1
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Harrington SA, Franceschetti M, Balk J. Genetic basis of the historical iron-accumulating dgl and brz mutants in pea. Plant J 2024; 117:590-598. [PMID: 37882414 PMCID: PMC10952674 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The Pisum sativum (pea) mutants degenerate leaves (dgl) and bronze (brz) accumulate large amounts of iron in leaves. First described several decades ago, the two mutants have provided important insights into iron homeostasis in plants but the underlying mutations have remained unknown. Using exome sequencing we identified an in-frame deletion associated with dgl in a BRUTUS homolog. The deletion is absent from wild type and the original parent line. BRUTUS belongs to a small family of E3 ubiquitin ligases acting as negative regulators of iron uptake in plants. The brz mutation was previously mapped to chromosome 4, and superimposing this region to the pea genome sequence uncovered a mutation in OPT3, encoding an oligopeptide transporter with a plant-specific role in metal transport. The causal nature of the mutations was confirmed by additional genetic analyses. Identification of the mutated genes rationalizes many of the previously described phenotypes and provides new insights into shoot-to-root signaling of iron deficiency. Furthermore, the non-lethal mutations in these essential genes suggest new strategies for biofortification of crops with iron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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2
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Stanton C, Rodríguez-Celma J, Krämer U, Sanders D, Balk J. BRUTUS-LIKE (BTSL) E3 ligase-mediated fine-tuning of Fe regulation negatively affects Zn tolerance of Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:5767-5782. [PMID: 37393944 PMCID: PMC10540732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The mineral micronutrients zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential for plant growth and human nutrition, but interactions between the homeostatic networks of these two elements are not fully understood. Here we show that loss of function of BTSL1 and BTSL2, which encode partially redundant E3 ubiquitin ligases that negatively regulate Fe uptake, confers tolerance to Zn excess in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double btsl1 btsl2 mutant seedlings grown on high Zn medium accumulated similar amounts of Zn in roots and shoots to the wild type, but suppressed the accumulation of excess Fe in roots. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that roots of mutant seedlings had relatively higher expression of genes involved in Fe uptake (IRT1, FRO2, and NAS) and in Zn storage (MTP3 and ZIF1). Surprisingly, mutant shoots did not show the transcriptional Fe deficiency response which is normally induced by Zn excess. Split-root experiments suggested that within roots the BTSL proteins act locally and downstream of systemic Fe deficiency signals. Together, our data show that constitutive low-level induction of the Fe deficiency response protects btsl1 btsl2 mutants from Zn toxicity. We propose that BTSL protein function is disadvantageous in situations of external Zn and Fe imbalances, and formulate a general model for Zn-Fe interactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Stanton
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Ute Krämer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dale Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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3
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Kellenberger RT, Ponraj U, Delahaie B, Fattorini R, Balk J, Lopez-Gomollon S, Müller KH, Ellis AG, Glover BJ. Multiple gene co-options underlie the rapid evolution of sexually deceptive flowers in Gorteria diffusa. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1502-1512.e8. [PMID: 36963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene co-option, the redeployment of an existing gene in an unrelated developmental context, is an important mechanism underlying the evolution of morphological novelty. In most cases described to date, novel traits emerged by co-option of a single gene or genetic network. Here, we show that the integration of multiple co-opted genetic elements facilitated the rapid evolution of complex petal spots that mimic female bee-fly pollinators in the sexually deceptive South African daisy Gorteria diffusa. First, co-option of iron homeostasis genes altered petal spot pigmentation, producing a color similar to that of female pollinators. Second, co-option of the root hair gene GdEXPA7 enabled the formation of enlarged papillate petal epidermal cells, eliciting copulation responses from male flies. Third, co-option of the miR156-GdSPL1 transcription factor module altered petal spot placement, resulting in better mimicry of female flies resting on the flower. The three genetic elements were likely co-opted sequentially, and strength of sexual deception in different G. diffusa floral forms strongly correlates with the presence of the three corresponding morphological alterations. Our findings suggest that gene co-options can combine in a modular fashion, enabling rapid evolution of novel complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Udhaya Ponraj
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Boris Delahaie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier 34398, France; UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 4JT, UK
| | - Sara Lopez-Gomollon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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4
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Harrington SA, Connorton JM, Nyangoma NIM, McNelly R, Morgan YML, Aslam MF, Sharp PA, Johnson AAT, Uauy C, Balk J. A two-gene strategy increases iron and zinc concentrations in wheat flour, improving mineral bioaccessibility. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:528-541. [PMID: 36308454 PMCID: PMC9806615 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary deficiencies of iron and zinc cause human malnutrition that can be mitigated by biofortified staple crops. Conventional breeding approaches to increase grain mineral concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have had only limited success, and our understanding of the genetic and physiological barriers to altering this trait is incomplete. Here we demonstrate that a transgenic approach combining endosperm-specific expression of the wheat VACUOLAR IRON TRANSPORTER gene TaVIT2-D with constitutive expression of the rice (Oryza sativa) NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE gene OsNAS2 significantly increases the total concentration of zinc and relocates iron to white-flour fractions. In two distinct bread wheat cultivars, we show that the so called VIT-NAS construct led to a two-fold increase in zinc in wholemeal flour, to ∼50 µg g-1. Total iron was not significantly increased, but redistribution within the grain resulted in a three-fold increase in iron in highly pure, roller-milled white flour, to ∼25 µg g-1. Interestingly, expression of OsNAS2 partially restored iron translocation to the aleurone, which is iron depleted in grain overexpressing TaVIT2 alone. A greater than three-fold increase in the level of the natural plant metal chelator nicotianamine in the grain of VIT-NAS lines corresponded with improved iron and zinc bioaccessibility in white flour. The growth of VIT-NAS plants in the greenhouse was indistinguishable from untransformed controls. Our results provide insights into mineral translocation and distribution in wheat grain and demonstrate that the individual and combined effects of the two transgenes can enhance the nutritional quality of wheat beyond what is possible by conventional breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Connorton
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Rose McNelly
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Yvie M L Morgan
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mohamad F Aslam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul A Sharp
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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5
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Payá-Tormo L, Coroian D, Martín-Muñoz S, Badalyan A, Green RT, Veldhuizen M, Jiang X, López-Torrejón G, Balk J, Seefeldt LC, Burén S, Rubio LM. A colorimetric method to measure in vitro nitrogenase functionality for engineering nitrogen fixation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10367. [PMID: 35725884 PMCID: PMC9209457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the reduction of N2 into NH3 in a group of prokaryotes by an extremely O2-sensitive protein complex called nitrogenase. Transfer of the BNF pathway directly into plants, rather than by association with microorganisms, could generate crops that are less dependent on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and increase agricultural productivity and sustainability. In the laboratory, nitrogenase activity is commonly determined by measuring ethylene produced from the nitrogenase-dependent reduction of acetylene (ARA) using a gas chromatograph. The ARA is not well suited for analysis of large sample sets nor easily adapted to automated robotic determination of nitrogenase activities. Here, we show that a reduced sulfonated viologen derivative (S2Vred) assay can replace the ARA for simultaneous analysis of isolated nitrogenase proteins using a microplate reader. We used the S2Vred to screen a library of NifH nitrogenase components targeted to mitochondria in yeast. Two NifH proteins presented properties of great interest for engineering of nitrogen fixation in plants, namely NifM independency, to reduce the number of genes to be transferred to the eukaryotic host; and O2 resistance, to expand the half-life of NifH iron-sulfur cluster in a eukaryotic cell. This study established that NifH from Dehalococcoides ethenogenes did not require NifM for solubility, [Fe-S] cluster occupancy or functionality, and that NifH from Geobacter sulfurreducens was more resistant to O2 exposure than the other NifH proteins tested. It demonstrates that nitrogenase components with specific biochemical properties such as a wider range of O2 tolerance exist in Nature, and that their identification should be an area of focus for the engineering of nitrogen-fixing crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Payá-Tormo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Coroian
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Martín-Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Artavazd Badalyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Robert T Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marcel Veldhuizen
