1
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Charette BJ, King SR, Chen J, Holm AR, Malme JT, Cook RD, Schaller RD, Jackson NE, Olshansky L. Excited State Dynamics of a Conformationally Fluxional Copper Coordination Complex. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7747-7755. [PMID: 37672011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of solar energy into chemical fuel represents a capstone goal of the 21st century and has the potential to supply terawatts of power in a globally distributed manner. However, the disparate time scales of photodriven charge separation (∼fs) and steps in chemical reactions (∼μs) represent an inherent bottleneck in solar-to-fuels technology. To address this discrepancy, we are developing earth-abundant coordination complexes that undergo light-induced conformational rearrangements such that charge separation (CS) is hastened, while charge recombination (CR) is slowed. To these ends, we report the preparation and characterization of a new series of conformationally fluxional copper coordination complexes that contain a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) fluorophore as part of their ligand scaffold. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of the Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes formed with these ligands in their ground states establish oxidation state-dependent conformational dynamicity, while time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectroscopies define the photophysical parameters of photo-induced excited states. Building on initial reports with a related set of molecules, the improved ligand design presented here greatly simplifies the observed photophysics, effectively shutting down unwanted ligand-centered excited states previously observed. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) analyses reveal an unusual metal-to-TICT electronic transition only reported once before, and though the formation of a CS state is not observed directly through experiments, TDDFT geometry optimizations in the excited states support the formation of transient Cu(II) CS species, lending credence to the potential success of our approach. These studies establish a clear model for the excited state dynamics at play in proof-of-concept systems and clarify key design parameters for future optimizations toward achieving long-lived CS via photoinduced conformational gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte J Charette
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shelby R King
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Annika R Holm
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justin T Malme
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Robert D Cook
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lisa Olshansky
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Yang J, Guo Q, Feng X, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Targets for Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841523. [PMID: 35646910 PMCID: PMC9140220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious public health issues and are responsible for nearly one-third of global deaths. Mitochondrial dysfunction is accountable for the development of most CVDs. Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Mitochondria can protect against these damages via the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. In recent years, mitochondria-targeted therapy for CVDs has attracted increasing attention. Various studies have confirmed that clinical drugs (β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor-II blockers) against CVDs have mitochondrial protective functions. An increasing number of cardiac mitochondrial targets have shown their cardioprotective effects in experimental and clinical studies. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and summarize the progression of mitochondrial targets against CVDs, which may provide ideas for experimental studies and clinical trials.
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3
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Noll D, Leon F, Brandt D, Pistorius P, Le Bohec C, Bonadonna F, Trathan PN, Barbosa A, Rey AR, Dantas GPM, Bowie RCK, Poulin E, Vianna JA. Positive selection over the mitochondrial genome and its role in the diversification of gentoo penguins in response to adaptation in isolation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3767. [PMID: 35260629 PMCID: PMC8904570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial DNA has been widely used in phylogeography, evidence has emerged that factors such as climate, food availability, and environmental pressures that produce high levels of stress can exert a strong influence on mitochondrial genomes, to the point of promoting the persistence of certain genotypes in order to compensate for the metabolic requirements of the local environment. As recently discovered, the gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) comprise four highly divergent lineages across their distribution spanning the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. Gentoo penguins therefore represent a suitable animal model to study adaptive processes across divergent environments. Based on 62 mitogenomes that we obtained from nine locations spanning all four gentoo penguin lineages, we demonstrated lineage-specific nucleotide substitutions for various genes, but only lineage-specific amino acid replacements for the ND1 and ND5 protein-coding genes. Purifying selection (dN/dS < 1) is the main driving force in the protein-coding genes that shape the diversity of mitogenomes in gentoo penguins. Positive selection (dN/dS > 1) was mostly present in codons of the Complex I (NADH genes), supported by two different codon-based methods at the ND1 and ND4 in the most divergent lineages, the eastern gentoo penguin from Crozet and Marion Islands and the southern gentoo penguin from Antarctica respectively. Additionally, ND5 and ATP6 were under selection in the branches of the phylogeny involving all gentoo penguins except the eastern lineage. Our study suggests that local adaptation of gentoo penguins has emerged as a response to environmental variability promoting the fixation of mitochondrial haplotypes in a non-random manner. Mitogenome adaptation is thus likely to have been associated with gentoo penguin diversification across the Southern Ocean and to have promoted their survival in extreme environments such as Antarctica. Such selective processes on the mitochondrial genome may also be responsible for the discordance detected between nuclear- and mitochondrial-based phylogenies of gentoo penguin lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Noll
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Leon
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Brandt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Pistorius
- Department of Zoology, 11DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - C Le Bohec
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco City, Monaco
| | - F Bonadonna
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - A Barbosa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G P M Dantas
- PPG in Vertebrate Biology, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Poulin
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J A Vianna
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile. .,Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile. .,Fondo de Desarrollo de Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Windels EM, Fox R, Yerramsetty K, Krouse K, Wenseleers T, Swinnen J, Matthay P, Verstraete L, Wilmaerts D, Van den Bergh B, Michiels J. Population Bottlenecks Strongly Affect the Evolutionary Dynamics of Antibiotic Persistence. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3345-3357. [PMID: 33871643 PMCID: PMC8321523 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persistence is a potential cause of antibiotic therapy failure. Antibiotic-tolerant persisters originate from phenotypic differentiation within a susceptible population, occurring with a frequency that can be altered by mutations. Recent studies have proven that persistence is a highly evolvable trait and, consequently, an important evolutionary strategy of bacterial populations to adapt to high-dose antibiotic therapy. Yet, the factors that govern the evolutionary dynamics of persistence are currently poorly understood. Theoretical studies predict far-reaching effects of bottlenecking on the evolutionary adaption of bacterial populations, but these effects have never been investigated in the context of persistence. Bottlenecking events are frequently encountered by infecting pathogens during host-to-host transmission and antibiotic treatment. In this study, we used a combination of experimental evolution and barcoded knockout libraries to examine how population bottlenecking affects the evolutionary dynamics of persistence. In accordance with existing hypotheses, small bottlenecks were found to restrict the adaptive potential of populations and result in more heterogeneous evolutionary outcomes. Evolutionary trajectories followed in small-bottlenecking regimes additionally suggest that the fitness landscape associated with persistence has a rugged topography, with distinct trajectories toward increased persistence that are accessible to evolving populations. Furthermore, sequencing data of evolved populations and knockout libraries after selection reveal various genes that are potentially involved in persistence, including previously known as well as novel targets. Together, our results do not only provide experimental evidence for evolutionary theories, but also contribute to a better understanding of the environmental and genetic factors that guide bacterial adaptation to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etthel M Windels
