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van Loon WE, Lambert M, Heringa M, Bouvy ML, Taxis K. Community pharmacists' attitudes towards checking prescriptions: a cross-sectional survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2024; 32:363-368. [PMID: 38986519 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The final prescription check is a mandatory but time-consuming process in Dutch community pharmacies. A safer dispensing process may have made the final prescription check obsolete. OBJECTIVE To describe the final prescription check in Dutch community pharmacies and explore pharmacists' attitudes towards changing this. METHODS A cross-sectional survey among Dutch community pharmacists. The online questionnaire was based on literature and previous qualitative research, piloted in three pharmacies, and took 10 min to complete. Results were analysed descriptively. RESULTS A total of 409 pharmacists participated. They saw the final prescription check as an important quality assurance of the dispensing process. Nevertheless, most pharmacists agreed that the final prescription check could be optimized as they thought that the time invested outweighed the benefits. Automation of the dispensing process, only checking selected high-risk prescriptions, and more in-process checks could reduce the need for an extensive final prescription check, rather than delegating the task to assistants. To implement changes, most pharmacists felt current dispensing guidelines needed to be adapted. CONCLUSION There was a widespread consensus that optimizing the final prescription check could enhance efficiency and allow more time for person-centred care. Most pharmacists expressed a preference for updated guidelines before implementing such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ellen van Loon
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy De Drie Stellingen, Brink 1-101, 8431 LD Oosterwolde, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Lambert
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Heringa
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Theda Mansholtstraat 5-B, 2331 JE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel L Bouvy
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Taxis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Flornoy-Guédon A, Fonzo-Christe C, Meier E, Gazengel-Marchand M, Francois O, Gschwind L, Bonnabry P. Development and evaluation of a blended learning training programme for pharmacy technicians' continuing education. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2024; 31:403-408. [PMID: 36898765 PMCID: PMC11347261 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2022-003679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of the pharmacy technician (PT) has expanded in recent years, requiring new competencies, better communications skills and high-level knowledge about drugs. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a blended learning programme for PTs' continuing professional development. METHODS A blended learning programme designed to enhance knowledge, skills and attitudes was created using a six-step approach to curriculum development for medical education. The first part included three short microlearning videos to improve knowledge; the second consisted of a 1.5 hour 'edutainment' session for groups of 5-6 PTs to deepen their knowledge and practice skills. Impacts on knowledge, degree of certainty and self-perceived competence were evaluated before training (pre-test), after the microlearning (post-test 1) and after the edutainment session (post-test 2). RESULTS The three microlearnings were entitled 'Communication', 'Cut-crush a tablet/open a capsule' and 'Pharmacy website'. The edutainment session used team-based learning, game-based learning, peer instruction and simulation. Twenty-six PTs of mean±SD age 36±8 years participated. Pre-test and post-test 1 evaluation scores showed significant overall improvements in mean knowledge (9.1/18 vs 12.1/18, p<0.001), mean degree of certainty (3.4/5 vs 4.2/5, p<0.001) and mean self-perceived competence (58.6/100 vs 72.3/100, p<0.001). After post-test 2, mean knowledge (12.1/18 vs 13.1/18, p=0.010) and mean self-perceived competence (72.3/100 vs 81.1/100, p=0.001) scores had improved, but not mean degree of certainty (4.2/5 vs 4.4/5, p=0.105). All participants found the blended learning programme suitable for their continuing professional development. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed the positive effects of using our blended learning programme to improve PTs' knowledge, degree of certainty and self-perceived competence, to their great satisfaction. This pedagogical format will be integrated into PTs' continuing professional development and include other educational topics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emy Meier
- Pharmacy, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Desselle SP, Ung COL, Harnett JE. Could pharmacy technicians play a role in supporting the appropriate and safe use of traditional and complementary medicines? Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:170-173. [PMID: 38514292 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Across the world traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) product use is prevalent with some countries reporting greater than 50% of the population using these products. T&CM products are primarily self-selected through retail outlets including pharmacies. Pharmacists across the world generally agree they should play a role in ensuring the appropriate and safe use of T&CM products but report being time and resource poor to do so. In this commentary, it is proposed that pharmacy technicians as members of the pharmacy workforce, who with adequate education, and supportive technologies could support pharmacists in providing guidance to consumers and patients about the appropriate and safe use of T&CM products. Pharmacy technicians play a crucial role in the pharmacy workforce, serving as integral members of healthcare teams fulfilling a wide array of tasks essential for the efficient functioning of pharmacies and ensuring the safe dispensation of medications. They have been described by pharmacists as the "the face of the pharmacy" in the community setting and relied on not only for mitigating and triaging problems, but also be primarily responsible for developing rapport, eliciting trust and even loyalty from pharmacy patrons. As such, there is a momentous opportunity for pharmacy technicians to play a role in providing T&CM advice and triaging the need for pharmacists' intervention where harm, or risk of is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, United States.