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xi Jiang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema López-Torrejón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Stefan Burén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Rubio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Crta M-40 km 38 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Maclean AE, Franceschetti M, Liebsch D, Vignols F, Keech O, Rouhier N, Balk J. Protein lipoylation in mitochondria requires Fe-S cluster assembly factors NFU4 and NFU5. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:997-1013. [PMID: 34718778 PMCID: PMC8825329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolutionarily conserved NifU (NFU)-domain proteins that are targeted to plastids or mitochondria. "Plastid-type" NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) play a role in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly in this organelle, whereas the type-II NFU4 and NFU5 proteins have not been subjected to mutant studies in any plant species to determine their biological role. Here, we confirmed that NFU4 and NFU5 are targeted to the mitochondria. The proteins were constitutively produced in all parts of the plant, suggesting a housekeeping function. Double nfu4 nfu5 knockout mutants were embryonic lethal, and depletion of NFU4 and NFU5 proteins led to growth arrest of young seedlings. Biochemical analyses revealed that NFU4 and NFU5 are required for lipoylation of the H proteins of the glycine decarboxylase complex and the E2 subunits of other mitochondrial dehydrogenases, with little impact on Fe-S cluster-containing respiratory complexes or aconitase. Consequently, the Gly-to-Ser ratio was increased in mutant seedlings and early growth improved with elevated CO2 treatment. In addition, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acids accumulated in nfu4 nfu5 mutants, further supporting defects in the other three mitochondrial lipoate-dependent enzyme complexes. NFU4 and NFU5 interacted with mitochondrial lipoyl synthase (LIP1) in yeast 2-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. These data indicate that NFU4 and NFU5 have a more specific function than previously thought, most likely providing Fe-S clusters to lipoyl synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Daniela Liebsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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7
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Sheraz S, Wan Y, Venter E, Verma SK, Xiong Q, Waites J, Connorton JM, Shewry PR, Moore KL, Balk J. Subcellular dynamics studies of iron reveal how tissue-specific distribution patterns are established in developing wheat grains. New Phytol 2021; 231:1644-1657. [PMID: 33914919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of iron trafficking in plants is key to enhancing the nutritional quality of crops. Because it is difficult to image iron in transit, we currently have an incomplete picture of the route(s) of iron translocation in developing seeds and how the tissue-specific distribution is established. We have used a novel approach, combining iron-57 (57 Fe) isotope labelling and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), to visualize iron translocation between tissues and within cells in immature wheat grain, Triticum aestivum. This enabled us to track the main route of iron transport from maternal tissues to the embryo through the different cell types. Further evidence for this route was provided by genetically diverting iron into storage vacuoles, with confirmation provided by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). Almost all iron in both control and transgenic grains was found in intracellular bodies, indicating symplastic rather than apoplastic transport. Furthermore, a new type of iron body, highly enriched in 57 Fe, was observed in aleurone cells and may represent iron being delivered to phytate globoids. Correlation of the 57 Fe enrichment profiles obtained by NanoSIMS with tissue-specific gene expression provides an updated model of iron homeostasis in cereal grains with relevance for future biofortification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Sheraz
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yongfang Wan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Eudri Venter
- Bioimaging facility, Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Shailender K Verma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Qing Xiong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joshua Waites
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - James M Connorton
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Katie L Moore
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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8
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Moseler A, Kruse I, Maclean AE, Pedroletti L, Franceschetti M, Wagner S, Wehler R, Fischer-Schrader K, Poschet G, Wirtz M, Dörmann P, Hildebrandt TM, Hell R, Schwarzländer M, Balk J, Meyer AJ. The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:1507-1525. [PMID: 33856472 PMCID: PMC8260144 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors in all life and are used in a wide array of diverse biological processes, including electron transfer chains and several metabolic pathways. Biosynthesis machineries for Fe-S clusters exist in plastids, the cytosol, and mitochondria. A single monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX) is involved in Fe-S cluster assembly in mitochondria of yeast and mammals. In plants, the role of the mitochondrial homolog GRXS15 has only partially been characterized. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) grxs15 null mutants are not viable, but mutants complemented with the variant GRXS15 K83A develop with a dwarf phenotype similar to the knockdown line GRXS15amiR. In an in-depth metabolic analysis of the variant and knockdown GRXS15 lines, we show that most Fe-S cluster-dependent processes are not affected, including biotin biosynthesis, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the electron transport chain, and aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Instead, we observed an increase in most TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids, especially pyruvate, glycine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Additionally, we found an accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), the first degradation products resulting from transamination of BCAAs. In wild-type plants, pyruvate, glycine, and BCKAs are all metabolized through decarboxylation by mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor (LC)-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. These enzyme complexes are very abundant, comprising a major sink for LC. Because biosynthesis of LC depends on continuous Fe-S cluster supply to lipoyl synthase, this could explain why LC-dependent processes are most sensitive to restricted Fe-S supply in grxs15 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wagner
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Wehler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer-Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP)—Plant Energy Biology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Author for communication:
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9
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Balk J, von Wirén N, Thomine S. The iron will of the research community: advances in iron nutrition and interactions in lockdown times. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2011-2013. [PMID: 33728463 PMCID: PMC7966949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sebastien Thomine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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10
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Walton JH, Kontra‐Kováts G, Green RT, Domonkos Á, Horváth B, Brear EM, Franceschetti M, Kaló P, Balk J. The Medicago truncatula Vacuolar iron Transporter-Like proteins VTL4 and VTL8 deliver iron to symbiotic bacteria at different stages of the infection process. New Phytol 2020; 228:651-666. [PMID: 32521047 PMCID: PMC7540006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobium bacteria in root nodules has a high demand for iron, and questions remain regarding which transporters are involved. Here, we characterize two nodule-specific Vacuolar iron Transporter-Like (VTL) proteins in Medicago truncatula. Localization of fluorescent fusion proteins and mutant studies were carried out to correlate with existing RNA-seq data showing differential expression of VTL4 and VTL8 during early and late infection, respectively. The vtl4 insertion lines showed decreased nitrogen fixation capacity associated with more immature nodules and less elongated bacteroids. A mutant line lacking the tandemly-arranged VTL4-VTL8 genes, named 13U, was unable to develop functional nodules and failed to fix nitrogen, which was almost fully restored by expression of VTL8 alone. Using a newly developed lux reporter to monitor iron status of the bacteroids, a moderate decrease in luminescence signal was observed in vtl4 mutant nodules and a strong decrease in 13U nodules. Iron transport capability of VTL4 and VTL8 was shown by yeast complementation. These data indicate that VTL8, the closest homologue of SEN1 in Lotus japonicus, is the main route for delivering iron to symbiotic rhizobia. We propose that a failure in iron protein maturation leads to early senescence of the bacteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Walton
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Robert T. Green
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Ágota Domonkos
- Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteNARICGödöllő2100Hungary
| | | | - Ella M. Brear
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | | | - Péter Kaló
- Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteNARICGödöllő2100Hungary
- Institute of Plant BiologyBiological Research CentreSzeged6726Hungary
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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11
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Kimonis V, Al Dubaisi R, Maclean AE, Hall K, Weiss L, Stover AE, Schwartz PH, Berg B, Cheng C, Parikh S, Conner BR, Wu S, Hasso AN, Scott DA, Koenig MK, Karam R, Tang S, Smith M, Chao E, Balk J, Hatchwell E, Eis PS. NUBPL mitochondrial disease: new patients and review of the genetic and clinical spectrum. J Med Genet 2020; 58:314-325. [PMID: 32518176 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleotide binding protein-like (NUBPL) gene was first reported as a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency (MIM 613621, 618242) in 2010. To date, only eight patients have been reported with this mitochondrial disorder. Five other patients were recently reported to have NUBPL disease but their clinical picture was different from the first eight patients. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings in five additional patients (four families). METHODS Whole exome sequencing was used to identify patients with compound heterozygous NUBPL variants. Functional studies included RNA-Seq transcript analyses, missense variant biochemical analyses in a yeast model (Yarrowia lipolytica) and mitochondrial respiration experiments on patient fibroblasts. RESULTS The previously reported c.815-27T>C branch-site mutation was found in all four families. In prior patients, c.166G>A [p.G56R] was always found in cis with c.815-27T>C, but only two of four families had both variants. The second variant found in trans with c.815-27T>C in each family was: c.311T>C [p.L104P] in three patients, c.693+1G>A in one patient and c.545T>C [p.V182A] in one patient. Complex I function in the yeast model was impacted by p.L104P but not p.V182A. Clinical features include onset of neurological symptoms at 3-18 months, global developmental delay, cerebellar dysfunction (including ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus and tremor) and spasticity. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy. Mitochondrial function studies on patient fibroblasts showed significantly reduced spare respiratory capacity. CONCLUSION We report on five new patients with NUBPL disease, adding to the number and phenotypic variability of patients diagnosed worldwide, and review prior reported patients with pathogenic NUBPL variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rehab Al Dubaisi
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathy Hall
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lan Weiss
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alexander E Stover
- CHOC National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, Orange, California, USA