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Swinnen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Matthay
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Verstraete
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Wilmaerts
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van den Bergh
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Li Y, Zhang X, Ma A, Kang Y. Rational Application of β-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis via Activation of the Erk/CREB/eNOS Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1219-1227. [PMID: 33739811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death. Increasing evidence indicates that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) exerts beneficial effects in treating stroke, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we injected different doses of BHB into the lateral ventricle in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats and neuronal cells were treated with different doses of BHB followed by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We found that a moderate dose of BHB enhanced mitochondrial complex I respiratory chain complex I activity, reduced oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis, improved neurological scores, and reduced infarct volume after ischemia. We further showed that the effects of BHB were achieved by upregulating the dedicated BHB transporter SMCT1 and activating the Erk/CREB/eNOS pathway. These results provide us with a foundation for a novel understanding of the neuroprotective effects of BHB in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Intensive Care Unit, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aijia Ma
- Intensive Care Unit, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Kang
- Intensive Care Unit, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Bartáková V, Bryjová A, Nicolas V, Lavrenchenko LA, Bryja J. Mitogenomics of the endemic Ethiopian rats: looking for footprints of adaptive evolution in sky islands. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:182-191. [PMID: 33412336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms living in high altitude must adapt to environmental conditions with hypoxia and low temperature, e.g. by changes in the structure and function of proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Here we analysed the signs of adaptive evolution in 27 mitogenomes of endemic Ethiopian rats (Stenocephalemys), where individual species adapted to different elevation. Significant signals of positive selection were detected in 10 of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes, with a majority of functional substitutions in the NADH dehydrogenase complex. Higher frequency of positively selected sites was found in phylogenetic lineages corresponding to Afroalpine specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bartáková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Bryjová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51 Paris, France
| | - Leonid A Lavrenchenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Preissler J, Reeve HA, Zhu T, Nicholson J, Urata K, Lauterbach L, Wong LL, Vincent KA, Lenz O. Dihydrogen‐Driven NADPH Recycling in Imine Reduction and P450‐Catalyzed Oxidations Mediated by an Engineered O
2
‐Tolerant Hydrogenase. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Preissler
- Institute of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Tianze Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jake Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kouji Urata
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Institute of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Luet L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Institute of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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8
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Favia M, de Bari L, Bobba A, Atlante A. An Intriguing Involvement of Mitochondria in Cystic Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111890. [PMID: 31698802 PMCID: PMC6912654 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) occurs when the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is not synthetized and folded correctly. The CFTR protein helps to maintain the balance of salt and water on many body surfaces, such as the lung surface. When the protein is not working correctly, chloride becomes trapped in cells, then water cannot hydrate the cellular surface and the mucus covering the cells becomes thick and sticky. Furthermore, a defective CFTR appears to produce a redox imbalance in epithelial cells and extracellular fluids and to cause an abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species: as a consequence, oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in the aetiology of the process. Moreover, massive evidences show that defective CFTR gives rise to extracellular GSH level decrease and elevated glucose concentrations in airway surface liquid (ASL), thus encouraging lung infection by pathogens in the CF advancement. Recent research in progress aims to rediscover a possible role of mitochondria in CF. Here the latest new and recent studies on mitochondrial bioenergetics are collected. Surprisingly, they have enabled us to ascertain that mitochondria have a leading role in opposing the high ASL glucose level as well as oxidative stress in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Favia
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari—CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.d.B.); (A.B.)
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Lidia de Bari
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari—CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.d.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari—CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.d.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Atlante
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari—CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.d.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (A.A.)
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9
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Abstract
Complexes I to IV, with the exception of Complex II, are redox-driven proton pumps that convert redox energy of oxygen reduction to proton gradient across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane; in turn, the created electrochemical gradient drives the adenosine triphosphate synthesis in the cells by utilizing complex V of the chain. Here we address a general question of the efficiency of such enzymes, considering them as molecular machines that couple endergonic and exergonic reactions and converting one form of free energy into another. One well-known example of the efficiency is given by Carnot's theorem for heat engines. Here we extend the concept to respiratory enzymes and specifically focus on the proton pumping by Complex I of the respiratory chain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. To discuss the efficiency issues, we develop a model of enzyme kinetics, which generalizes the Michaelis-Menten model. Our model includes several substrates and products and, in general, can be considered as Generalized Michaelis-Menten Kinetic model. The model might be useful for describing complex enzyme kinetics, regardless of the efficiency issues that are addressed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Stuchebrukhov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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10
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Wang Q, Lu W, Yang J, Jiang L, Zhang Q, Kan X, Yang X. Comparative transcriptomics in three Passerida species provides insights into the evolution of avian mitochondrial complex I. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Stuchebrukhov AA. Redox-Driven Proton Pumps of the Respiratory Chain. Biophys J 2018; 115:830-840. [PMID: 30119834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In aerobic cells, the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis is created by three different proton pumps-membrane enzymes of the respiratory electron transport chain known as complex I, III, and IV. Despite the striking dissimilarity of structures and apparent differences in molecular mechanisms of proton pumping, all three enzymes have much in common and employ the same universal physical principles of converting redox energy to proton pumping. In this study, we describe a simple mathematical model that illustrates the general principles of redox-driven proton pumps and discuss their implementation in complex I, III, and IV of the respiratory chain.
