - Auwal Adam Bala
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Basira Kankia Lawal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Sadiq Wada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdulsalam Halboup
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Rabbiya Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Sha'aban
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, Wales, UK
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de Castro Araújo-Neto F, Dosea AS, da Fonseca FL, Tavares TM, Pimentel DMM, Mesquita AR, Lyra-Jr. DPD. Formal leadership perceptions about the autonomy of Pharmacy: a SWOT analysis. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 14:100443. [PMID: 38655194 PMCID: PMC11035047 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autonomy is considered a vital principle of professionalism. In recent years, despite important advances, the Pharmacy and pharmacists' autonomy has been questioned due to conflicts that jeopardize the consolidation of this profession in the division of work in health. OBJECTIVE to understand the construct of autonomy based on perceptions of formal leaders associated with professional organizations. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted through interviews with key informants. The data obtained were submitted to content analysis. RESULTS Perceptions about the autonomy in pharmaceutical practice were categorized according to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to this construct. CONCLUSION The findings allowed us to understand the autonomy of pharmaceutical practice in Brazil, generate hypotheses about the future of Pharmacy, and build strategies to maintain its occupational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Santana Dosea
- Health Sciences Graduate Program. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Francielly Lima da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Tavares
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra-Jr.
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Rhoney DH, Chen AMH, Churchwell MD, Daugherty KK, Jarrett JB, Kleppinger EL, Nawarskas JJ, Sibicky SL, Stowe CD, Meyer SM. The Need for Competency-Based Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100706. [PMID: 38705241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While pharmacy education updates learning as new information arises, changes to learning experiences can trail behind current practices and technology. There have been multiple calls for radical changes in how health professions education is delivered to ensure patients are receiving high-quality care. Competency-based education has been one way discussed in the literature for how to handle this need to develop students who have a willingness to learn and can problem-solve. The goal of this review is to examine whether competency-based education is needed to drive the profession of pharmacy forward. FINDINGS To address, we collaboratively identified stakeholder perspectives to evaluate the need. The following stakeholders achieved consensus among the committee members: patients/society, learners, workplace/profession, and academic institutions. SUMMARY Based on those perspectives, needs, and gaps to address those needs were identified and are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise H Rhoney
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aleda M H Chen
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, OH, USA.
| | - Mariann D Churchwell
- University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly K Daugherty
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennie B Jarrett
- University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie L Sibicky
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy D Stowe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Susan M Meyer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vordenberg SE, Fusco NM, Ward KE, Darley A, Brady JH, Culhane NS, Habib MJ, Hernandez E, Moye PM, Munusamy S, Painter JT, Pope N, Stevenson TL, Vanderboll K, Chase PA, Matsumoto RR. An Integrative Review of Micro-Credentials and Digital Badges for Pharmacy Educators. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100660. [PMID: 38272238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Micro-credentials (MCs) and digital badges (DBs) have gained popularity in recent years as a means to supplement traditional degrees and certifications. MCs and DBs can play a significant role in supporting student-centered learning by offering personalized and flexible learning pathways, emphasizing real-world relevance and practical skills, and fostering a culture of continuous learning and growth. However, barriers currently exist within health professions education, including pharmacy education, that could limit the full adoption and implementation of MCs and DBs. Research on the use of MCs and DBs in Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs is sparse. In this integrative review, literature on the use of MCs and DBs in health professions education is reviewed, and perspectives on the benefits, issues, and potential future uses within Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Fusco
- University at Buffalo, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Kristina E Ward
- University of Rhode Island, College of Pharmacy, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Darley
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica H Brady
- University of Louisiana Monroe, College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Nicole S Culhane
- Notre Dame of Maryland University, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eliud Hernandez