| | - Philip H Schwartz
- CHOC National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, Orange, California, USA
| | - Bethany Berg
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Sitao Wu
- Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Anton N Hasso
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary Kay Koenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachid Karam
- Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Sha Tang
- Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Moyra Smith
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chao
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Ambry Genetics Corp, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Peggy S Eis
- Population Bio, Inc, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Marty L, Bausewein D, Müller C, Bangash SAK, Moseler A, Schwarzländer M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Zechmann B, Riondet C, Balk J, Wirtz M, Hell R, Reichheld JP, Meyer AJ. Arabidopsis glutathione reductase 2 is indispensable in plastids, while mitochondrial glutathione is safeguarded by additional reduction and transport systems. New Phytol 2019; 224:1569-1584. [PMID: 31372999 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A highly negative glutathione redox potential (EGSH ) is maintained in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria of plant cells to support fundamental processes, including antioxidant defence, redox regulation and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Out of two glutathione reductase (GR) proteins in Arabidopsis, GR2 is predicted to be dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but its differential roles in these organelles remain unclear. We dissected the role of GR2 in organelle glutathione redox homeostasis and plant development using a combination of genetic complementation and stacked mutants, biochemical activity studies, immunogold labelling and in vivo biosensing. Our data demonstrate that GR2 is dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but embryo lethality of gr2 null mutants is caused specifically in plastids. Whereas lack of mitochondrial GR2 leads to a partially oxidised glutathione pool in the matrix, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ATM3 and the mitochondrial thioredoxin system provide functional backup and maintain plant viability. We identify GR2 as essential in the plastid stroma, where it counters GSSG accumulation and developmental arrest. By contrast a functional triad of GR2, ATM3 and the thioredoxin system in the mitochondria provides resilience to excessive glutathione oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Marty
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Bausewein
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher Müller
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sajid Ali Khan Bangash
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center of Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97046, Waco, TX, 76798-7046, USA
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Pulse crops have been known for a long time to have beneficial nutritional profiles for human diets but have been neglected in terms of cultivation, consumption and scientific research in many parts of the world. Broad dietary shifts will be required if anthropogenic climate change is to be mitigated in the future, and pulse crops should be an important component of this change by providing an environmentally sustainable source of protein, resistant starch and micronutrients. Further enhancement of the nutritional composition of pulse crops could benefit human health, helping to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies and reduce risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the nutritional content of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.), two major UK pulse crops, and discusses the potential for their genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. H. J. Robinson
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - J. Balk
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - C. Domoney
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
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14
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Connorton JM, Balk J. Iron Biofortification of Staple Crops: Lessons and Challenges in Plant Genetics. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:1447-1456. [PMID: 31058958 PMCID: PMC6619672 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the ultimate source of iron in our diet, either directly as staple crops and vegetables or indirectly via animal fodder. Increasing the iron concentration of edible parts of plants, known as biofortification, is seen as a sustainable approach to alleviate iron deficiency which is a major global health issue. Advances in sequencing and gene technology are accelerating both forward and reverse genetic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent progress in iron biofortification using conventional plant breeding or transgenics. Interestingly, some of the gene targets already used for transgenic approaches are also identified as genetic factors for high iron in genome-wide association studies. Several quantitative trait loci and transgenes increase both iron and zinc, due to overlap in transporters and chelators for these two mineral micronutrients. Research efforts are predominantly aimed at increasing the total concentration of iron but enhancing its bioavailability is also addressed. In particular, increased biosynthesis of the metal chelator nicotianamine increases iron and zinc levels and improves bioavailability. The achievements to date are very promising in being able to provide sufficient iron in diets with less reliance on meat to feed a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Connorton
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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15
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Maclean AE, Kimonis VE, Balk J. Pathogenic mutations in NUBPL affect complex I activity and cold tolerance in the yeast model Yarrowia lipolytica. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3697-3709. [PMID: 29982452 PMCID: PMC6196649 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex I deficiency is a common cause of mitochondrial disease, resulting from mutations in genes encoding structural subunits, assembly factors or defects in mitochondrial gene expression. Advances in genetic diagnostics and sequencing have led to identification of several variants in NUBPL (nucleotide binding protein-like), encoding an assembly factor of complex I, which are potentially pathogenic. To help assign pathogenicity and learn more about the function of NUBPL, amino acid substitutions were recreated in the homologous Ind1 protein of the yeast model Yarrowia lipolytica. Leu102Pro destabilized the Ind1 protein, leading to a null-mutant phenotype. Asp103Tyr, Leu191Phe and Gly285Cys affected complex I assembly to varying degrees, whereas Gly136Asp substitution in Ind1 did not impact on complex I levels nor dNADH:ubiquinone activity. Blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunolabelling of the structural subunits NUBM and NUCM revealed that all Ind1 variants accumulated a Q module intermediate of complex I. In the Ind1 Asp103Tyr variant, the matrix arm intermediate was virtually absent, indicating a dominant effect. Dysfunction of Ind1, but not absence of complex I, rendered Y. lipolytica sensitive to cold. The Ind1 Gly285Cys variant was able to support complex I assembly at 28°C, but not at 10°C. Our results indicate that Ind1 is required for progression of assembly from the Q module to the full matrix arm. Cold sensitivity could be developed as a phenotype assay to demonstrate pathogenicity of NUBPL mutations and other complex I defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Virginia E Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, USA.,Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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16
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Abstract
Wheat is the staple food crop in temperate countries and increasingly consumed in developing countries, displacing traditional foods. However, wheat products are typically low in bioavailable iron and zinc, contributing to deficiencies in these micronutrients in countries where wheat is consumed as a staple food. Two factors contribute to the low contents of bioavailable iron and zinc in wheat: the low concentrations of these minerals in white flour, which is most widely consumed, and the presence of phytates in mineral‐rich bran fractions. Although high zinc types of wheat have been developed by conventional plant breeding (biofortification), this approach has failed for iron. However, studies in wheat and other cereals have shown that transgenic (also known as genetically modified; GM) strategies can be used to increase the contents of iron and zinc in white flour, by converting the starchy endosperm tissue into a ‘sink’ for minerals. Although such strategies currently have low acceptability, greater understanding of the mechanisms which control the transport and deposition of iron and zinc in the developing grain should allow similar effects to be achieved by exploiting naturally induced genetic variation. When combined with conventional biofortification and innovative processing, this approach should provide increased mineral bioavailability in a range of wheat products, from white flour to wholemeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balk
- John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich UK.,School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - J M Connorton
- John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich UK.,School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Plant Science Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - A Lovegrove
- Department of Plant Science Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - K L Moore
- School of Materials University of Manchester Manchester UK.,Photon Science Institute University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - C Uauy
- John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich UK
| | - P A Sharp
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Kings College London UK
| | - P R Shewry
- Department of Plant Science Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
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17
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Rodríguez-Celma J, Chou H, Kobayashi T, Long TA, Balk J. Hemerythrin E3 Ubiquitin Ligases as Negative Regulators of Iron Homeostasis in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30815004 PMCID: PMC6381054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for plants, but at the same time its redox properties can make it a dangerous toxin inside living cells. Homeostasis between uptake, use and storage of Fe must be maintained at all times. A small family of unique hemerythrin E3 ubiquitin ligases found in green algae and plants play an important role in avoiding toxic Fe overload, acting as negative regulators of Fe homeostasis. Protein interaction data showed that they target specific transcription factors for degradation by the 26S proteasome. It is thought that the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligases is controlled by Fe binding to the N-terminal hemerythrin motifs. Here, we discuss what we have learned so far from studies on the HRZ (Hemerythrin RING Zinc finger) proteins in rice, the homologous BTS (BRUTUS) and root-specific BTSL (BRUTUS-LIKE) in Arabidopsis. A mechanistic model is proposed to help focus future research questions towards a full understanding of the regulatory role of these proteins in Fe homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Chou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Terri A. Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Janneke Balk,