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joanna E Harnett
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
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Desselle SP. Advancing the research agenda on pharmacy workforce support cadres. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100407. [PMID: 38532842 PMCID: PMC10963916 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. Desselle
- Dept. of Clinical and Social Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, 1310 Club Dr., Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
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Hathout RM, Ishak RAH, Shakshak DH. Do the chitosan nanoparticles really augment the drugs' transdermal fluxes: ending the debate using meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:325-335. [PMID: 38340063 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2317935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal delivery has been extensively investigated as a successful alternative to the oral and parenteral routes of administration. The use of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems through this route has always been controversial. The use of meta-analyses is a useful quantitative means to decide upon the efficiency of this type of vehicles transporting drugs through the skin. AREAS COVERED In this meta-analysis study, polymeric nanoparticles were quantitatively compared to conventional formulations in order to investigate the feasibility of using these particles in transdermal delivery. Natural versus synthetic polymeric sub-groups were also contrasted to determine the most efficient class for transdermal drug enhancement. EXPERT OPINION Meta-analyses are gaining ground in the drug delivery field as they can exploit the mines of the literature and pick up by statistical evidence the superior formulations administered through several routes of administration. This is the first study that utilized the transdermal fluxes as the meta-analysis study effect and could prove the superiority of natural polymeric nanoparticles in transdermal delivery. In our opinion, there is paucity in research work regarding this type of nanocarriers, specifically on chitosan nanoparticles. More studies are warranted for full exploitation of its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Shakshak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shukla A, Rutman M, Moeller J. Accidental paediatric ingestion of amlodipine after pharmacy dispensing error. Med Leg J 2023; 91:139-141. [PMID: 35993220 DOI: 10.1177/00258172221116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Incorrect dispensing of medications by community pharmacies can lead to accidental poisonings. This may not be considered by emergency medicine physicians in patients describing vague symptoms. We present a case of a paediatric ingestion of amlodipine, resulting from a community pharmacy dispensing error, that was recognized by the child's mother, and consider the liability implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Shukla
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, USA
- US Army Center of Medical Excellence, Fort Sam Houston, USA
| | - Maia Rutman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, USA
| | - John Moeller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, USA
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Adams AJ. Extending COVID-19 Pharmacy Technician Duties: Impact on Safety and Pharmacist Jobs. J Pharm Technol 2023; 39:134-138. [PMID: 37323767 PMCID: PMC10209718 DOI: 10.1177/87551225231172343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) led to an expanded scope of practice for pharmacy technicians. As the pandemic wanes, state governments are faced with the decision of whether or not to make permanent the authority of pharmacy technicians to perform extended duties. Objective: Determine the impacts on patient safety and job market demands preadoption and postadoption of Idaho's expanded technician duties in 2017 as a natural experiment for expanded technician duties. Methods: Data from the National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB) is used to explore patient safety outcomes in Idaho preadoption and postadoption and as compared with its border states. Data from Pharmacy Demand Reports is used to compare job postings in Idaho and its border state, and National Association of Boards of Pharmacy census data are used to compare growth in the number of pharmacists and technicians in Idaho and its border states over time. Results: For Idaho pharmacists, the average number of disciplinary actions reported against both pharmacists and technicians dropped after implementation of expanded technician duties. Idaho also had a lower rate of discipline for pharmacists and technicians than its border states. Idaho had the third highest job postings for pharmacists and the second highest for technicians among its border states. Idaho also had the largest growth in the number of licensed pharmacists and technicians of the observed states in the study period. Conclusion: Available statewide data from Idaho as compared with its border states suggests that expanded technician duties did not adversely impact patient safety outcomes or the pharmacist job market. Additional states may wish to expand pharmacy technician duties in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Adams
- Idaho Division of Financial Management, Eagle, ID, USA
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Desselle SP, Wasem V, Woodyard A, Hosseini S, Hohmeier KC, McKeirnan KC. Cultures of support and resilience are associated with certified pharmacy technicians embracing new roles. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:316-321. [PMID: 36216755 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various technological, economic, and regulatory factors are creating opportunities for pharmacy technicians to take on additional responsibilities. Technicians in the broader sense have indicated a preference for expanded scope of duties; however, it is not known what drives technicians' greater inclinations to accept these new roles. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association of various work-related factors, such as co-worker support, pharmacist-leadership style, future uncertainty, their own organizational commitment, and personal characteristics of technicians, including their resilience, on pharmacy technicians' willingness to take on emerging responsibilities in pharmacy. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire survey was disseminated through email to a national, randomized sample of 3000 technicians certified through the National Healthcareer Association (NHA). The questionnaire solicited data on willingness to participate in either of 13 emerging responsibilities as well as resilience, perceived transformative leadership behaviors of supervising pharmacists, future uncertainty, coworker support, organizational commitment, and various personal and practice-related variables. Following the use of principal component analyses for item purification and summation of various scale responses, inferential analyses were conducted via independent sample t-tests, one way analyses of variance, and Pearson's product moment correlation, as appropriate. RESULTS From 2906 surveys delivered, 878 were returned, with 745 of them providing completed responses on willingness to participate in emerging responsibilities. Willingness on most items/responsibilities was highly rated, with many means being at least 4 on a 5-point scale, though some were lower and perhaps a reflection of less exposure to these by way of their personal experience orpractice setting. Technicians' resilience, their coworker support, organizational commitment, and perceived transformative behaviors undertaken by their supervising pharmacists were all highly associated with willingness to engage. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists, pharmacy technician peers, and organizations can contribute to a culture that is supportive for pharmacy technicians and may serve to encourage commitment, resilience, and willingness to embrace new, or emerging responsibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Social and Behavioral Pharmacy, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Valerie Wasem