- University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Pamela M Moye
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shankar Munusamy
- Drake University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Jacob T Painter
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nathan Pope
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | - T Lynn Stevenson
- Auburn University, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kathryn Vanderboll
- University of Michigan, Taubman Health Sciences Library, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia A Chase
- Oregon State University, College of Pharmacy, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- University of the Pacific, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
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Araújo-Neto FDC, Dosea AS, Fonseca FLD, Tavares TMA, Santos DDM, Pimentel DMM, Mesquita AR, Lyra Jr DPD. Perceptions of formal pharmacy leadership on the social role of the profession and its historical evolution: A qualitative study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100405. [PMID: 38283100 PMCID: PMC10820284 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, pharmaceutical professionalism has been questioned due to the social role of pharmacy, which is ambiguous in the literature. This raises questions about the purpose of the profession among pharmacists, despite the efforts of their professional organizations and formal leaders to consolidate the occupational status of the profession. Objective To understand the social role of pharmacy in Brazil through its historical evolution based on the perceptions of formal leaders of the profession. Methods A qualitative study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021 with pharmacists who held leadership positions in formal and professional pharmacy organizations in Brazil. The data obtained from the interviews were submitted to content analysis. Results A total of 17 pharmacists participated in this study. The data analyzed presented perceptions about the social role of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, which promotes access to health through different means. These include the manager pharmacist, who facilitates access to public health policies; the caring pharmacist, who promotes health education and the rational use of medicines; and the technologist pharmacist, who researches, develops, and promotes access to safe and cost-effective medicines. The interviewees also discussed the evolution of this social role based on influential factors such as legislation, clinical movement, pharmaceutical education, labor market, behaviors, and attitudes of pharmacists. Conclusion In this study, pharmaceutical professionalism was conceptualized based on its social role, which should be centered on the patient. Understanding such issues is part of the evolutionary purpose of the profession in Brazil and should be encouraged in the behaviors and attitudes of pharmacists despite the challenges faced by the profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Santana Dosea
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Francielly Lima da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Araújo Tavares
- Undergraduate Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Menezes Santos
- Undergraduate Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra Jr
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Ranchon F, Chanoine S, Lambert-Lacroix S, Bosson JL, Moreau-Gaudry A, Bedouch P. Development of artificial intelligence powered apps and tools for clinical pharmacy services: A systematic review. Int J Med Inform 2023; 172:104983. [PMID: 36724730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers potential opportunities to optimize clinical pharmacy services in community or hospital settings. The objective of this systematic literature review was to identify and analyse quantitative studies using or integrating AI for clinical pharmacy services. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science databases, including all articles published from 2000 to December 2021. Included studies had to involve pharmacists in the development or use of AI-powered apps and tools.. RESULTS 19 studies using AI for clinical pharmacy services were included in this review. 12 out of 19 articles (63.1%) were published in 2020 or 2021. Various methodologies of AI were used, mainly machine learning techniques and subsets (natural language processing and deep learning). The datasets used to train the models were mainly extracted from electronic medical records (6 studies, 32%). Among clinical pharmacy services, medication order review was the service most targeted by AI-powered apps and tools (9 studies), followed by health product dispensing (4 studies), pharmaceutical interviews and therapeutic education (2 studies). The development of these tools mainly involved hospital pharmacists (12/19 studies). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The development of AI-powered apps and tools for clinical pharmacy services is just beginning. Pharmacists need to keep abreast of these developments in order to position themselves optimally while maintaining their human relationships with healthcare teams and patients. Significant efforts have to be made, in collaboration with data scientists, to better assess whether AI-powered apps and tools bring value to clinical pharmacy services in real practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Ranchon
- CNRS, TIMC UMR5525, MESP, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, unité de pharmacie clinique oncologique, Pierre-Bénite, France; Université Lyon-1, EA 3738 CICLY, Oullins cedex F-69921, France.