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18
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Perfecto A, Rodriguez-Ramiro I, Rodriguez-Celma J, Sharp P, Balk J, Fairweather-Tait S. Pea Ferritin Stability under Gastric pH Conditions Determines the Mechanism of Iron Uptake in Caco-2 Cells. J Nutr 2018; 148:1229-1235. [PMID: 29939292 PMCID: PMC6074850 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency is an enduring global health problem that requires new remedial approaches. Iron absorption from soybean-derived ferritin, an ∼550-kDa iron storage protein, is comparable to bioavailable ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). However, the absorption of ferritin is reported to involve an endocytic mechanism, independent of divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT-1), the transporter for nonheme iron. Objective Our overall aim was to examine the potential of purified ferritin from peas (Pisum sativum) as a food supplement by measuring its stability under gastric pH treatment and the mechanisms of iron uptake into Caco-2 cells. Methods Caco-2 cells were treated with native or gastric pH-treated pea ferritin in combination with dietary modulators of nonheme iron uptake, small interfering RNA targeting DMT-1, or chemical inhibitors of endocytosis. Cellular ferritin formation, a surrogate measure of iron uptake, and internalization of pea ferritin with the use of specific antibodies were measured. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to equimolar concentrations of native pea ferritin and FeSO4 was also compared. Results Pea ferritin exposed to gastric pH treatment was degraded, and the released iron was transported into Caco-2 cells by DMT-1. Inhibitors of DMT-1 and nonheme iron absorption reduced iron uptake by 26-40%. Conversely, in the absence of gastric pH treatment, the iron uptake of native pea ferritin was unaffected by inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption, and the protein was observed to be internalized in Caco-2 cells. Chlorpromazine (clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor) reduced the native pea ferritin content within cells by ∼30%, which confirmed that the native pea ferritin was transported into cells via a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. In addition, 60% less ROS production resulted from native pea ferritin in comparison to FeSO4. Conclusion With consideration that nonheme dietary inhibitors display no effect on iron uptake and the low oxidative potential relative to FeSO4, intact pea ferritin appears to be a promising iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Perfecto
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Rodriguez-Celma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sharp
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke Balk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom
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19
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Bastow EL, Garcia de la Torre VS, Maclean AE, Green RT, Merlot S, Thomine S, Balk J. Vacuolar Iron Stores Gated by NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 Are the Primary Source of Iron in Germinating Seeds. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:1267-1276. [PMID: 29784767 PMCID: PMC6052989 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During seed germination, iron (Fe) stored in vacuoles is exported by the redundant NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 transporter proteins. A double nramp3 nramp4 mutant is unable to mobilize Fe stores and does not develop in the absence of external Fe. We used RNA sequencing to compare gene expression in nramp3 nramp4 and wild type during germination and early seedling development. Even though sufficient Fe was supplied, the Fe-responsive transcription factors bHLH38, 39, 100, and 101 and their downstream targets FRO2 and IRT1 mediating Fe uptake were strongly upregulated in the nramp3 nramp4 mutant. Activation of the Fe deficiency response was confirmed by increased ferric chelate reductase activity in the mutant. At early stages, genes important for chloroplast redox control (FSD1 and SAPX), Fe homeostasis (FER1 and SUFB), and chlorophyll metabolism (HEMA1 and NYC1) were downregulated, indicating limited Fe availability in plastids. In contrast, expression of FRO3, encoding a ferric reductase involved in Fe import into the mitochondria, was maintained, and Fe-dependent enzymes in the mitochondria were unaffected in nramp3 nramp4 Together, these data show that a failure to mobilize Fe stores during germination triggered Fe deficiency responses and strongly affected plastids, but not mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Bastow
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Vanesa S Garcia de la Torre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Merlot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sebastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Moore KL, Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Jones ER, Jones EJ, Rodríguez-Celma J, Halsey K, Domoney C, Shewry PR, Fairweather-Tait S, Balk J. The stage of seed development influences iron bioavailability in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:6865. [PMID: 29720667 PMCID: PMC5932076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pea seeds are widely consumed in their immature form, known as garden peas and petit pois, mostly after preservation by freezing or canning. Mature dry peas are rich in iron in the form of ferritin, but little is known about the content, form or bioavailability of iron in immature stages of seed development. Using specific antibodies and in-gel iron staining, we show that ferritin loaded with iron accumulated gradually during seed development. Immunolocalization and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) revealed that iron-loaded ferritin was located at the surface of starch-containing plastids. Standard cooking procedures destabilized monomeric ferritin and the iron-loaded form. Iron uptake studies using Caco-2 cells showed that the iron in microwaved immature peas was more bioavailable than in boiled mature peas, despite similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates. By manipulating the levels of phytic acid in the digestates we demonstrate that phytic acid is the main inhibitor of iron uptake from mature peas in vitro. Taken together, our data show that immature peas and mature dry peas contain similar levels of ferritin-iron, which is destabilized during cooking. However, iron from immature peas is more bioavailable because of lower phytic acid levels compared to mature peas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Eleanor R Jones
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Emily J Jones
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kirstie Halsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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21
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Connorton JM, Jones ER, Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Fairweather-Tait S, Uauy C, Balk J. Wheat Vacuolar Iron Transporter TaVIT2 Transports Fe and Mn and Is Effective for Biofortification. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:2434-2444. [PMID: 28684433 PMCID: PMC5543970 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the intrinsic nutritional quality of crops, known as biofortification, is viewed as a sustainable approach to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies. In particular, iron deficiency anemia is a major global health issue, but the iron content of staple crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) is difficult to change because of genetic complexity and homeostasis mechanisms. To identify target genes for the biofortification of wheat, we functionally characterized homologs of the VACUOLAR IRON TRANSPORTER (VIT). The wheat genome contains two VIT paralogs, TaVIT1 and TaVIT2, which have different expression patterns but are both low in the endosperm. TaVIT2, but not TaVIT1, was able to rescue the growth of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant defective in vacuolar iron transport. TaVIT2 also complemented a manganese transporter mutant but not a vacuolar zinc transporter mutant. By overexpressing TaVIT2 under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter, we achieved a greater than 2-fold increase in iron in white flour fractions, exceeding minimum legal fortification levels in countries such as the United Kingdom. The antinutrient phytate was not increased and the iron in the white flour fraction was bioavailable in vitro, suggesting that food products made from the biofortified flour could contribute to improved iron nutrition. The single-gene approach impacted minimally on plant growth and also was effective in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Our results show that by enhancing vacuolar iron transport in the endosperm, this essential micronutrient accumulated in this tissue, bypassing existing homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Connorton
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor R Jones
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cristobal Uauy
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in biochemistry and is an essential micronutrient for plants and humans alike. Although plentiful in the Earth's crust it is not usually found in a form readily accessible for plants to use. They must therefore sense and interact with their environment, and have evolved two different molecular strategies to take up iron in the root. Once inside, iron is complexed with chelators and distributed to sink tissues where it is used predominantly in the production of enzyme cofactors or components of electron transport chains. The processes of iron uptake, distribution and metabolism are overseen by tight regulatory mechanisms, at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, to avoid iron concentrations building to toxic excess. Iron is also loaded into seeds, where it is stored in vacuoles or in ferritin. This is important for human nutrition as seeds form the edible parts of many crop species. As such, increasing iron in seeds and other tissues is a major goal for biofortification efforts by both traditional breeding and biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Connorton
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Bastow EL, Bych K, Crack JC, Le Brun NE, Balk J. NBP35 interacts with DRE2 in the maturation of cytosolic iron-sulphur proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2017; 89:590-600. [PMID: 27801963 PMCID: PMC5324674 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the cytosolic pathway for iron-sulphur (FeS) cluster assembly are conserved, except that plants lack a gene for CFD1 (Cytosolic FeS cluster Deficient 1). This poses the question of how NBP35 (Nucleotide-Binding Protein 35 kDa), the heteromeric partner of CFD1 in metazoa, functions on its own in plants. Firstly, we created viable mutant alleles of NBP35 in Arabidopsis to overcome embryo lethality of previously reported knockout mutations. RNAi knockdown lines with less than 30% NBP35 protein surprisingly showed no developmental or biochemical differences to wild-type. Substitution of Cys14 to Ala, which destabilized the N-terminal Fe4 S4 cluster in vitro, caused mild growth defects and a significant decrease in the activity of cytosolic FeS enzymes such as aconitase and aldehyde oxidases. The DNA glycosylase ROS1 was only partially decreased in activity and xanthine dehydrogenase not at all. Plants with strongly depleted NBP35 protein in combination with Cys14 to Ala substitution had distorted leaf development and decreased FeS enzyme activities. To find protein interaction partners of NBP35, a yeast-two-hybrid screen was carried out that identified NBP35 and DRE2 (Derepressed for Ribosomal protein S14 Expression). NBP35 is known to form a dimer, and DRE2 acts upstream in the cytosolic FeS protein assembly pathway. The NBP35-DRE2 interaction was not disrupted by Cys14 to Ala substitution. Our results show that NBP35 has a function in the maturation of FeS proteins that is conserved in plants, and is closely allied to the function of DRE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Bastow