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12
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Branscomb E, Russell MJ. Frankenstein or a Submarine Alkaline Vent: Who Is Responsible for Abiogenesis?: Part 1: What is life-that it might create itself? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700179. [PMID: 29870581 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Origin of life models based on "energized assemblages of building blocks" are untenable in principle. This is fundamentally a consequence of the fact that any living system is in a physical state that is extremely far from equilibrium, a condition it must itself build and sustain. This in turn requires that it carries out all of its molecular transformations-obligatorily those that convert, and thereby create, disequilibria-using case-specific mechanochemical macromolecular machines. Mass-action solution chemistry is quite unable to do this. We argue in Part 2 of this series that this inherent dependence of life on disequilibria-converting macromolecular machines is also an obligatory requirement for life at its emergence. Therefore, life must have been launched by the operation of abiotic macromolecular machines driven by abiotic, but specifically "life-like", disequilibria, coopted from mineral precipitates that are chemically and physically active. Models grounded in "chemistry-in-a-bag" ideas, however energized, should not be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elbert Branscomb
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Russell
- Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109-8099, USA
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13
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Cadenas S. ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:76-89. [PMID: 29373843 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including the elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which occurs particularly at reperfusion. The mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH oxidases of the NOX family are major sources of ROS in cardiomyocytes. The first part of this review discusses recent findings and controversies on the mechanisms of superoxide production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain during IR injury, as well as the contribution of the NOX isoforms expressed in cardiomyocytes, NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, to this damage. It then focuses on the effects of ROS on the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), an inner membrane non-selective pore that causes irreversible damage to the heart. The second part analyzes the redox mechanisms of cardiomyocyte mitochondrial protection; specifically, the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, which are both regulated by the cellular redox state. Redox mechanisms involved in ischemic preconditioning, one of the most effective ways of protecting the heart against IR injury, are also reviewed. Interestingly, several of these protective pathways converge on the inhibition of mPTP opening during reperfusion. Finally, the clinical and translational implications of these cardioprotective mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cadenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Kitazoe Y, Hasegawa M, Tanaka M, Futami M, Futami J. Mitochondrial determinants of mammalian longevity. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170083. [PMID: 29070610 PMCID: PMC5666079 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current ageing theories are far from satisfactory because of the many determinants involved in ageing. The well-known rate-of-living theory assumes that the product (lifetime energy expenditure, LEE) of maximum lifespan (MLS) and mass-specific basal metabolic rate (msBMR) is approximately constant. Although this theory provides a significant inverse correlation between msBMR and MLS as a whole for mammals, it remains problematic for two reasons. First, several interspecies studies within respective orders (typically within rodents) have shown no inverse relationships between msBMR and MLS. Second, LEE values widely vary in mammals and birds. Here, to solve these two problems, we introduced a new quantity designated as mitochondrial (mt) lifetime energy output, mtLEO = MLS × mtMR, in place of LEE, by using the mt metabolic rate (mtMR) per mitochondrion. Thereby, we found that mtLEO values were distributed more narrowly than LEE ones, and strongly correlated with the four amino-acid variables (AAVs) of Ser, Thr and Cys contents and hydrophobicity of mtDNA-encoded membrane proteins (these variables were related to the stability of these proteins). Consequently, only these two mt items, mtMR and the AAVs, solved the above-mentioned problems in the rate-of-living theory, and thus extensively improved the correlation with MLS compared with that given by LEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kitazoe
- Center of Medical Information Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Midori-cho 10-3, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Midori Futami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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15
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Structure and electrochemistry of proteins harboring iron-sulfur clusters of different nuclearities. Part I. [4Fe-4S] + [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur proteins. J Struct Biol 2017; 200:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Suenobu T, Shibata S, Fukuzumi S. Catalytic Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide from Coenzyme NADH and Dioxygen with a Water-Soluble Iridium Complex and a Ubiquinone Coenzyme Analogue. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7747-54. [PMID: 27403568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A ubiquinone coenzyme analogue (Q0: 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was reduced by coenzyme NADH to yield the corresponding reduced form of Q0 (Q0H2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of a [C,N] cyclometalated organoiridium complex (1: [Ir(III)(Cp*)(4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN(2))benzoic acid-κC(3))(H2O)]2SO4) in water at ambient temperature as observed in the respiratory chain complex I (Complex I). In the catalytic cycle, the reduction of 1 by NADH produces the corresponding iridium hydride complex that in turn reduces Q0 to produce Q0H2. Q0H2 reduced dioxygen to yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under slightly basic conditions. Catalytic generation of H2O2 was made possible in the reaction of O2 with NADH as the functional expression of NADH oxidase in white blood cells utilizing the redox cycle of Q0 as well as 1 for the first time in a nonenzymatic homogeneous reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Nagoya, Aichi 468-0073, Japan
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17
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Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:451-93. [PMID: 27122598 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00070-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Deazaflavin cofactors enhance the metabolic flexibility of microorganisms by catalyzing a wide range of challenging enzymatic redox reactions. While structurally similar to riboflavin, 5-deazaflavins have distinctive and biologically useful electrochemical and photochemical properties as a result of the substitution of N-5 of the isoalloxazine ring for a carbon. 8-Hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (Fo) appears to be used for a single function: as a light-harvesting chromophore for DNA photolyases across the three domains of life. In contrast, its oligoglutamyl derivative F420 is a taxonomically restricted but functionally versatile cofactor that facilitates many low-potential two-electron redox reactions. It serves as an essential catabolic cofactor in methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and likely methanotrophic archaea. It also transforms a wide range of exogenous substrates and endogenous metabolites in aerobic actinobacteria, for example mycobacteria and streptomycetes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of F420 in microorganisms and the biochemistry of the various oxidoreductases that mediate these roles. Particular focus is placed on the central roles of F420 in methanogenic archaea in processes such as substrate oxidation, C1 pathways, respiration, and oxygen detoxification. We also describe how two F420-dependent oxidoreductase superfamilies mediate many environmentally and medically important reactions in bacteria, including biosynthesis of tetracycline and pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics by streptomycetes, activation of the prodrugs pretomanid and delamanid by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and degradation of environmental contaminants such as picrate, aflatoxin, and malachite green. The biosynthesis pathways of Fo and F420 are also detailed. We conclude by considering opportunities to exploit deazaflavin-dependent processes in tuberculosis treatment, methane mitigation, bioremediation, and industrial biocatalysis.
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18
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Huang L, Li J, Anboukaria H, Luo Z, Zhao M, Wu H. Comparative transcriptome analyses of seven anurans reveal functions and adaptations of amphibian skin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24069. [PMID: 27040083 PMCID: PMC4819189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal skin, which is the tissue that directly contacts the external surroundings, has evolved diverse functions to adapt to various environments. Amphibians represent the transitional taxon from aquatic to terrestrial life. Exploring the molecular basis of their skin function and adaptation is important to understand the survival and evolutionary mechanisms of vertebrates. However, comprehensive studies on the molecular mechanisms of skin functions in amphibians are scarce. In this study, we sequenced the skin transcriptomes of seven anurans belonging to three families and compared the similarities and differences in expressed genes and proteins. Unigenes and pathways related to basic biological processes and special functions, such as defense, immunity, and respiration, were enriched in functional annotations. A total of 108 antimicrobial peptides were identified. The highly expressed genes were similar in species of the same family but were different among families. Additionally, the positively selected orthologous groups were involved in biosynthesis, metabolism, immunity, and defense processes. This study is the first to generate extensive transcriptome data for the skin of seven anurans and provides unigenes and pathway candidates for further studies on amphibian skin function and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Housseni Anboukaria
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China
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19
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Wirth C, Brandt U, Hunte C, Zickermann V. Structure and function of mitochondrial complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:902-14. [PMID: 26921811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the largest and most complicated enzyme of the respiratory chain. Fourteen central subunits represent the minimal form of complex I and can be assigned to functional modules for NADH oxidation, ubiquinone reduction, and proton pumping. In addition, the mitochondrial enzyme comprises some 30 accessory subunits surrounding the central subunits that are not directly associated with energy conservation. Complex I is known to release deleterious oxygen radicals (ROS) and its dysfunction has been linked to a number of hereditary and degenerative diseases. We here review recent progress in structure determination, and in understanding the role of accessory subunits and functional analysis of mitochondrial complex I. For the central subunits, structures provide insight into the arrangement of functional modules including the substrate binding sites, redox-centers and putative proton channels and pump sites. Only for two of the accessory subunits, detailed structures are available. Nevertheless, many of them could be localized in the overall structure of complex I, but most of these assignments have to be considered tentative. Strikingly, redox reactions and proton pumping machinery are spatially completely separated and the site of reduction for the hydrophobic substrate ubiquinone is found deeply buried in the hydrophilic domain of the complex. The X-ray structure of complex I from Yarrowia lipolytica provides clues supporting the previously proposed two-state stabilization change mechanism, in which ubiquinone redox chemistry induces conformational states and thereby drives proton pumping. The same structural rearrangements may explain the active/deactive transition of complex I implying an integrated mechanistic model for energy conversion and regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Respiratory complex I, edited by Volker Zickermann and Ulrich Brandt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Wirth
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt "Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Volker Zickermann
- Structural Bioenergetics Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical School, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt "Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Germany.