| | - Sébastien Chanoine
- CNRS, TIMC UMR5525, MESP, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; Pôle Pharmacie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38043 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bosson
- CNRS, TIMC UMR5525, MESP, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Pierrick Bedouch
- CNRS, TIMC UMR5525, MESP, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; Pôle Pharmacie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38043 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-38041 Grenoble, France
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Lobo Borba HH, Woranovicz Carvalho DM. Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on clinical pharmaceutical services: A scoping review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:235-242. [PMID: 36175273 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated and integrated, but the scope of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is wider: technologies and innovations are diffusing faster and more widely. Despite the extensive use of telepharmacy technology by patients and pharmacists, there is an absence of research that examines the use of telepharmacy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the current evidence concerning the impact of the 4IR on the provision of pharmaceutical services. METHODS A scoping review based on the PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) mnemonic was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. Population included pharmacist/clinical pharmaceutical services, the concept referred to the 4IR and the context was open. Electronic searches retrieved 8,694 articles that were screened by titles and abstracts. The search yielded 59 studies that were analyzed in terms of country of focus, publication year, type of publication, main technologies, types of pharmacy services, and the role of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. RESULTS Most of the included studies were conducted in the United States and were published between 2005 and 2021, with the highest number of publications in the year of 2021. The majority of included articles were observational studies. Technologies addressed in the studies were those within the scope of telepharmacy, and most of the articles discussed more than one pharmaceutical service, with medication therapy management as the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS The Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the use of technologies, identifying promising niches for pharmacists in the field of Pharmaceutical Care. This should encourage pharmacists to fortify their capacity to adopt new technologies in the provision of pharmaceutical services. The frequent use of various technologies has been demonstrated, which indicates the exigency for further health education actions by the pharmacist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hiemisch Lobo Borba
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Zip code 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Denise Maria Woranovicz Carvalho
- Department of General and Applied Administration, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Zip code 80210-170, Brazil.
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Forsyth P, Radley A, Rushworth GF, Marra F, Roberts S, O'Hare R, Duggan C, Maguire B. The Collaborative Care Model: Realizing healthcare values and increasing responsiveness in the pharmacy workforce. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 19:110-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ferràs-Tarragó J, Jover-Jorge N, Miranda-Gómez I. A novel arthroscopy training program based on a 3D printed simulator. J Orthop 2022; 32:43-51. [PMID: 35601206 PMCID: PMC9118355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthroscopy is the most important and exciting contribution to sports medicine of the last 100 years. One of its main limitations, however, is the steep learning curve it requires, which is not easy to beat given the scarcity and the high price of arthroscopy simulators. Hypothesis/purpose To describe and evaluate the effectiveness of an open-access arthroscopy training program based on a 3D-printed simulator. Methods A model was designed, which was to be printed on a fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer for home use with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. Fourteen exercises were prepared, each with its timeframe and conceptual goals, arranged from least difficult to most challenging. Exercises were designed to assist subjects in developing the skills of an experienced arthroscopic surgeon through use of the simulator. Twenty subjects from nine hospitals completed the arthroscopy training program. Performance in each exercise was evaluated according to the Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET), taking into account the number of times a student had to repeat each exercise to complete it successfully. Results The mean ASSET score for each exercise was 22 points (IQR 19-25) and the mean number of times students had to repeat each exercise was 16 (95% CI 15.27-17.97). Eighty-five percent of subjects completed the program. The device was printed without difficulty by an independent investigator without prior knowledge of 3D printing. The price of the device was under US$ 12. Conclusion Subjects exhibited an improvement in their basic arthroscopic skills on the simulator. The number of times each of them had to repeat each exercise was similar, which is indicative of a smooth progression of difficulty along the program. The device proved easy to print, accessible, economical, and effective. This is the first structured program based on an open-access arthroscopic simulator to obtain satisfactory results.
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Digital pharmacists: the new wave in pharmacy practice and education. Int J Clin Pharm 2022; 44:775-780. [PMID: 35380393 PMCID: PMC8981193 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists now face the biggest challenges in the history of the profession: the use of digital technologies in pharmacy practice and education and the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. Worldwide, pharmaceutical care and pharmacy education via digital technologies have significantly increased and will be incorporated into patient care and the teaching–learning process, respectively. Thus, in this new era of pharmacy practice and education, curricula should promote the development of specific competencies for the cognitive, conscious, and effective use of digital tools. This requires the training of “disruptive” educators, who are capable of using teaching–learning methods adapted to the digital environment and educational processes suitable for stimulating the use of effective disruptive technologies. This commentary argues that the pharmacy profession can no longer wait for the slow integration of digital technologies into pharmacy practice and education.