- John Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- University of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Katrine Bych
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address: Glycom A/SDK – 2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
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Varnado S, Brink H, Balk J, Raichlin E, Lowes B, Vongooru H, Burdorf A, Um J, Moulton M, Siddique A, Zolty R. CMV Reactivation Using Valganciclovir vs Valacyclovir in Moderate Risk Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Ozer HK, Dlouhy AC, Thornton JD, Hu J, Liu Y, Barycki JJ, Balk J, Outten CE. Cytosolic Fe-S Cluster Protein Maturation and Iron Regulation Are Independent of the Mitochondrial Erv1/Mia40 Import System. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27829-40. [PMID: 26396185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 partners with the oxidoreductase Mia40 to import cysteine-rich proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Erv1 has also been implicated in cytosolic Fe-S protein maturation and iron regulation. To investigate the connection between Erv1/Mia40-dependent mitochondrial protein import and cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly, we measured Mia40 oxidation and Fe-S enzyme activities in several erv1 and mia40 mutants. Although all the erv1 and mia40 mutants exhibited defects in Mia40 oxidation, only one erv1 mutant strain (erv1-1) had significantly decreased activities of cytosolic Fe-S enzymes. Further analysis of erv1-1 revealed that it had strongly decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, caused by an additional mutation in the gene encoding the glutathione biosynthesis enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GSH1). To address whether Erv1 or Mia40 plays a role in iron regulation, we measured iron-dependent expression of Aft1/2-regulated genes and mitochondrial iron accumulation in erv1 and mia40 strains. The only strain to exhibit iron misregulation is the GSH-deficient erv1-1 strain, which is rescued with addition of GSH. Together, these results confirm that GSH is critical for cytosolic Fe-S protein biogenesis and iron regulation, whereas ruling out significant roles for Erv1 or Mia40 in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice K Ozer
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Adrienne C Dlouhy
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Jeremy D Thornton
- the John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Jingjing Hu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Yilin Liu
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Janneke Balk
- the John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Caryn E Outten
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208,
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26
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Knuesting J, Riondet C, Maria C, Kruse I, Bécuwe N, König N, Berndt C, Tourrette S, Guilleminot-Montoya J, Herrero E, Gaymard F, Balk J, Belli G, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Rey P. Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S17 and its partner, the nuclear factor Y subunit C11/negative cofactor 2α, contribute to maintenance of the shoot apical meristem under long-day photoperiod. Plant Physiol 2015; 167:1643-58. [PMID: 25699589 PMCID: PMC4378178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) catalyze the reduction of protein disulfide bonds using glutathione as a reductant. Certain GRXs are able to transfer iron-sulfur clusters to other proteins. To investigate the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GRXS17, we applied a strategy combining biochemical, genetic, and physiological approaches. GRXS17 was localized in the nucleus and cytosol, and its expression was elevated in the shoot meristems and reproductive tissues. Recombinant GRXS17 bound Fe2S2 clusters, a property likely contributing to its ability to complement the defects of a Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain lacking the mitochondrial GRX5. However, a grxs17 knockout Arabidopsis mutant exhibited only a minor decrease in the activities of iron-sulfur enzymes, suggesting that its primary function is as a disulfide oxidoreductase. The grxS17 plants were sensitive to high temperatures and long-day photoperiods, resulting in elongated leaves, compromised shoot apical meristem, and delayed bolting. Both environmental conditions applied simultaneously led to a growth arrest. Using affinity chromatography and split-Yellow Fluorescent Protein methods, a nuclear transcriptional regulator, the Nuclear Factor Y Subunit C11/Negative Cofactor 2α (NF-YC11/NC2α), was identified as a GRXS17 interacting partner. A mutant deficient in NF-YC11/NC2α exhibited similar phenotypes to grxs17 in response to photoperiod. Therefore, we propose that GRXS17 interacts with NF-YC11/NC2α to relay a redox signal generated by the photoperiod to maintain meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carlos Maria
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Noëlle Bécuwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas König
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Sébastien Tourrette
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jocelyne Guilleminot-Montoya
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Gemma Belli
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
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Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are universally distributed groups occurring in iron-sulfur proteins. They have a wide range of cellular functions which reflect the chemistry of the clusters. Some clusters are involved in electron transport and energy transduction in photosynthesis and respiration. Others can bind substrates and participate in enzyme catalysis. Regulatory functions have also been documented for clusters that respond to oxygen partial pressure and iron availability. Finally, there are some for which no function has been defined; they may act as stabilizing structures, for example, in enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism. The clusters are constructed intracellularly and inserted into proteins, which can then be transported to intracellular targets, in some cases, across membranes. Three different types of iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery have evolved in prokaryotes: NIF, ISC and SUF. Each system involves a scaffold protein on which the cluster is constructed (encoded by genes nifU, iscU, sufU or sufB) and a cysteine desulfurase (encoded by nifS, iscS or sufS) which provides the sulfide sulfur. In eukaryotic cells, clusters are formed in the mitochondria for the many iron-sulfur proteins in this organelle. The mitochondrial biosynthesis pathway is linked to the cytoplasmic iron-sulfur assembly system (CIA) for the maturation of cytoplasmic and nuclear iron-sulfur proteins. In plant cells, a SUF-type system is used for cluster assembly in the plastids. Many accessory proteins are involved in cluster transfer before insertion into the appropriate sites in Fe-S proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cammack
- King's College London, Department of Biochemistry, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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Schaedler TA, Thornton JD, Kruse I, Schwarzländer M, Meyer AJ, van Veen HW, Balk J. A conserved mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter exports glutathione polysulfide for cytosolic metal cofactor assembly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23264-74. [PMID: 25006243 PMCID: PMC4156053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An ATP-binding cassette transporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in iron-sulfur cluster and molybdenum cofactor assembly in the cytosol, but the transported substrate is unknown. ATM3 (ABCB25) from Arabidopsis thaliana and its functional orthologue Atm1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were expressed in Lactococcus lactis and studied in inside-out membrane vesicles and in purified form. Both proteins selectively transported glutathione disulfide (GSSG) but not reduced glutathione in agreement with a 3-fold stimulation of ATPase activity by GSSG. By contrast, Fe2+ alone or in combination with glutathione did not stimulate ATPase activity. Arabidopsis atm3 mutants were hypersensitive to an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis and accumulated GSSG in the mitochondria. The growth phenotype of atm3-1 was strongly enhanced by depletion of the mitochondrion-localized, GSH-dependent persulfide oxygenase ETHE1, suggesting that the physiological substrate of ATM3 contains persulfide in addition to glutathione. Consistent with this idea, a transportomics approach using mass spectrometry showed that glutathione trisulfide (GS-S-SG) was transported by Atm1. We propose that mitochondria export glutathione polysulfide, containing glutathione and persulfide, for iron-sulfur cluster assembly in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia A Schaedler
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Thornton
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Kruse
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik W van Veen
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom, and
| | - Janneke Balk
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Krüßel L, Junemann J, Wirtz M, Birke H, Thornton JD, Browning LW, Poschet G, Hell R, Balk J, Braun HP, Hildebrandt TM. The mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 is required for amino acid catabolism during carbohydrate starvation and embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2014; 165:92-104. [PMID: 24692429 PMCID: PMC4012607 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 (ETHE1) catalyzes the oxidation of persulfides in the mitochondrial matrix and is essential for early embryo development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We investigated the biochemical and physiological functions of ETHE1 in plant metabolism using recombinant Arabidopsis ETHE1 and three transfer DNA insertion lines with 50% to 99% decreased sulfur dioxygenase activity. Our results identified a new mitochondrial pathway catalyzing the detoxification of reduced sulfur species derived from cysteine catabolism by oxidation to thiosulfate. Knockdown of the sulfur dioxygenase impaired embryo development and produced phenotypes of starvation-induced chlorosis during short-day growth conditions and extended darkness, indicating that ETHE1 has a key function in situations of high protein turnover, such as seed production and the use of amino acids as alternative respiratory substrates during carbohydrate starvation. The amino acid profile of mutant plants was similar to that caused by defects in the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex and associated dehydrogenases. Thus, in addition to sulfur amino acid catabolism, ETHE1 also affects the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and lysine.