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20
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Schut GJ, Zadvornyy O, Wu CH, Peters JW, Boyd ES, Adams MWW. The role of geochemistry and energetics in the evolution of modern respiratory complexes from a proton-reducing ancestor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:958-70. [PMID: 26808919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex I or NADH quinone oxidoreductase (NUO) is an integral component of modern day respiratory chains and has a close evolutionary relationship with energy-conserving [NiFe]-hydrogenases of anaerobic microorganisms. Specifically, in all of biology, the quinone-binding subunit of Complex I, NuoD, is most closely related to the proton-reducing, H2-evolving [NiFe]-containing catalytic subunit, MbhL, of membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH), to the methanophenzine-reducing subunit of a methanogenic respiratory complex (FPO) and to the catalytic subunit of an archaeal respiratory complex (MBX) involved in reducing elemental sulfur (S°). These complexes also pump ions and have at least 10 homologous subunits in common. As electron donors, MBH and MBX use ferredoxin (Fd), FPO uses either Fd or cofactor F420, and NUO uses either Fd or NADH. In this review, we examine the evolutionary trajectory of these oxidoreductases from a proton-reducing ancestral respiratory complex (ARC). We hypothesize that the diversification of ARC to MBH, MBX, FPO and eventually NUO was driven by the larger energy yields associated with coupling Fd oxidation to the reduction of oxidants with increasing electrochemical potential, including protons, S° and membrane soluble organic compounds such as phenazines and quinone derivatives. Importantly, throughout Earth's history, the availability of these oxidants increased as the redox state of the atmosphere and oceans became progressively more oxidized as a result of the origin and ecological expansion of oxygenic photosynthesis. ARC-derived complexes are therefore remarkably stable respiratory systems with little diversity in core structure but whose general function appears to have co-evolved with the redox state of the biosphere. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Respiratory Complex I, edited by Volker Zickermann and Ulrich Brandt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Schut
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Oleg Zadvornyy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Chang-Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - John W Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Eric S Boyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Michael W W Adams
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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21
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Molecular simulation and modeling of complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:915-21. [PMID: 26780586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations play an important role in the functional characterization of complex I. With its large size and complicated function, linking quinone reduction to proton pumping across a membrane, complex I poses unique modeling challenges. Nonetheless, simulations have already helped in the identification of possible proton transfer pathways. Simulations have also shed light on the coupling between electron and proton transfer, thus pointing the way in the search for the mechanistic principles underlying the proton pump. In addition to reviewing what has already been achieved in complex I modeling, we aim here to identify pressing issues and to provide guidance for future research to harness the power of modeling in the functional characterization of complex I. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Respiratory complex I, edited by Volker Zickermann and Ulrich Brandt.
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22
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Abstract
In Escherichia coli, hydrogen metabolism plays a prominent role in anaerobic physiology. The genome contains the capability to produce and assemble up to four [NiFe]-hydrogenases, each of which are known, or predicted, to contribute to different aspects of cellular metabolism. In recent years, there have been major advances in the understanding of the structure, function, and roles of the E. coli [NiFe]-hydrogenases. The membrane-bound, periplasmically oriented, respiratory Hyd-1 isoenzyme has become one of the most important paradigm systems for understanding an important class of oxygen-tolerant enzymes, as well as providing key information on the mechanism of hydrogen activation per se. The membrane-bound, periplasmically oriented, Hyd-2 isoenzyme has emerged as an unusual, bidirectional redox valve able to link hydrogen oxidation to quinone reduction during anaerobic respiration, or to allow disposal of excess reducing equivalents as hydrogen gas. The membrane-bound, cytoplasmically oriented, Hyd-3 isoenzyme is part of the formate hydrogenlyase complex, which acts to detoxify excess formic acid under anaerobic fermentative conditions and is geared towards hydrogen production under those conditions. Sequence identity between some Hyd-3 subunits and those of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenases has led to hypotheses that the activity of this isoenzyme may be tightly coupled to the formation of transmembrane ion gradients. Finally, the E. coli genome encodes a homologue of Hyd-3, termed Hyd-4, however strong evidence for a physiological role for E. coli Hyd-4 remains elusive. In this review, the versatile hydrogen metabolism of E. coli will be discussed and the roles and potential applications of the spectrum of different types of [NiFe]-hydrogenases available will be explored.
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23
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Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes? Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150232. [PMID: 26543031 PMCID: PMC4708006 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential for changes in dietary macronutrients to differentially influence mitochondrial bioenergetics and thereby the frequency of mtDNA haplotypes in natural populations. Such dietary modification may be seasonal or result from biogeographic or demographic shifts. Mechanistically, mtDNA haplotypes may influence the activity of the electron transport system (ETS), retrograde signalling to the nuclear genome and affect epigenetic modifications. Thus, differential provisioning by macronutrients may lead to selection through changes in the levels of ATP production, modulation of metabolites (including AMP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the NAD+/NADH ratio) and potentially complex epigenetic effects. The exquisite complexity of dietary influence on haplotype frequency is further illustrated by the fact that macronutrients may differentially influence the selective advantage of specific mutations in different life-history stages. In Drosophila, complex I mutations may affect larval growth because dietary nutrients are fed through this complex in immaturity. In contrast, the majority of electrons are provided to complex III in adult flies. We conclude the review with a case study that considers specific interactions between diet and complex I of the ETS. Complex I is the first enzyme of the mitochondrial ETS and co-ordinates in the oxidation of NADH and transfer of electrons to ubiquinone. Although the supposition that mtDNA variants may be selected upon by dietary macronutrients could be intuitively consistent to some and counter intuitive to others, it must face a multitude of scientific hurdles before it can be recognized.
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24
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Yin J, Han P, Tang Z, Liu Q, Shi J. Sirtuin 3 mediates neuroprotection of ketones against ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1783-9. [PMID: 26058697 PMCID: PMC4635233 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death. Growing evidence indicates that ketone bodies have beneficial effects in treating stroke, but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our previous study showed ketone bodies reduced reactive oxygen species by using NADH as an electron donor, thus increasing the NAD(+)/NADH ratio. In this study, we investigated whether mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) could mediate the neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies after ischemic stroke. We injected mice with either normal saline or ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) at 30 minutes after ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. We found that ketone treatment enhanced mitochondria function, reduced oxidative stress, and therefore reduced infarct volume. This led to improved neurologic function after ischemia, including the neurologic score and the performance in Rotarod and open field tests. We further showed that ketones' effects were achieved by upregulating NAD(+)-dependent SIRT3 and its downstream substrates forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in the penumbra region since knocking down SIRT3 in vitro diminished ketones' beneficial effects. These results provide us a foundation to develop novel therapeutics targeting this SIRT3-FoxO3a-SOD2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pengcheng Han
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Keller Center for Imaging Innovation, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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25
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Lemire BD. Glutathione metabolism links FOXRED1 to NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) deficiency: A hypothesis. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:105-12. [PMID: 26235939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
FOXRED1 mutations result in complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) deficiencies and Leigh syndrome (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). FOXRED1 is a mitochondrial flavoprotein related to N-methyl amino acid dehydrogenases. How is FOXRED1 required for the biogenesis of complex I? I present a hypothesis that suggests FOXRED1 catalytic activity as a sarcosine oxidase protects the developing fetus from oxidative stress during pregnancy. Loss of FOXRED1, coupled with protein, choline and/or folate-deficient diets results in the depletion of glutathione, the dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism and the peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2H7, Canada.