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Ismail F, Yelverton C, Rademan R, Peterson C. Perceptions and attitudes of University of Johannesburg chiropractic students toward a blended learning approach and a shift to an e-learning approach necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2022; 36:73-81. [PMID: 34965578 PMCID: PMC8895841 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore and compare the perceptions and attitudes of chiropractic students on a blended learning offering in 2019 and a subsequent shift to an e-learning approach in 2020 owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This was an exploratory descriptive study of 4th-year BHSc chiropractic students enrolled in the Clinical and Applied Biomechanics IV module in 2019 (n = 31) and 2020 (n = 33). The survey used close-ended Likert scale questions collected from 29 July to 14 August 2020. Data were analyzed using frequencies and descriptions, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability. Trends and interrelationships of and between student attitude, satisfaction, social influences, ease of use, accessibility, and effectivity were investigated for each year and compared between successive years' cohorts. RESULTS Students were mostly female (76.6%), aged 20 to 24 years (84.4%). Although both cohorts showed similar positive attitudes, accessibility, and satisfaction levels, the e-learning group showed increased effectivity (p = .016) and ease of use (p = .038) compared with the blended learning cohort. Face-to-face time with the lecturer was shown to be more important to the blended learning cohort (p = .006). Strong correlations were demonstrated in both cohorts between accessibility and satisfaction with attitude, effectivity, and ease of use. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that students were more receptive to an e-learning approach than they may have been in the past. This may be as a direct consequence of the response to COVID-19, and the adapted offerings of the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ismail
- Fatima Ismail is a lecturer in the Department of Chiropractic at the University of Johannesburg (John Orr Building, 7th Floor, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; )
| | - Christopher Yelverton
- Christopher Yelverton is head of the Chiropractic Department at the University of Johannesburg (John Orr Building, 7th Floor, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; )
| | - Rolene Rademan
- Rolene Rademan is a chiropractic master's degree student in the Department of Chiropractic at the University of Johannesburg (John Orr Building, 7th Floor, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; )
| | - Cynthia Peterson
- Cynthia Peterson is a professor in the Department of Chiropractic at the University of Johannesburg (John Orr Building, 7th Floor, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; )
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Barton AE, Borchard G, Wacker MG, Pastorin G, Saleem IY, Chaudary S, Elbayoumi T, Zhao Z, Flühmann B. Need for Expansion of Pharmacy Education Globally for the Growing Field of Nanomedicine. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10010017. [PMID: 35202067 PMCID: PMC8878512 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging landscape of nanomedicine includes a wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug formulations. Their design provides nanomedicines with unique features leading to improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. They are manufactured using conventional or biotechnological manufacturing processes. Their physical characteristics are vastly different from traditional small-molecule drugs. Pharmacists are important members of the multi-disciplinary team of scientists involved in their development and clinical application. Consequently, their training should lead to an understanding of the complexities associated with the production and evaluation of nanomedicines. Therefore, student pharmacists, post-doctoral researchers, and trainees should be given more exposure to this rapidly evolving class of therapeutics. This commentary will provide an overview of nanomedicine education within the selection of pharmacy programs globally, discuss the current regulatory challenges, and describe different approaches to incorporate nanomedicine science in pharmacy programs around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Barton
- Vifor Pharma Group, Vifor Pharma Management Ltd., Flughofstrasse 61, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-851-80-00
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva,1, Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias G. Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (M.G.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (M.G.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Imran Y. Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (I.Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Shaqil Chaudary
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (I.Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Tamer Elbayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Nanomedicine Center of Excellence, College of Pharmacy Glendale Campus, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University, No.10, Xitoutiao, You’anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 Nansihuan Xi Lu, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Beat Flühmann
- Vifor Pharma Group, Vifor Pharma Management Ltd., Flughofstrasse 61, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland;
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Memisoglu M, Bilen Ö. A framework for advanced technology medicines from the perspective of community pharmacists; with or without technology. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Gregório J, Reis L, Peyroteo M, Maia M, Mira da Silva M, Lapão LV. The role of Design Science Research Methodology in developing pharmacy eHealth services. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:2089-2096. [PMID: 34119446 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing focus on efficiency of care has prompted health systems to look for innovative solutions that yield maximum value for care. Integration of care and eHealth are seen as the most promising solutions in the high technological environment of the coming decades. Pharmacy services have been developed to a point where the face of community pharmacy has changed dramatically. Thus, service design and implementation has become an area of increased attention by Pharmacy practice researchers, and the arrival of eHealth concepts to Pharmacy is driving the need to find alternative ways to design new services. Moreover, known barriers and challenges remain when securing integration of pharmacy services with the health systems. In this paper, Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM), a user-centered alternative methodology to the design, development and implementation of health services, especially eHealth services, is presented. This alternative, originally from the Information Sciences field, has been adopted as a service design methodology in diverse settings, including health care. Here, case studies are used to explain how a DSRM process should be conducted in a health care setting, illustrating what methods to choose in each step of the process. Finally, the advantages of DSRM compared to other user-centered methodologies for service design are presented, hopefully prompting the discussion on the use of DSRM for the study of the implementation and sustainability of pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gregório
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Reis
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Peyroteo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Melanie Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | - Luís Velez Lapão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Perceptions of community pharmacists to implementing technologies in the workplace: an exploratory study. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 43:1227-1236. [PMID: 33515134 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The proliferation of different technologies in pharmacies has begun to change the role and work of pharmacists; however, while workplace integration of technologies has been shown to be beneficial, there are still barriers to their implementation. Few studies have investigated pharmacists' perceptions of these technologies. Objective To investigate the views of community pharmacists on the implementation of technologies in pharmacy practice. Setting Community pharmacies in Auckland, New Zealand. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted June-September 2018 with a convenience sample of 20 pharmacists. Interviews explored current medication management and technologies used to support this service, experiences with technologies, confidence in learning new technologies, and whether the introduction of technologies could solve any needs in pharmacy practice. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Main outcome measure Community pharmacists views on pharmacy technologies. Results Four key themes were identified: attitudes to existing medication management technologies, adapting to new technologies, acceptance of technology, and barriers to implementing technology in pharmacies. Pharmacists were accepting of technology to help with medication management and allowing them to provide more patient-centered care. Most pharmacists expressed confidence in using new technologies and viewed technology as a tool to address current limitations in their practice. Barriers to technology were cost, consequences of medication error, fear that technology may replace people, and an over-reliance on technology. Conclusion Community pharmacists made use of several types of technologies to promote medication management, including robotics. While mostly accepting of new technologies to streamline tasks and reduce error, pharmacists highlighted the importance of addressing barriers to technology implementation prior to workplace implementation.
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Hansen RN, Nørgaard LS, Hedegaard U, Søndergaard L, Servilieri K, Bendixen S, Rossing C. Integration of and visions for community pharmacy in primary health care in Denmark. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2021; 19:2212. [PMID: 33520039 PMCID: PMC7844971 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the Danish government launched a plan for health entitled: "Healthier lives for everyone - national goals for the health of Danes within the next 10 years". The overall objective is to prolong healthy years of life and to reduce inequality in health. In Denmark, the responsibility for health and social care is shared between the central government, the regions and the municipalities. National and local strategies seek to enhance public health through national and local initiatives initiated by different stakeholders. The Danish community pharmacies also contribute to promoting public health through distribution of and counselling on medication in the entire country and through offering several pharmacy services, six of which are fully or partly remunerated on a national level. Because of greater demands from patients, health care professionals and society and a lack of general practitioners, the Danish community pharmacies now have the opportunity to suggest several new functions and services or to extend existing services. The Danish pharmacy law changed in 2015 with the objective to maintain and develop community pharmacies and to achieve increased patient accessibility. The change in the law made it possible for every community pharmacy owner to open a maximum of seven pharmacy branches (apart from the main pharmacy) in a range of 75 km. This change also increased the competition between community pharmacies and consequently the pharmacies are now under financial pressure. On the other hand, each pharmacy may have been given an incentive to develop their specific pharmacy and become the best pharmacy for the patients. Community pharmacies are working to be seen as partners in the health care system. This role is in Denmark increasingly being supported by the government through the remunerated pharmacy services and through contract with municipalities. Concurrent with the extended tasks for the Danish community pharmacies and utilisation of their excellent competencies in medication the community pharmacies need to focus on their main tasks of supplying medicines and implementing services. This requires efficient management, an increased use of technology for distribution and communication and continuing education and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke N Hansen
- MSc (Pharmacy). Head of Department of Research and Development, Danish College of Pharmacy Practice. Hillerød (Denmark).
| | - Lotte S Nørgaard
- PhD (Pharmacy). Associate Professor. University of Copenhagen. Copenhagen (Denmark).
| | - Ulla Hedegaard
- PhD (Pharmacy). Associate Professor. University of Southern Denmark. Odense (Denmark).