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Borrill P, Connorton JM, Balk J, Miller AJ, Sanders D, Uauy C. Biofortification of wheat grain with iron and zinc: integrating novel genomic resources and knowledge from model crops. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:53. [PMID: 24600464 PMCID: PMC3930855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat, like many other staple cereals, contains low levels of the essential micronutrients iron and zinc. Up to two billion people worldwide suffer from iron and zinc deficiencies, particularly in regions with predominantly cereal-based diets. Although wheat flour is commonly fortified during processing, an attractive and more sustainable solution is biofortification, which requires developing new varieties of wheat with inherently higher iron and zinc content in their grains. Until now most studies aimed at increasing iron and zinc content in wheat grains have focused on discovering natural variation in progenitor or related species. However, recent developments in genomics and transformation have led to a step change in targeted research on wheat at a molecular level. We discuss promising approaches to improve iron and zinc content in wheat using knowledge gained in model grasses. We explore how the latest resources developed in wheat, including sequenced genomes and mutant populations, can be exploited for biofortification. We also highlight the key research and practical challenges that remain in improving iron and zinc content in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes CentreNorwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East AngliaNorwich, UK
| | | | | | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes CentreNorwich, UK
- National Institute of Agricultural BotanyCambridge, UK
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Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all photosynthetic organisms. The biological use of this transition metal is as an enzyme cofactor, predominantly in electron transfer and catalysis. The main forms of iron cofactor are, in order of decreasing abundance, iron-sulfur clusters, heme, and di-iron or mononuclear iron, with a wide functional range. In plants and algae, iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathways of bacterial origin are localized in the mitochondria and plastids, where there is a high demand for these cofactors. A third iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway is present in the cytosol that depends on the mitochondria but not on plastid assembly proteins. The biosynthesis of heme takes place mainly in the plastids. The importance of iron-sulfur cofactors beyond photosynthesis and respiration has become evident with recent discoveries of novel iron-sulfur proteins involved in epigenetics and DNA metabolism. In addition, increased understanding of intracellular iron trafficking is opening up research into how iron is distributed between iron cofactor assembly pathways and how this distribution is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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32
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Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all photosynthetic organisms. The biological use of this transition metal is as an enzyme cofactor, predominantly in electron transfer and catalysis. The main forms of iron cofactor are, in order of decreasing abundance, iron-sulfur clusters, heme, and di-iron or mononuclear iron, with a wide functional range. In plants and algae, iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathways of bacterial origin are localized in the mitochondria and plastids, where there is a high demand for these cofactors. A third iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway is present in the cytosol that depends on the mitochondria but not on plastid assembly proteins. The biosynthesis of heme takes place mainly in the plastids. The importance of iron-sulfur cofactors beyond photosynthesis and respiration has become evident with recent discoveries of novel iron-sulfur proteins involved in epigenetics and DNA metabolism. In addition, increased understanding of intracellular iron trafficking is opening up research into how iron is distributed between iron cofactor assembly pathways and how this distribution is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Wydro MM, Sharma P, Foster JM, Bych K, Meyer EH, Balk J. The evolutionarily conserved iron-sulfur protein INDH is required for complex I assembly and mitochondrial translation in Arabidopsis [corrected]. Plant Cell 2013; 25:4014-27. [PMID: 24179128 PMCID: PMC3877808 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of respiratory complexes is a multistep process, requiring coordinate expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes and cofactor biosynthesis. We functionally characterized the iron-sulfur protein required for NADH dehydrogenase (INDH) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. An indh knockout mutant lacked complex I but had low levels of a 650-kD assembly intermediate, similar to mutations in the homologous NUBPL (nucleotide binding protein-like) in Homo sapiens. However, heterozygous indh/+ mutants displayed unusual phenotypes during gametogenesis and resembled mutants in mitochondrial translation more than mutants in complex I. Gradually increased expression of INDH in indh knockout plants revealed a significant delay in reassembly of complex I, suggesting an indirect role for INDH in the assembly process. Depletion of INDH protein was associated with decreased (35)S-Met labeling of translation products in isolated mitochondria, whereas the steady state levels of several mitochondrial transcripts were increased. Mitochondrially encoded proteins were differentially affected, with near normal levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit2 and Nad7 but little Nad6 protein in the indh mutant. These data suggest that INDH has a primary role in mitochondrial translation that underlies its role in complex I assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M. Wydro
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Foster
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Katrine Bych
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne H. Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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Wydro MM, Balk J. Insights into the pathogenic character of a common NUBPL branch-site mutation associated with mitochondrial disease and complex I deficiency using a yeast model. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1279-84. [PMID: 23828044 PMCID: PMC3759347 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex I deficiencies are the most common causes of mitochondrial disorders. They can result from mutations not only in the structural subunits but also in a growing number of known assembly factors. A branch-site mutation in the human gene encoding assembly factor NUBPL has recently been associated with mitochondrial encephalopathy and complex I deficiency in seven independent cases. Moreover, the mutation is present in 1.2% of European haplotypes. To investigate its pathogenicity, we have reconstructed the altered C-terminus that results from the branch-site mutation and frameshift in the homologous Ind1 protein in the respiratory yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. We demonstrate that the altered sequence did not affect IND1 mRNA stability, yet it led to a decrease in Ind1 protein level. The instability of mutant Ind1 resulted in a strong decrease in complex I activity and caused slow growth, resembling the phenotype of the deletion strain of IND1. The presented data confirms the deleterious impact of the altered C-terminus resulting from the branch-site mutation. Furthermore, our approach demonstrates the great potential of Y. lipolytica as a model to investigate complex I deficiencies, especially in cases with genetic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M Wydro
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Bernard DG, Netz DJA, Lagny TJ, Pierik AJ, Balk J. Requirements of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway in Arabidopsis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120259. [PMID: 23754812 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters requires dedicated protein factors inside the living cell. Striking similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic assembly proteins suggest that plant cells inherited two different pathways through endosymbiosis: the ISC pathway in mitochondria and the SUF pathway in plastids. Fe-S proteins are also found in the cytosol and nucleus, but little is known about how they are assembled in plant cells. Here, we show that neither plastid assembly proteins nor the cytosolic cysteine desulfurase ABA3 are required for the activity of cytosolic aconitase, which depends on a [4Fe-4S] cluster. In contrast, cytosolic aconitase activity depended on the mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the mitochondrial transporter ATM3. In addition, we were able to complement a yeast mutant in the cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly pathway, dre2, with the Arabidopsis homologue AtDRE2, but only when expressed together with the diflavin reductase AtTAH18. Spectroscopic characterization showed that purified AtDRE2 could bind up to two Fe-S clusters. Purified AtTAH18 bound one flavin per molecule and was able to accept electrons from NAD(P)H. These results suggest that the proteins involved in cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly are highly conserved, and that dependence on the mitochondria arose before the second endosymbiosis event leading to plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine G Bernard
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Luo D, Bernard DG, Balk J, Hai H, Cui X. The DUF59 family gene AE7 acts in the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway to maintain nuclear genome integrity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012; 24:4135-48. [PMID: 23104832 PMCID: PMC3517241 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms have evolved a set of strategies to safeguard genome integrity, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that asymmetric leaves1/2 enhancer7 (AE7), an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding a protein in the evolutionarily conserved Domain of Unknown Function 59 family, participates in the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly (CIA) pathway to maintain genome integrity. The severe ae7-2 allele is embryo lethal, whereas plants with the weak ae7 (ae7-1) allele are viable but exhibit highly accumulated DNA damage that activates the DNA damage response to arrest the cell cycle. AE7 is part of a protein complex with CIA1, NAR1, and MET18, which are highly conserved in eukaryotes and are involved in the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. ae7-1 plants have lower activities of the cytosolic [4Fe-4S] enzyme aconitase and the nuclear [4Fe-4S] enzyme DNA glycosylase ROS1. Additionally, mutations in the gene encoding the mitochondrial ATP binding cassette transporter ATM3/ABCB25, which is required for the activity of cytosolic Fe-S enzymes in Arabidopsis, also result in defective genome integrity similar to that of ae7-1. These results indicate that AE7 is a central member of the CIA pathway, linking plant mitochondria to nuclear genome integrity through assembly of Fe-S proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Luo
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Centre for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Delphine G. Bernard
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Huang Hai
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Centre for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Centre for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Address correspondence to