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26
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Barge LM, Cardoso SSS, Cartwright JHE, Cooper GJT, Cronin L, De Wit A, Doloboff IJ, Escribano B, Goldstein RE, Haudin F, Jones DEH, Mackay AL, Maselko J, Pagano JJ, Pantaleone J, Russell MJ, Sainz-Díaz CI, Steinbock O, Stone DA, Tanimoto Y, Thomas NL. From Chemical Gardens to Chemobrionics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8652-703. [PMID: 26176351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Barge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Silvana S S Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada , E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Geoffrey J T Cooper
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne De Wit
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, CP231, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivria J Doloboff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Bruno Escribano
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics , E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Haudin
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, CP231, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David E H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Mackay
- Birkbeck College, University of London , Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Maselko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska , Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
| | - Jason J Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University , University Center, Michigan 48710-0001, United States
| | - J Pantaleone
- Department of Physics, University of Alaska , Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
| | - Michael J Russell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - C Ignacio Sainz-Díaz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada , E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Oliver Steinbock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - David A Stone
- Iron Shell LLC , Tucson, Arizona 85717, United States
| | - Yoshifumi Tanimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi 548-8540, Japan
| | - Noreen L Thomas
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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27
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Sazanov LA. A giant molecular proton pump: structure and mechanism of respiratory complex I. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:375-88. [PMID: 25991374 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain, also known as the electron transport chain (ETC), is crucial to life, and energy production in the form of ATP is the main mitochondrial function. Three proton-translocating enzymes of the ETC, namely complexes I, III and IV, generate proton motive force, which in turn drives ATP synthase (complex V). The atomic structures and basic mechanisms of most respiratory complexes have previously been established, with the exception of complex I, the largest complex in the ETC. Recently, the crystal structure of the entire complex I was solved using a bacterial enzyme. The structure provided novel insights into the core architecture of the complex, the electron transfer and proton translocation pathways, as well as the mechanism that couples these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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28
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Wikström M, Sharma V, Kaila VRI, Hosler JP, Hummer G. New Perspectives on Proton Pumping in Cellular Respiration. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2196-221. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500448t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Wikström
- Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 (Viikinkaari 1), PB
65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department
of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Ville R. I. Kaila
- Department
Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Hosler
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department
of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße
3, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
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Lemire BD. Evolution of FOXRED1, an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase necessary for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:451-457. [PMID: 25681241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the major entry point for electrons into the respiratory chains of bacteria and mitochondria. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 subunits and harbors FMN and iron-sulfur cluster cofactors. A heterogeneous disease profile is associated with complex I deficiency. In a large fraction of complex I deficiencies, the primary defect is not in any of the genes encoding a subunit. The proper assembly and function of complex I require the participation of at least 12 assembly factors or chaperones. FOXRED1 encodes a complex I-specific assembly factor and mutations in this gene result in complex I deficiency, infantile onset encephalomyopathy and Leigh syndrome. The human FOXRED1 protein is a mitochondria-targeted 486-amino acid FAD-dependent oxidoreductase. It is most closely related to N-methyl amino acid dehydrogenases. FOXRED1 orthologs are present in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. Fungal FOXRED1 orthologs were likely acquired from alphaproteobacteria by horizontal gene transfer. The phylogenetic profile of FOXRED1 orthologs does not parallel the phylogenetic profile of complex I, strongly suggesting that, at least in some organisms, FOXRED1 has a function unrelated to complex I. The only large clade where all members investigated contain both FOXRED1 and complex I is the metazoans. Some bacterial FOXRED1 genes are present in metabolic operons related to amino acid metabolism. FOXRED1 phylogenetic distribution and gene organization suggest a metabolic role for FOXRED1 in complex I biogenesis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G2H7.
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30
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Sinha PK, Castro-Guerrero N, Patki G, Sato M, Torres-Bacete J, Sinha S, Miyoshi H, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T. Conserved amino acid residues of the NuoD segment important for structure and function of Escherichia coli NDH-1 (complex I). Biochemistry 2015; 54:753-64. [PMID: 25545070 PMCID: PMC4310626 DOI: 10.1021/bi501403t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The NuoD segment (homologue of mitochondrial
49 kDa subunit) of
the proton-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I/NDH-1)
from Escherichia coli is in the hydrophilic domain
and bears many highly conserved amino acid residues. The three-dimensional
structural model of NDH-1 suggests that the NuoD segment, together
with the neighboring subunits, constitutes a putative quinone binding
cavity. We used the homologous DNA recombination technique to clarify
the role of selected key amino acid residues of the NuoD segment.
Among them, residues Tyr273 and His224 were considered candidates
for having important interactions with the quinone headgroup. Mutant
Y273F retained partial activity but lost sensitivity to capsaicin-40.
Mutant H224R scarcely affected the activity, suggesting that this
residue may not be essential. His224 is located in a loop near the
N-terminus of the NuoD segment (Gly217–Phe227) which is considered
to form part of the quinone binding cavity. In contrast to the His224
mutation, mutants G217V, P218A, and G225V almost completely lost the
activity. One region of this loop is positioned close to a cytosolic
loop of the NuoA subunit in the membrane domain, and together they
seem to be important in keeping the quinone binding cavity intact.