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Woodyard
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hosseini
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Director of Community Affairs, Director of PGY-1 Community-based Residency Program, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, Nashville, TN, 37211, USA
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacotherapy Department, Spokane, WA, USA
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Cheong AKW, McMillan SS, Anoopkumar‐Dukie S, Kelly FS. Exploring career advancement of pharmacy support staff within two Queensland hospitals: a qualitative study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. W. Cheong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Southport Australia
- Department of Pharmacy Logan Hospital Logan City Australia
| | - Sara S. McMillan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Southport Australia
| | | | - Fiona S. Kelly
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Southport Australia
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Altyar A, Sadoun SA, Aljohani SS, Alradadi RS. Evaluating Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia: Dispensing and Administration-2019. Hosp Pharm 2022; 57:32-37. [PMID: 35521022 PMCID: PMC9065526 DOI: 10.1177/0018578720970470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the dispensing and administration processes in hospital settings in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Method: A questionnaire based on the annual ASHP national survey was distributed among 35 hospitals. The response rate was 60%. After a follow-up period of 6 months, the final questionnaire was collected in November 2019. Result: The survey had a 60% response rate. Most surveyed hospitals have centralized pharmacies (76.2%). Few hospitals reported the use of the Bar Code Medication Administration BCMA system (19.0%) to verify doses during dispensing, and only 28.6% use automated dispensing cabinets. The main method to check unit doses in pharmacies is the "technician fills/pharmacist checks" method, as reported by 76.2% of hospitals. Conclusion: The new technologies in the field of healthcare are impacting the practice of medication distribution. Hospital pharmacies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia are implementing many changes to improve the medication-use system. However, more work has to be done to follow the leaders in the area of pharmacy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Altyar
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Ahmed Altyar, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21441, Saudi Arabia.
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Vest TA, Gazda NP, O'Neil DP, Schenkat DH, Eckel SF. Practice-enhancing publications about the medication-use process in 2020. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 79:244-267. [PMID: 34758060 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE This article identifies, prioritizes, and summarizes published literature on the medication-use process (MUP) from calendar year 2020 that can impact health-system pharmacy daily practice. SUMMARY The MUP is the foundational system that provides the framework for safe medication utilization within the healthcare environment. The MUP is defined in this article as having the following components: prescribing/transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. Articles evaluating at least one step of the MUP were assessed for their usefulness in practice improvement. A PubMed search for articles published in calendar year 2020 was conducted in January 2021 using targeted Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords, and the table of contents of selected pharmacy journals was searched, providing a total of 9,433 articles. A thorough review identified 49 potentially practice-enhancing articles: 15 for prescribing/transcribing, 10 for dispensing, 6 for administration, and 18 for monitoring. Ranking of the articles for importance by peers led to the selection of key articles from each category. The highest-ranked articles are briefly summarized, with a mention of why they are important within health-system pharmacy. The other articles are listed for further review and evaluation. CONCLUSION It is important to routinely review the published literature and to incorporate significant findings into daily practice. This article assists in identifying and summarizing the most impactful recently published literature. Health-system pharmacists have an active role in improving the MUP in their institution, and awareness of the moist significant published studies can assist in changing practice at the institutional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Vest
- Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen F Eckel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, and University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Anderson BJ, Carroll ME, Taylor SE, Chow A. Perceptions of hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards expanding roles for hospital pharmacy technicians: a cross‐sectional survey. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Chow
- Pharmacy Department Austin Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia
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Boughen M, Fenn T. Practice, Skill Mix, and Education: The Evolving Role of Pharmacy Technicians in Great Britain. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020050. [PMID: 32224904 PMCID: PMC7355578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy technicians’ roles are rapidly evolving in Great Britain (GB) as they undertake more extended activities with increased autonomy across the different pharmacy sectors. This paper compares the GB pharmacy regulator initial education and training standards recently introduced (2017) with the qualifications currently used in practice and discusses whether future qualifications will be ‘fit for purpose’. In this context, knowledge, skills, and competence are reviewed to assess whether they will meet the expectations and underpin the evolving pharmacy technician role as integral to healthcare provision. Based on drivers, policy change, and the changing GB healthcare landscape, effectiveness of skill mix is analysed to establish whether this is being optimised to support person-centred pharmacy in response to the challenges and pressures faced within the NHS. On this basis and given there is a limited evidence base, this review has highlighted a need for larger scale research to reassure the pharmacy and wider healthcare professions, and the public, that the evolving pharmacy technician role presents no increased risk to patient safety and contributes significantly to releasing pharmacists time for person-centred clinical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Boughen
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Tess Fenn
- European Association of Pharmacy Technicians, 2500 Valby, Denmark;
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