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Balk J, Pilon M. Ancient and essential: the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2011; 16:218-26. [PMID: 21257336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are found in the plastids, mitochondria, cytosol and nucleus, where they are essential for numerous physiological and developmental processes. Recent mutant studies, mostly in Arabidopsis thaliana, have identified three pathways for the assembly of Fe-S clusters. The plastids harbor the SUF (sulfur mobilization) pathway and operate independently, whereas cluster assembly in the cytosol depends on the emerging CIA (cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly) pathway and mitochondria. The latter organelles use the ISC (iron-sulfur cluster) assembly pathway. In all three pathways the assembly process can be divided into a first stage where S and Fe are combined on a scaffold protein, and a second stage in which the Fe-S cluster is transferred to a target protein. The second stage might involve different carrier proteins with specialized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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Teschner J, Lachmann N, Schulze J, Geisler M, Selbach K, Santamaria-Araujo J, Balk J, Mendel RR, Bittner F. A novel role for Arabidopsis mitochondrial ABC transporter ATM3 in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Plant Cell 2010; 22:468-80. [PMID: 20164445 PMCID: PMC2845412 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is a prosthetic group required by a number of enzymes, such as nitrate reductase, sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. Its biosynthesis in eukaryotes can be divided into four steps, of which the last three are proposed to occur in the cytosol. Here, we report that the mitochondrial ABC transporter ATM3, previously implicated in the maturation of extramitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins, has a crucial role also in Moco biosynthesis. In ATM3 insertion mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, the activities of nitrate reductase and sulfite oxidase were decreased to approximately 50%, whereas the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, whose activities also depend on iron-sulfur clusters, were virtually undetectable. Moreover, atm3 mutants accumulated cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate, the first intermediate of Moco biosynthesis, but showed decreased amounts of Moco. Specific antibodies against the Moco biosynthesis proteins CNX2 and CNX3 showed that the first step of Moco biosynthesis is localized in the mitochondrial matrix. Together with the observation that cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate accumulated in purified mitochondria, particularly in atm3 mutants, our data suggest that mitochondria and the ABC transporter ATM3 have a novel role in the biosynthesis of Moco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Teschner
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicole Lachmann
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jutta Schulze
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mirco Geisler
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristina Selbach
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf R. Mendel
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Florian Bittner
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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Bernard DG, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Balk J. An allelic mutant series of ATM3 reveals its key role in the biogenesis of cytosolic iron-sulfur proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2009; 151:590-602. [PMID: 19710232 PMCID: PMC2754654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporters of mitochondria (ATMs) are highly conserved proteins, but their function in plants is poorly defined. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has three ATM genes, namely ATM1, ATM2, and ATM3. Using a collection of insertional mutants, we show that only ATM3 has an important function for plant growth. Additional atm3 alleles were identified among sirtinol-resistant lines, correlating with decreased activities of aldehyde oxidases, cytosolic enzymes that convert sirtinol into an auxin analog, and depend on iron-sulfur (Fe-S) and molybdenum cofactor (Moco) as prosthetic groups. In the sirtinol-resistant atm3-3 allele, the highly conserved arginine-612 is replaced by a lysine residue, the negative effect of which could be mimicked in the yeast Atm1p ortholog. Arabidopsis atm3 mutants displayed defects in root growth, chlorophyll content, and seedling establishment. Analyses of selected metal enzymes showed that the activity of cytosolic aconitase (Fe-S) was strongly decreased across the range of atm3 alleles, whereas mitochondrial and plastid Fe-S enzymes were unaffected. Nitrate reductase activity (Moco, heme) was decreased by 50% in the strong atm3 alleles, but catalase activity (heme) was similar to that of the wild type. Strikingly, in contrast to mutants in the yeast and mammalian orthologs, Arabidopsis atm3 mutants did not display a dramatic iron homeostasis defect and did not accumulate iron in mitochondria. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis ATM3 may transport (1) at least two distinct compounds or (2) a single compound required for both Fe-S and Moco assembly machineries in the cytosol, but not iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine G Bernard
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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40
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Greco CM, Kao AH, Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Glick RM, Houze M, Sereika SM, Balk J, Manzi S. Acupuncture for systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot RCT feasibility and safety study. Lupus 2009; 17:1108-16. [PMID: 19029279 DOI: 10.1177/0961203308093921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of studying acupuncture in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to pilot test the safety and explore benefits of a standardized acupuncture protocol designed to reduce pain and fatigue. Twenty-four patients with SLE were randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of either acupuncture, minimal needling or usual care. Pain, fatigue and SLE disease activity were assessed at baseline and following the last sessions. Safety was assessed at each session. Fifty-two patients were screened to enroll 24 eligible and interested persons. Although transient side effects, such as brief needling pain and lightheadedness, were reported, no serious adverse events were associated with either the acupuncture or minimal needling procedures. Twenty-two participants completed the study, and the majority (85%) of acupuncture and minimal needling participants were able to complete their sessions within the specified time period of 5-6 weeks. 40% of patients who received acupuncture or minimal needling had >/=30% improvement on standard measures of pain, but no usual care patients showed improvement in pain. A ten-session course of acupuncture appears feasible and safe for patients with SLE. Benefits were similar for acupuncture and minimal needling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Greco
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Bych K, Netz DJ, Vigani G, Bill E, Lill R, Pierik AJ, Balk J. The Essential Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Protein Nbp35 Acts without Cfd1 Partner in the Green Lineage. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35797-804. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O, Harris EH, Karpowicz SJ, Witman GB, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin LK, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall WF, Qu LH, Nelson DR, Sanderfoot AA, Spalding MH, Kapitonov VV, Ren Q, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas SM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen CL, Cognat V, Croft MT, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Ferris P, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre PA, Lemaire SD, Lobanov AV, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney JV, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu AM, Niyogi K, Novoselov SV, Paulsen IT, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral JP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer SL, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen CJ, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb MR, Ledford H, Long JC, Minagawa J, Page MD, Pan J, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi AM, Yang P, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann CL, Gladyshev VN, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre RT, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang YW, Jhaveri J, Luo Y, Martínez D, Ngau WCA, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Grossman AR. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 2007; 318:245-50. [PMID: 17932292 PMCID: PMC2875087 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1774] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simon E. Prochnik
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Olivier Vallon
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Steven J. Karpowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - George B. Witman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Astrid Terry
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Asaf Salamov
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Lillian K. Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | | | - Wallace F. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Liang-Hu Qu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Center of Excellence in Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Anton A. Sanderfoot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Qinghu Ren
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Patrick Ferris
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Harris Shapiro
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Susan M. Lucas
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pierre Cardol
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
- Plant Biology Institute, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences–Plant Science Initiative, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Guillaume Chanfreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Valérie Cognat
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Martin T. Croft
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rachel Dent
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Patrick Ferris
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 04510 DF, Mexico
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- Plant Biology Institute, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael Hippler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - William Inwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kamel Jabbari
- CNRS UMR 8186, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris, France
| | - Ming Kalanon
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Kuras
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul A. Lefebvre
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Alexey V. Lobanov
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Manuell
- Department of Cell Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iris Meier
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Laurens Mets
- Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Telsa Mittelmeier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - James V. Moroney
- Department of Biological Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeffrey Moseley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Carolyn Napoli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Aurora M. Nedelcu
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 6E1
| | - Krishna Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sergey V. Novoselov
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Greg Pazour
- Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Saul Purton
- Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 CNRS/USTL, IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Cedex, France
| | | | - Wayne Riekhof
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Linda Rymarquis
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Michael Schroda
- Institute of Biology II/Plant Biochemistry, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James Umen
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Willows
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Nedra Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Sara Lana Zimmer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jens Allmer
- Izmir Ekonomi Universitesi, 35330 Balcova-Izmir Turkey
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Katerina Bisova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Chong-Jian Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Marek Elias