The structural role of the longest helix in the NuoD segment located
behind the quinone binding cavity was also investigated. Possible
roles of other highly conserved residues of the NuoD segment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumar Sinha
- Deparment of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, and ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM256, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Vinothkumar KR, Zhu J, Hirst J. Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I. Nature 2014; 515:80-84. [PMID: 25209663 PMCID: PMC4224586 DOI: 10.1038/nature13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian mitochondria. It couples electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone with proton translocation across the energy-transducing inner membrane, providing electrons for respiration and driving ATP synthesis. Mammalian complex I contains 44 different nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded subunits, with a combined mass of 1 MDa. The 14 conserved 'core' subunits have been structurally defined in the minimal, bacterial complex, but the structures and arrangement of the 30 'supernumerary' subunits are unknown. Here we describe a 5 Å resolution structure of complex I from Bos taurus heart mitochondria, a close relative of the human enzyme, determined by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. We present the structures of the mammalian core subunits that contain eight iron-sulphur clusters and 60 transmembrane helices, identify 18 supernumerary transmembrane helices, and assign and model 14 supernumerary subunits. Thus, we considerably advance knowledge of the structure of mammalian complex I and the architecture of its supernumerary ensemble around the core domains. Our structure provides insights into the roles of the supernumerary subunits in regulation, assembly and homeostasis, and a basis for understanding the effects of mutations that cause a diverse range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutti R Vinothkumar
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jiapeng Zhu
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust / MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Judy Hirst
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust / MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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32
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Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part II. {[Fe2S2](SγCys)4} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Garvin MR, Bielawski JP, Sazanov LA, Gharrett AJ. Review and meta-analysis of natural selection in mitochondrial complex I in metazoans. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Garvin
- Fisheries Division; School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Juneau AK USA
| | - Joseph P. Bielawski
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS Canada
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS Canada
| | | | - Anthony J. Gharrett
- Fisheries Division; School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Juneau AK USA
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34
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The Atypical Cadherin Fat Directly Regulates Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic State. Cell 2014; 158:1293-1308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Sazanov LA. The mechanism of coupling between electron transfer and proton translocation in respiratory complex I. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:247-53. [PMID: 24943718 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first and largest enzyme in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and many bacteria. It couples the transfer of two electrons between NADH and ubiquinone to the translocation of four protons across the membrane. Complex I is an L-shaped assembly formed by the hydrophilic (peripheral) arm, containing all the redox centres performing electron transfer and the membrane arm, containing proton-translocating machinery. Mitochondrial complex I consists of 44 subunits of about 1 MDa in total, whilst the prokaryotic enzyme is simpler and generally consists of 14 conserved "core" subunits. Recently we have determined the first atomic structure of the entire complex I, using the enzyme from Thermus thermophilus (536 kDa, 16 subunits, 9 Fe-S clusters, 64 TM helices). Structure suggests a unique coupling mechanism, with redox energy of electron transfer driving proton translocation via long-range (up to ~200 Å) conformational changes. It resembles a steam engine, with coupling elements (akin to coupling rods) linking parts of this molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Sazanov
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,
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36
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Kitazoe Y, Tanaka M. Evolution of mitochondrial power in vertebrate metazoans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98188. [PMID: 24911874 PMCID: PMC4049578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal metabolic rate (BMR) has a very strong body-mass (M) dependence in an individual animal group, and BMR per unit mass (msBMR) converges on a markedly narrow range even across major taxonomic groups. However, it is here a basic question in metazoan biology how much BMR per unit mitochondrion (mtBMR) changes, and then whether mtBMR can be related to the original molecular mechanism of action of mt-encoded membrane proteins (MMPs) playing a central role in cellular energy production. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analyzing variations of amino-acid compositions of MMPs across 13 metazoan animal groups, incorporating 2022 sequences, we found a strong inverse correlation between Ser/Thr composition (STC) and hydrophobicity (HYD). A majority of animal groups showed an evolutionary pathway of a gradual increase in HYD and decrease in STC, whereas only the deuterostome lineage revealed a rapid decrease in HYD and increase in STC. The strongest correlations appeared in 5 large subunits (ND4, ND5, ND2, CO1, and CO3) undergoing dynamic conformational changes for the proton-pumping function. The pathway of the majority groups is well understood as reflecting natural selection to reduce mtBMR, since simply raising HYD in MMPs (surrounded by the lipid bilayer) weakens their mobility and strengthens their stability. On the other hand, the marked decrease in HYD of the deuterostome elevates mtBMR, but is accompanied with their instability heightening a turnover rate of mitochondria and then cells. Interestingly, cooperative networks of interhelical hydrogen-bonds between motifs involving Ser and Thr residues can enhance MMP stability. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This stability enhancement lowers turnover rates of mitochondria/cells and may prolong even longevity, and was indeed founded by strong positive correlations of STC with both mtBMR and longevity. The lowest HYD and highest STC in Aves and Mammals are congruent with their very high mtBMR and long longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kitazoe
- Center of Medical Information Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Electrostatics, hydration, and proton transfer dynamics in the membrane domain of respiratory complex I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6988-93. [PMID: 24778264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319156111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex I serves as the primary electron entry point into the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chains. It catalyzes the reduction of quinones by electron transfer from NADH, and couples this exergonic reaction to the translocation of protons against an electrochemical proton gradient. The membrane domain of the enzyme extends ∼180 Å from the site of quinone reduction to the most distant proton pathway. To elucidate possible mechanisms of the long-range proton-coupled electron transfer process, we perform large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the membrane domain of complex I from Escherichia coli. We observe spontaneous hydration of a putative proton entry channel at the NuoN/K interface, which is sensitive to the protonation state of buried glutamic acid residues. In hybrid quantum mechanics/classical mechanics simulations, we find that the observed water wires support rapid proton transfer from the protein surface to the center of the membrane domain. To explore the functional relevance of the pseudosymmetric inverted-repeat structures of the antiporter-like subunits NuoL/M/N, we constructed a symmetry-related structure of a possible alternate-access state. In molecular dynamics simulations, we find the resulting structural changes to be metastable and reversible at the protein backbone level. However, the increased hydration induced by the conformational change persists, with water molecules establishing enhanced lateral connectivity and pathways for proton transfer between conserved ionizable residues along the center of the membrane domain. Overall, the observed water-gated transitions establish conduits for the unidirectional proton translocation processes, and provide a possible coupling mechanism for the energy transduction in complex I.
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38
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Cation transport by the respiratory NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I): facts and hypotheses. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1280-7. [PMID: 24059520 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory complex I (electrogenic NADH:quinone oxidoreductase) has been considered to act exclusively as a H+ pump. This was questioned when the search for the NADH-driven respiratory Na+ pump in Klebsiella pneumoniae initiated by Peter Dimroth led to the discovery of a Na+-translocating complex in this enterobacterium. The 3D structures of complex I from different organisms support the idea that the mechanism of cation transport by complex I involves conformational changes of the membrane-bound NuoL, NuoM and NuoN subunits. In vitro methods to follow Na+ transport were compared with in vivo approaches to test whether complex I, or its individual NuoL, NuoM or NuoN subunits, extrude Na+ from the cytoplasm to the periplasm of bacterial host cells. The truncated NuoL subunit of the Escherichia coli complex I which comprises amino acids 1-369 exhibits Na+ transport activity in vitro. This observation, together with an analysis of putative cation channels in NuoL, suggests that there exists in NuoL at least one continuous pathway for cations lined by amino acid residues from transmembrane segments 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. Finally, we discuss recent studies on Na+ transport by mitochondrial complex I with respect to its putative role in the cycling of Na+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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39
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A long road towards the structure of respiratory complex I, a giant molecular proton pump. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1265-71. [PMID: 24059518 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is central to cellular energy production, being the first and largest enzyme of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. It couples electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone with proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane and is involved in a wide range of human neurodegenerative disorders. Mammalian complex I is composed of 44 different subunits, whereas the 'minimal' bacterial version contains 14 highly conserved 'core' subunits. The L-shaped assembly consists of hydrophilic and membrane domains. We have determined all known atomic structures of complex I, starting from the hydrophilic domain of Thermus thermophilus enzyme (eight subunits, nine Fe-S clusters), followed by the membrane domains of the Escherichia coli (six subunits, 55 transmembrane helices) and T. thermophilus (seven subunits, 64 transmembrane helices) enzymes, and finally culminating in a recent crystal structure of the entire intact complex I from T. thermophilus (536 kDa, 16 subunits, nine Fe-S clusters, 64 transmembrane helices). The structure suggests an unusual and unique coupling mechanism via long-range conformational changes. Determination of the structure of the entire complex was possible only through this step-by-step approach, building on from smaller subcomplexes towards the entire assembly. Large membrane proteins are notoriously difficult to crystallize, and so various non-standard and sometimes counterintuitive approaches were employed in order to achieve crystal diffraction to high resolution and solve the structures. These steps, as well as the implications from the final structure, are discussed in the present review.