| | - Lone Søndergaard
- MSc (Pharmacy). Deputy manager, Aarhus Viby Pharmacy. Aarhus (Denmark).
| | - Kerly Servilieri
- MSc (Pharmacy). Pharmacy owner Kløver Pharmacy. Brædstrup (Denmark).
| | - Susanne Bendixen
- MSc (Pharmacy). Pharmacy owner, Copenhagen Sønderbro Pharmacy, Sydhavns Pharmacy, Sluseholmen Pharmacy. Copenhagen (Denmark).
| | - Charlotte Rossing
- PhD (Pharmacy), Director of Department of Research and Development, Danish College of Pharmacy Practice. Hillerød (Denmark).
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3D printing by fused deposition modeling of single- and multi-compartment hollow systems for oral delivery – A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Objective: To review specific literature that aimed to predict the future of US pharmacy, beginning in the late 1980s. Data Sources: Articles were identified from searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and references of relevant articles. The following combinations of search terms were used: future, pharmacy, prediction, and forecast. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) full-text commentary, review, or original research and (2) focused predominantly on the pharmacy in the United States. Data on predictions for the future of pharmacy were extracted. Data Synthesis: We selected 3 articles published between 1988 and 2006, with each aiming to project the future for the following decade. We examined each prediction in light of the current knowledge. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Educators, practitioners, and other stakeholders should consider reflecting on the changes in pharmacy for the past 3 decades and applying both historical and emerging trends to improve patient care and sustain practice in the third decade of the 21st century and beyond. Conclusion: Most of the predictions for the future of pharmacy from the past 3 decades materialized, with some still in progress (reimbursement for pharmacy services), whereas others manifested in unexpected ways (transition from shortage to excess of pharmacists). Current forces shaping pharmacy include, but are not limited to, growing spending and use of specialty drugs, automation of pharmacy operations, growth of pharmacy in the digital health enterprise, and growing consumer interest in the use of analytical pharmacy that tests drugs before dispensing.
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Cobelli N, Chiarini A. Improving customer satisfaction and loyalty through mHealth service digitalization. TQM JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/tqm-10-2019-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe main purpose of this exploratory study is to investigate the attitude of pharmacists, as small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners, toward new technologies, and more precisely, toward the adoption of mobile apps for mobile health (mHealth). Such apps are generally used to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study measures pharmacists’ subjective experiences of mobile apps for mHealth and aims to understand how these pharmacists make sense of these apps.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted the narrative inquiry technique combined with critical event analysis. Participants' experiences were categorized based on how they viewed new technology tools. Interpretative inductive analysis identified precise aspects of the sense making illustrative of non-adoption or confused adoption of new technologies by pharmacists.FindingsThis study investigates to what extent new technology tools such as mobile apps affect retailers and more precisely the reasons why mobile apps are and are not adopted by retailers, as potential users, in the pharmaceutical industry. We identified four aspects of sense making that illustrated non-adoption or confused adoption of new technologies by pharmacists. These aspects are deeply discussed in the paper and are referred to the dimensions of confusion to confidence; suspicion to trust; frustration to education; mistrust to cooperation.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the present study is the limited number of territories investigated. This limitation arose because of the exploratory nature of the available research, which is generally based on case studies, and the lack of clear operationalization of the research available at the time of data collection. Another limitation is that the sample included only SMEs operating in the Italian pharmacy industry.Originality/valueMany studies have highlighted the opportunities related to new mobile apps in the business-to-business market. Several have investigated customer interest in such new technology. If some contributions have indirectly investigated the acceptance of information technology tools, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted to investigate directly and precisely the level of pharmacists' acceptance, use, and willingness to adopt information technology (e.g., mobile apps) for customer service in mHealth and mainly the reasons of non-adoption.
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Uzman N, Kusynova Z, Manikkath J, Duggan C. Making the profession attractive for our future and young pharmacists, the game changers for primary health care. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilhan Uzman
- International Pharmaceutical Federation The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Zuzana Kusynova
- International Pharmaceutical Federation The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Jyothsna Manikkath
- International Pharmaceutical Federation Young Pharmacists Group The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Duggan
- International Pharmaceutical Federation The Hague The Netherlands
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