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Gendler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles Hauser
- Bioinformatics Program, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Mary Rose Lamb
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA
| | - Heidi Ledford
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joanne C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Institute of Low-Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0819, Japan
| | - M. Dudley Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Pan
- Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Eric Stahlberg
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aimee M. Terauchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Steven Ball
- UMR8576 CNRS, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- CNRS UMR 8186, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris, France
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica, I 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Carol L. Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Pamela Green
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Richard Jorgensen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Mayfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Sathish Rajamani
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard T. Sayre
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter Brokstein
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Inna Dubchak
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - David Goodstein
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Leila Hornick
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Y. Wayne Huang
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Jinal Jhaveri
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Yigong Luo
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Diego Martínez
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Wing Chi Abby Ngau
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Bobby Otillar
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Alexander Poliakov
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Aaron Porter
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Lukasz Szajkowski
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Gregory Werner
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Kemin Zhou
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Daniel S. Rokhsar
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
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Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O, Harris EH, Karpowicz SJ, Witman GB, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin LK, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall WF, Qu LH, Nelson DR, Sanderfoot AA, Spalding MH, Kapitonov VV, Ren Q, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas SM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen CL, Cognat V, Croft MT, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre PA, Lemaire SD, Lobanov AV, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney JV, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu AM, Niyogi K, Novoselov SV, Paulsen IT, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral JP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer SL, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen CJ, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb MR, Ledford H, Long JC, Minagawa J, Page MD, Pan J, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi AM, Yang P, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann CL, Gladyshev VN, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre RT, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang YW, Jhaveri J, Luo Y, Martínez D, Ngau WCA, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Grossman AR. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 2007. [PMID: 17932292 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143609.the] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Frazzon APG, Ramirez MV, Warek U, Balk J, Frazzon J, Dean DR, Winkel BSJ. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis genes involved in mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster assembly. Plant Mol Biol 2007; 64:225-40. [PMID: 17417719 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Machinery for the assembly of the iron-sulfur ([Fe-S]) clusters that function as cofactors in a wide variety of proteins has been identified in microbes, insects, and animals. Homologs of the genes involved in [Fe-S] cluster biogenesis have recently been found in plants, as well, and point to the existence of two distinct systems in these organisms, one located in plastids and one in mitochondria. Here we present the first biochemical confirmation of the activity of two components of the mitochondrial machinery in Arabidopsis, AtNFS1 and AtISU1. Analysis of the expression patterns of the corresponding genes, as well as AtISU2 and AtISU3, and the phenotypes of plants in which these genes are up or down-regulated are consistent with a role for the mitochondrial [Fe-S] assembly system in the maturation of proteins required for normal plant development.
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Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are cofactors of many proteins that are involved in central biochemical pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, and amino acid biosynthesis. The assembly of these cofactors and the maturation of Fe-S proteins require complex cellular machineries in all kingdoms of life. In eukaryotes, Fe-S protein biogenesis is an essential process, and mitochondria perform a primary role in synthesis. Defects in Fe-S protein maturation in yeast result in respiratory deficiency and auxotrophies for certain amino acids and vitamins that require Fe-S proteins for their biosynthesis. Frequently, heme biosynthesis is also affected. The present compendium describes assays for the analysis of de novo Fe-S cluster and heme formation, cellular iron homeostasis, and the activity of Fe-S cluster- and heme-containing enzymes. These approaches are crucial to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the maturation of Fe-S proteins and may aid in the identification of new members of this evolutionary ancient process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stehling
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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Balk J, Aguilar Netz DJ, Tepper K, Pierik AJ, Lill R. The essential WD40 protein Cia1 is involved in a late step of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur protein assembly. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 25:10833-41. [PMID: 16314508 PMCID: PMC1316972 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.24.10833-10841.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins in yeast is dependent on the iron-sulfur cluster assembly and export machineries in mitochondria and three recently identified extramitochondrial proteins, the P-loop NTPases Cfd1 and Nbp35 and the hydrogenase-like Nar1. However, the molecular mechanism of Fe/S protein assembly in the cytosol is far from being understood, and more components are anticipated to take part in this process. Here, we have identified and functionally characterized a novel WD40 repeat protein, designated Cia1, as an essential component required for Fe/S cluster assembly in vivo on cytosolic and nuclear, but not mitochondrial, Fe/S proteins. Surprisingly, Nbp35 and Nar1, themselves Fe/S proteins, could assemble their Fe/S clusters in the absence of Cia1, demonstrating that these components act before Cia1. Consequently, Cia1 is involved in a late step of Fe/S cluster incorporation into target proteins. Coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated a specific interaction between Cia1 and Nar1. In contrast to the mostly cytosolic Nar1, Cia1 is preferentially localized to the nucleus, suggesting an additional function of Cia1. Taken together, our results indicate that Cia1 is a new member of the cytosolic Fe/S protein assembly (CIA) machinery participating in a step after Nbp35 and Nar1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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Sabar M, Balk J, Leaver CJ. Histochemical staining and quantification of plant mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes using blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Plant J 2005; 44:893-901. [PMID: 16297078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the respiratory chain and associated defects depends on the study of the multisubunit protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Functional analysis of the plant mitochondrial respiratory chain has been successfully achieved by a combination of blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for separation of the protein complexes, and in-gel histochemical staining of the enzyme activities. We have optimized this powerful technique by determining linear ranges of amount of protein and enzyme activity for each respiratory complex. Time courses of the in-gel enzyme activities were also performed to determine optimal reaction times. Using the in-gel activity staining method we have previously shown decreased activity of complex V (F(1)F(0)-ATPase) in male-sterile sunflowers (Sabar et al., 2003). Here we have identified unique supercomplexes comprising complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) in sunflower mitochondria. This method therefore represents a reliable tool for the diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction. In addition, the wider application of BN-PAGE in combination with enzyme activity staining is discussed.
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Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous prosthetic groups required to sustain fundamental life processes. The assembly of Fe-S clusters and insertion into polypeptides in vivo has recently become an area of intense research. Many of the genes involved are conserved in bacteria, fungi, animals and plants. Plant cells can carry out both photosynthesis and respiration - two processes that require significant amounts of Fe-S proteins. Recent findings now suggest that both plastids and mitochondria are capable of assembling Fe-S proteins using assembly machineries that differ in biochemical properties, genetic make-up and evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK CB2 3EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Balk
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Hausmann A, Aguilar Netz DJ, Balk J, Pierik AJ, Mühlenhoff U, Lill R. The eukaryotic P loop NTPase Nbp35: an essential component of the cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur protein assembly machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3266-71. [PMID: 15728363 PMCID: PMC552912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406447102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble P loop NTPases represent a large protein family and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we functionally characterized the first member of the Mrp/Nbp35 subbranch of this family, the essential Nbp35p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein resides in the cytosol and nucleus and carries an Fe/S cluster at its N terminus. Assembly of the Fe/S cluster requires the mitochondrial Fe/S cluster (ISC)-assembly and -export machineries. Depletion of Nbp35p strongly impairs the activity of the cytosolic Fe/S protein, isopropylmalate isomerase (Leu1p), whereas mitochondrial Fe/S enzymes are unaffected. Moreover, defects in the de novo maturation of various cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins were observed in the absence of Nbp35p, demonstrating the functional involvement of Nbp35p in the biogenesis of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins. Furthermore, Nbp35p genetically interacts with the closely similar P loop NTPase, Cfd1p, and the hydrogenase-like Nar1p, both of which were recently shown to perform a crucial function in cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis. Hence, our study suggests that eukaryotic Nbp35 NTPases function in Fe/S protein maturation. The findings provide strong evidence for the existence of a highly conserved and essential machinery dedicated to assembling cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hausmann
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
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