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40
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Barker CS, Meshcheryakova IV, Sasaki T, Roy MC, Sinha PK, Yagi T, Samatey FA. Randomly selected suppressor mutations in genes for NADH : quinone oxidoreductase-1, which rescue motility of a Salmonella ubiquinone-biosynthesis mutant strain. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1075-1086. [PMID: 24692644 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary mobile electron-carrier in the aerobic respiratory chain of Salmonella is ubiquinone. Demethylmenaquinone and menaquinone are alternative electron-carriers involved in anaerobic respiration. Ubiquinone biosynthesis was disrupted in strains bearing deletions of the ubiA or ubiE genes. In soft tryptone agar both mutant strains swam poorly. However, the ubiA deletion mutant strain produced suppressor mutant strains with somewhat rescued motility and growth. Six independent suppressor mutants were purified and comparative genome sequence analysis revealed that they each bore a single new missense mutation, which localized to genes for subunits of NADH : quinone oxidoreductase-1. Four mutants bore an identical nuoG(Q297K) mutation, one mutant bore a nuoM(A254S) mutation and one mutant bore a nuoN(A444E) mutation. The NuoG subunit is part of the hydrophilic domain of NADH : quinone oxidoreductase-1 and the NuoM and NuoN subunits are part of the hydrophobic membrane-embedded domain. Respiration was rescued and the suppressed mutant strains grew better in Luria-Bertani broth medium and could use l-malate as a sole carbon source. The quinone pool of the cytoplasmic membrane was characterized by reversed-phase HPLC. Wild-type cells made ubiquinone and menaquinone. Strains with a ubiA deletion mutation made demethylmenaquinone and menaquinone and the ubiE deletion mutant strain made demethylmenaquinone and 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone; the total quinone pool was reduced. Immunoblotting found increased NADH : quinone oxidoreductase-1 levels for ubiquinone-biosynthesis mutant strains and enzyme assays measured electron transfer from NADH to demethylmenaquinone or menaquinone. Under certain growth conditions the suppressor mutations improved electron flow activity of NADH : quinone oxidoreductase-1 for cells bearing a ubiA deletion mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S Barker
- Trans-membrane Trafficking Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Irina V Meshcheryakova
- Trans-membrane Trafficking Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Sasaki
- Research Support Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michael C Roy
- Research Support Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Prem Kumar Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takao Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fadel A Samatey
- Trans-membrane Trafficking Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
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41
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Russell MJ, Barge LM, Bhartia R, Bocanegra D, Bracher PJ, Branscomb E, Kidd R, McGlynn S, Meier DH, Nitschke W, Shibuya T, Vance S, White L, Kanik I. The drive to life on wet and icy worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:308-43. [PMID: 24697642 PMCID: PMC3995032 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a reformulation of the submarine alkaline hydrothermal theory for the emergence of life in response to recent experimental findings. The theory views life, like other self-organizing systems in the Universe, as an inevitable outcome of particular disequilibria. In this case, the disequilibria were two: (1) in redox potential, between hydrogen plus methane with the circuit-completing electron acceptors such as nitrite, nitrate, ferric iron, and carbon dioxide, and (2) in pH gradient between an acidulous external ocean and an alkaline hydrothermal fluid. Both CO2 and CH4 were equally the ultimate sources of organic carbon, and the metal sulfides and oxyhydroxides acted as protoenzymatic catalysts. The realization, now 50 years old, that membrane-spanning gradients, rather than organic intermediates, play a vital role in life's operations calls into question the idea of "prebiotic chemistry." It informs our own suggestion that experimentation should look to the kind of nanoengines that must have been the precursors to molecular motors-such as pyrophosphate synthetase and the like driven by these gradients-that make life work. It is these putative free energy or disequilibria converters, presumably constructed from minerals comprising the earliest inorganic membranes, that, as obstacles to vectorial ionic flows, present themselves as the candidates for future experiments. Key Words: Methanotrophy-Origin of life. Astrobiology 14, 308-343. The fixation of inorganic carbon into organic material (autotrophy) is a prerequisite for life and sets the starting point of biological evolution. (Fuchs, 2011 ) Further significant progress with the tightly membrane-bound H(+)-PPase family should lead to an increased insight into basic requirements for the biological transport of protons through membranes and its coupling to phosphorylation. (Baltscheffsky et al., 1999 ).
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42
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Barge LM, Kee TP, Doloboff IJ, Hampton JMP, Ismail M, Pourkashanian M, Zeytounian J, Baum MM, Moss JA, Lin CK, Kidd RD, Kanik I. The fuel cell model of abiogenesis: a new approach to origin-of-life simulations. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:254-270. [PMID: 24621309 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss how prebiotic geo-electrochemical systems can be modeled as a fuel cell and how laboratory simulations of the origin of life in general can benefit from this systems-led approach. As a specific example, the components of what we have termed the "prebiotic fuel cell" (PFC) that operates at a putative Hadean hydrothermal vent are detailed, and we used electrochemical analysis techniques and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell components to test the properties of this PFC and other geo-electrochemical systems, the results of which are reported here. The modular nature of fuel cells makes them ideal for creating geo-electrochemical reactors with which to simulate hydrothermal systems on wet rocky planets and characterize the energetic properties of the seafloor/hydrothermal interface. That electrochemical techniques should be applied to simulating the origin of life follows from the recognition of the fuel cell-like properties of prebiotic chemical systems and the earliest metabolisms. Conducting this type of laboratory simulation of the emergence of bioenergetics will not only be informative in the context of the origin of life on Earth but may help in understanding whether life might emerge in similar environments on other worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Barge
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
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43
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Babot M, Birch A, Labarbuta P, Galkin A. Characterisation of the active/de-active transition of mitochondrial complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1083-92. [PMID: 24569053 PMCID: PMC4331042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrial matrix of aerobic cells is catalysed by mitochondrial complex I. The regulation of this mitochondrial enzyme is not completely understood. An interesting characteristic of complex I from some organisms is the ability to adopt two distinct states: the so-called catalytically active (A) and the de-active, dormant state (D). The A-form in situ can undergo de-activation when the activity of the respiratory chain is limited (i.e. in the absence of oxygen). The mechanisms and driving force behind the A/D transition of the enzyme are currently unknown, but several subunits are most likely involved in the conformational rearrangements: the accessory subunit 39 kDa (NDUFA9) and the mitochondrially encoded subunits, ND3 and ND1. These three subunits are located in the region of the quinone binding site. The A/D transition could represent an intrinsic mechanism which provides a fast response of the mitochondrial respiratory chain to oxygen deprivation. The physiological role of the accumulation of the D-form in anoxia is most probably to protect mitochondria from ROS generation due to the rapid burst of respiration following reoxygenation. The de-activation rate varies in different tissues and can be modulated by the temperature, the presence of free fatty acids and divalent cations, the NAD+/NADH ratio in the matrix, the presence of nitric oxide and oxygen availability. Cysteine-39 of the ND3 subunit, exposed in the D-form, is susceptible to covalent modification by nitrosothiols, ROS and RNS. The D-form in situ could react with natural effectors in mitochondria or with pharmacological agents. Therefore the modulation of the re-activation rate of complex I could be a way to ameliorate the ischaemia/reperfusion damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetic Conference. Guest Editors: Manuela Pereira and Miguel Teixeira. The potential mechanism of complex I A/D transition is discussed. An —SH group exposed in the D-form is susceptible to covalent modification. The role of A/D transition in tissue response to ischaemia is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Babot
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Amanda Birch
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Paola Labarbuta
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Alexander Galkin
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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44
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Wong KS, Snider JD, Graham C, Greenblatt JF, Emili A, Babu M, Houry WA. The MoxR ATPase RavA and its cofactor ViaA interact with the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase I in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85529. [PMID: 24454883 PMCID: PMC3893208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MoxR ATPases are widespread throughout bacteria and archaea. The experimental evidence to date suggests that these proteins have chaperone-like roles in facilitating the maturation of dedicated protein complexes that are functionally diverse. In Escherichia coli, the MoxR ATPase RavA and its putative cofactor ViaA are found to exist in early stationary-phase cells at 37 °C at low levels of about 350 and 90 molecules per cell, respectively. Both proteins are predominantly localized to the cytoplasm, but ViaA was also unexpectedly found to localize to the cell membrane. Whole genome microarrays and synthetic lethality studies both indicated that RavA-ViaA are genetically linked to Fe-S cluster assembly and specific respiratory pathways. Systematic analysis of mutant strains of ravA and viaA indicated that RavA-ViaA sensitizes cells to sublethal concentrations of aminoglycosides. Furthermore, this effect was dependent on RavA's ATPase activity, and on the presence of specific subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase I (Nuo Complex, or Complex I). Importantly, both RavA and ViaA were found to physically interact with specific Nuo subunits. We propose that RavA-ViaA facilitate the maturation of the Nuo complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S. Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie D. Snider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jack F. Greenblatt
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Walid A. Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL ENERGY GENERATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8742-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory complex I is a product of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The integration of seven subunits encoded in mitochondrial DNA into the inner membrane, their association with 14 nuclear-encoded membrane subunits, the construction of the extrinsic arm from 23 additional nuclear-encoded proteins, iron-sulfur clusters, and flavin mononucleotide cofactor require the participation of assembly factors. Some are intrinsic to the complex, whereas others participate transiently. The suppression of the expression of the NDUFA11 subunit of complex I disrupted the assembly of the complex, and subcomplexes with masses of 550 and 815 kDa accumulated. Eight of the known extrinsic assembly factors plus a hydrophobic protein, C3orf1, were associated with the subcomplexes. The characteristics of C3orf1, of another assembly factor, TMEM126B, and of NDUFA11 suggest that they all participate in constructing the membrane arm of complex I.
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Rhein VF, Carroll J, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Walker JE. NDUFAF7 methylates arginine 85 in the NDUFS2 subunit of human complex I. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33016-26. [PMID: 24089531 PMCID: PMC3829151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex I (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in mammalian mitochondria is an L-shaped assembly of 44 subunits. One arm is embedded in the inner membrane with the other protruding ∼100 Å into the matrix of the organelle. The extrinsic arm contains binding sites for NADH and the primary electron acceptor FMN, and it provides a scaffold for seven iron-sulfur clusters that form an electron pathway linking FMN to the terminal electron acceptor, ubiquinone, which is bound in the region of the junction between the arms. The membrane arm contains four antiporter-like domains, probably energetically coupled to the quinone site and involved in pumping protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space contributing to the proton motive force. Complex I is put together from preassembled subcomplexes. Their compositions have been characterized partially, and at least 12 extrinsic assembly factor proteins are required for the assembly of the complex. One such factor, NDUFAF7, is predicted to belong to the family of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases characterized by the presence in their structures of a seven-β-strand protein fold. In the present study, the presence of NDUFAF7 in the mitochondrial matrix has been confirmed, and it has been demonstrated that it is a protein methylase that symmetrically dimethylates the ω-NG,NG′ atoms of residue Arg-85 in the NDUFS2 subunit of complex I. This methylation step occurs early in the assembly of complex I and probably stabilizes a 400-kDa subcomplex that forms the initial nucleus of the peripheral arm and its juncture with the membrane arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie F Rhein
- From the Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Wydro MM, Sharma P, Foster JM, Bych K, Meyer EH, Balk J. The evolutionarily conserved iron-sulfur protein INDH is required for complex I assembly and mitochondrial translation in Arabidopsis [corrected]. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4014-27. [PMID: 24179128 PMCID: PMC3877808 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of respiratory complexes is a multistep process, requiring coordinate expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes and cofactor biosynthesis. We functionally characterized the iron-sulfur protein required for NADH dehydrogenase (INDH) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. An indh knockout mutant lacked complex I but had low levels of a 650-kD assembly intermediate, similar to mutations in the homologous NUBPL (nucleotide binding protein-like) in Homo sapiens. However, heterozygous indh/+ mutants displayed unusual phenotypes during gametogenesis and resembled mutants in mitochondrial translation more than mutants in complex I. Gradually increased expression of INDH in indh knockout plants revealed a significant delay in reassembly of complex I, suggesting an indirect role for INDH in the assembly process. Depletion of INDH protein was associated with decreased (35)S-Met labeling of translation products in isolated mitochondria, whereas the steady state levels of several mitochondrial transcripts were increased. Mitochondrially encoded proteins were differentially affected, with near normal levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit2 and Nad7 but little Nad6 protein in the indh mutant. These data suggest that INDH has a primary role in mitochondrial translation that underlies its role in complex I assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M. Wydro
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Foster
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Katrine Bych
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne H. Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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Toews DPL, Mandic M, Richards JG, Irwin DE. MIGRATION, MITOCHONDRIA, AND THE YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. Evolution 2013; 68:241-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. L. Toews
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Milica Mandic
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Darren E. Irwin
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Sun F, Zhou Q, Pang X, Xu Y, Rao Z. Revealing various coupling of electron transfer and proton pumping in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:526-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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